TCP/IP Models
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The document discusses protocols and the TCP/IP protocol suite. It introduces the layered protocol architecture and describes the need for coordination between communicating systems. It explains key aspects of protocols including syntax, semantics, and timing. The TCP/IP protocol suite is presented including the layers of physical, network access, internet, and transport. TCP and UDP are described as transport layer protocols, with TCP providing reliable connection-oriented delivery and UDP being unreliable and connectionless. The OSI reference model layers and concepts of internetworking such as routers are also summarized.
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TCP/IP
TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols used to connect devices on the internet and other networks. It has two main protocols - TCP for reliable transmission of data between devices, and IP for addressing devices and routing packets across networks. TCP/IP uses ports to allow multiple applications to run simultaneously on a single device. Routers use IP addressing and routing tables to determine the best path for sending packets between devices on different networks.
TCP/IP Protocols With All Layer Description
TCP/IP have 5 layers, whereas OSI model have 7 layers in its Model. TCP/IP is known for the secured connection and comunication. I have explained all functions and definitions of layers in TCP/IP Model
TCP/ IP
TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols that allows devices to connect on the internet. It has two main protocols - TCP and IP. TCP ensures reliable delivery of segments through acknowledgements and retransmissions. IP handles addressing and routing of packets between networks. Common applications that use TCP/IP include HTTP, FTP, SMTP and more. It is popular due to its early development and support in operating systems like UNIX.
TCP/IP Introduction
TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols that enable data transmission across networks and between devices. It involves two main protocols: TCP and IP. TCP establishes reliable connections and ensures reliable delivery of data packets. IP handles addressing, routing packets between networks, and fragmentation/reassembly of packets. Key features of TCP/IP include logical addressing, routability, name resolution, multiplexing, and interoperability. TCP/IP operates on four layers - network interface, internet, transport, and application - with each layer building on the services of the layer below.
introduction about TCP/IP
The document compares the OSI model and the TCP/IP model. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. It defines a generic standard for network communication. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - network access, internet, transport and application layers. It is based on specific TCP and IP protocols and is used widely for internet working. The key difference is that OSI model is protocol-independent while TCP/IP model supports specific protocols for internet.
02 protocols and tcp-ip
The document discusses protocols and the TCP/IP protocol suite. It describes protocols as mutually agreed upon conventions and rules that allow different computer systems to communicate. It introduces the concept of a layered protocol architecture with different layers providing services to upper layers. It then provides examples of the OSI reference model and the widely used TCP/IP protocol suite as standard protocol architectures. The TCP/IP model includes layers for applications, transport, internet, and network access. Key protocols discussed are IP, TCP, UDP, and several application layer protocols.
TCP-IP PROTOCOL
The document provides an agenda and lesson plan for a networking class. It includes:
- An agenda with various activities lasting 5-20 minutes each, including warm ups, videos, teacher demonstrations, and reflections.
- Classroom norms on taking notes and being prepared for quizzes.
- An essential question on the TCP/IP protocol and links to online and offline content on networking topics like TCP/IP, ports, DHCP, and IP addressing.
- Information on IP addressing including address classes, subnets, subnet masks, and examples of IP address allocation.
- Suggestions for further information on TCP/IP topics.
protocol and the TCP/IP suite Chapter 02
The document discusses protocols and the TCP/IP protocol suite. It introduces the layered protocol architecture and describes the need for coordination between communicating systems. It explains key aspects of protocols including syntax, semantics, and timing. The TCP/IP protocol suite is presented including the layers of physical, network access, internet, and transport. TCP and UDP are described as transport layer protocols, with TCP providing reliable connection-oriented delivery and UDP being unreliable and connectionless. The OSI reference model layers and concepts of internetworking such as routers are also summarized.
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TCP/IP
TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols used to connect devices on the internet and other networks. It has two main protocols - TCP for reliable transmission of data between devices, and IP for addressing devices and routing packets across networks. TCP/IP uses ports to allow multiple applications to run simultaneously on a single device. Routers use IP addressing and routing tables to determine the best path for sending packets between devices on different networks.
TCP/IP Protocols With All Layer Description
TCP/IP have 5 layers, whereas OSI model have 7 layers in its Model. TCP/IP is known for the secured connection and comunication. I have explained all functions and definitions of layers in TCP/IP Model
TCP/ IP
TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols that allows devices to connect on the internet. It has two main protocols - TCP and IP. TCP ensures reliable delivery of segments through acknowledgements and retransmissions. IP handles addressing and routing of packets between networks. Common applications that use TCP/IP include HTTP, FTP, SMTP and more. It is popular due to its early development and support in operating systems like UNIX.
TCP/IP Introduction
TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols that enable data transmission across networks and between devices. It involves two main protocols: TCP and IP. TCP establishes reliable connections and ensures reliable delivery of data packets. IP handles addressing, routing packets between networks, and fragmentation/reassembly of packets. Key features of TCP/IP include logical addressing, routability, name resolution, multiplexing, and interoperability. TCP/IP operates on four layers - network interface, internet, transport, and application - with each layer building on the services of the layer below.
introduction about TCP/IP
The document compares the OSI model and the TCP/IP model. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. It defines a generic standard for network communication. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - network access, internet, transport and application layers. It is based on specific TCP and IP protocols and is used widely for internet working. The key difference is that OSI model is protocol-independent while TCP/IP model supports specific protocols for internet.
02 protocols and tcp-ip
The document discusses protocols and the TCP/IP protocol suite. It describes protocols as mutually agreed upon conventions and rules that allow different computer systems to communicate. It introduces the concept of a layered protocol architecture with different layers providing services to upper layers. It then provides examples of the OSI reference model and the widely used TCP/IP protocol suite as standard protocol architectures. The TCP/IP model includes layers for applications, transport, internet, and network access. Key protocols discussed are IP, TCP, UDP, and several application layer protocols.
TCP-IP PROTOCOL
The document provides an agenda and lesson plan for a networking class. It includes:
- An agenda with various activities lasting 5-20 minutes each, including warm ups, videos, teacher demonstrations, and reflections.
- Classroom norms on taking notes and being prepared for quizzes.
- An essential question on the TCP/IP protocol and links to online and offline content on networking topics like TCP/IP, ports, DHCP, and IP addressing.
- Information on IP addressing including address classes, subnets, subnet masks, and examples of IP address allocation.
- Suggestions for further information on TCP/IP topics.
protocol and the TCP/IP suite Chapter 02
The document discusses protocols and the TCP/IP protocol suite. It introduces the layered protocol architecture and describes the need for coordination between communicating systems. It explains key aspects of protocols including syntax, semantics, and timing. The TCP/IP protocol suite is presented including the layers of physical, network access, internet, and transport. TCP and UDP are described as transport layer protocols, with TCP providing reliable connection-oriented delivery and UDP being unreliable and connectionless. The OSI reference model layers and concepts of internetworking such as routers are also summarized.
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The document discusses the layers of the TCP/IP model:
- The application layer provides access to networked services and contains high-level protocols like SMTP, FTP, and TFTP. It is comparable to multiple OSI layers.
- The transport layer handles reliable delivery using TCP or unreliable delivery using UDP depending on application needs. It provides error detection, recovery, and flow control.
- The internet layer organizes data routing over the network using IP as well as protocols like ICMP and IGMP.
- The network interface layer consists of device drivers and network interface cards that communicate with the physical network media like cables using protocols such as ARP and PPP.
TCP/IP Protocols
The document provides an overview of protocol architectures and the TCP/IP protocol stack. It discusses how protocol architectures establish rules for exchanging data between systems using layered protocols. The TCP/IP model is then explained in detail through its five layers - physical, network access, internet, transport and application - and core protocols like IP, TCP and UDP. Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 are also summarized.
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This document discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and its layers. It begins by explaining that the OSI model was developed in 1970 as a networking standard, while TCP/IP was developed prior as a stack of protocols. It then notes that TCP/IP layers correspond to the OSI model layers. The document proceeds to describe some of the key protocols in each TCP/IP layer: application layer protocols include HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and Telnet; transport layer protocols are TCP and UDP; and internet layer protocols comprise IP, ARP, RARP, ICMP, and IGMP. Finally, it states that the host to network layers do not specify any special protocols.
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- Internet protocols like IP, TCP, and HTTP that enable communication and transfer of information between servers and clients.
- Standards like URLs that describe web addresses and locations of documents, and how different protocols like HTTP and FTP provide different types of services.
- The client-server model where servers provide services and clients access them over the internet using browsers.
- How web servers store and transmit HTML pages to browsers, and issues caused by varying browser implementations that standards aim to address.
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The document compares the TCP/IP and OSI network models. It notes that while the OSI model has 7 layers, TCP/IP has 4 layers: Network Access, Internet, Transport, and Application. The Network Access layer combines the functions of the OSI Data Link and Physical layers. It provides details on the protocols and functions of each TCP/IP layer, including common protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP, and FTP.
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The document provides an overview of the TCP/IP network model. It discusses the four layers of the TCP/IP model: application layer, transport layer, internet layer, and network access layer. The application layer contains protocols like HTTP and FTP that allow applications to access networked services. The transport layer uses TCP and UDP to deliver data and provide reliability. The internet layer handles routing and uses IP. The network access layer deals with physical network components like cables and network interface cards.
Tcp IP Model
Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.
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The document describes the TCP/IP model and its layers:
1. The application layer contains common protocols like FTP, SMTP, HTTP, and DNS.
2. The transport layer contains TCP and UDP which manage end-to-end message transmission and error handling.
3. The network layer is IP which handles routing and congestion of data packets.
4. The lower layers include the data link layer which manages reliable data delivery to physical networks, and the physical layer which defines the physical media.
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TCP/IP is a set of protocols that defines how computers communicate over the internet. It is made up of several protocols that work together within a standard, with each protocol performing a specific function. TCP/IP software is built into major operating systems and allows computers to communicate over long distances by defining how data should be transmitted between servers and browsers over the internet.
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In this ppt, we try to cover basic concept of TCP/IP model. Also we have added how to capture IP Packet. Working of OSI Layers. Also try to cover Packet of Ethernet Frame. PDU = Protocol Data Unit. Cover the difference between Packet and Frames in TCP/IP
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The document discusses several TCP/IP protocols used for communication over the internet including SMTP, HTTP, FTP, TFTP, NNTP, SNMP, POP, IMAP, and Telnet. It describes the basic functions and workflows of each protocol.
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This document provides an overview of the TCP/IP protocol stack. It discusses the four layers of TCP/IP - network interface, internet, transport and application layer - and how they relate to the seven-layer OSI model. Key protocols of each TCP/IP layer like IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP, FTP, SMTP are explained along with their functions. Other topics covered include ports, port scanning, and Windows sockets API.
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Contents are
History
TCP/IP Suite Layer
a} Network Interface
b} Internet Layer
c} Transport Layer
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3.Comparison of OSI and IP
Protocol architecture TCP IP
This slide is design for communication and computer students. students can get help from this slide about TCP/IP and protocols of internet. this slide has basic knowledge about TCP and its layers.
TCP/IP Basics
TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols used to connect devices on the internet. It includes lower level protocols like IP that handle basic transport of data and higher level protocols like TCP that ensure reliable delivery of data between applications. TCP establishes connections between clients and servers that allow for reliable transmission of data streams. UDP provides a simpler transmission model without ensuring delivery but is useful for applications like broadcasting.
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The document describes the TCP/IP protocol stack and its layers, including the application, transport, internet, and link layers. It explains the roles and functions of each layer, such as how the application layer provides access to network resources, the transport layer prepares data for transport, and the internet layer handles logical addressing and routing. Key protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, and Ethernet are also discussed in relation to how they operate within the TCP/IP model and enable communication across networks and the internet.
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The document discusses the history and layers of the TCP/IP protocol model. It was created by the Department of Defense to build a network that could survive any conditions. The four layers are application, transport, internet, and network access. The application layer supports protocols for file transfer, email, and other applications. The transport layer provides end-to-end control and segmentation of data. The internet layer routes packets through the network using IP. The network access layer defines LAN and WAN technologies.
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TCP provides reliable data transfer over unreliable packet networks by using acknowledgments, retransmissions, and adaptive congestion control. It works with IP to transfer data through routers that may drop packets. While TCP ensures reliable delivery, it must control its transmission rate to avoid overwhelming network capacity and causing congestion collapse. This is achieved through additive-increase, multiplicative-decrease of the congestion window and techniques like active queue management.
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TCP/IP is the standard communication protocol on the internet. It is comprised of several layers including application, transport, internet, and link layers. The transport layer includes TCP and UDP which provide connection-oriented and connectionless data transmission respectively. TCP ensures reliable data delivery through features like connections, acknowledgments, and flow control. IPv6 is the latest version of the Internet Protocol which addresses the shortcomings of IPv4 like limited address space. IPv6 features include a larger 128-bit address space, simplified header format, built-in security, and autoconfiguration capabilities.
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The document discusses the layers of the TCP/IP model:
- The application layer provides access to networked services and contains high-level protocols like SMTP, FTP, and TFTP. It is comparable to multiple OSI layers.
- The transport layer handles reliable delivery using TCP or unreliable delivery using UDP depending on application needs. It provides error detection, recovery, and flow control.
- The internet layer organizes data routing over the network using IP as well as protocols like ICMP and IGMP.
- The network interface layer consists of device drivers and network interface cards that communicate with the physical network media like cables using protocols such as ARP and PPP.
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The document provides an overview of protocol architectures and the TCP/IP protocol stack. It discusses how protocol architectures establish rules for exchanging data between systems using layered protocols. The TCP/IP model is then explained in detail through its five layers - physical, network access, internet, transport and application - and core protocols like IP, TCP and UDP. Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 are also summarized.
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TCP/IP is an internet protocol suite developed by DARPA that defines the rules and standards for communication between electronic devices connected to the internet. It operates on four layers - application, transport, internet, and network interface. Key protocols include TCP and IP which work together to break data into packets and route them to the correct destination. ARP and RARP protocols map IP addresses to MAC addresses to enable communication between devices on a local network.
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This document discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and its layers. It begins by explaining that the OSI model was developed in 1970 as a networking standard, while TCP/IP was developed prior as a stack of protocols. It then notes that TCP/IP layers correspond to the OSI model layers. The document proceeds to describe some of the key protocols in each TCP/IP layer: application layer protocols include HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and Telnet; transport layer protocols are TCP and UDP; and internet layer protocols comprise IP, ARP, RARP, ICMP, and IGMP. Finally, it states that the host to network layers do not specify any special protocols.
TCP / IP Services and Standards
This document discusses key concepts related to website design and construction including:
- Internet protocols like IP, TCP, and HTTP that enable communication and transfer of information between servers and clients.
- Standards like URLs that describe web addresses and locations of documents, and how different protocols like HTTP and FTP provide different types of services.
- The client-server model where servers provide services and clients access them over the internet using browsers.
- How web servers store and transmit HTML pages to browsers, and issues caused by varying browser implementations that standards aim to address.
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The document compares the TCP/IP and OSI network models. It notes that while the OSI model has 7 layers, TCP/IP has 4 layers: Network Access, Internet, Transport, and Application. The Network Access layer combines the functions of the OSI Data Link and Physical layers. It provides details on the protocols and functions of each TCP/IP layer, including common protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP, and FTP.
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The document provides an overview of the TCP/IP network model. It discusses the four layers of the TCP/IP model: application layer, transport layer, internet layer, and network access layer. The application layer contains protocols like HTTP and FTP that allow applications to access networked services. The transport layer uses TCP and UDP to deliver data and provide reliability. The internet layer handles routing and uses IP. The network access layer deals with physical network components like cables and network interface cards.
Tcp IP Model
Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.
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The document describes the TCP/IP model and its layers:
1. The application layer contains common protocols like FTP, SMTP, HTTP, and DNS.
2. The transport layer contains TCP and UDP which manage end-to-end message transmission and error handling.
3. The network layer is IP which handles routing and congestion of data packets.
4. The lower layers include the data link layer which manages reliable data delivery to physical networks, and the physical layer which defines the physical media.
What is TCP/IP
TCP/IP is a set of protocols that defines how computers communicate over the internet. It is made up of several protocols that work together within a standard, with each protocol performing a specific function. TCP/IP software is built into major operating systems and allows computers to communicate over long distances by defining how data should be transmitted between servers and browsers over the internet.
TCP/IP Introduction
In this ppt, we try to cover basic concept of TCP/IP model. Also we have added how to capture IP Packet. Working of OSI Layers. Also try to cover Packet of Ethernet Frame. PDU = Protocol Data Unit. Cover the difference between Packet and Frames in TCP/IP
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The document discusses several TCP/IP protocols used for communication over the internet including SMTP, HTTP, FTP, TFTP, NNTP, SNMP, POP, IMAP, and Telnet. It describes the basic functions and workflows of each protocol.
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This document provides an overview of the TCP/IP protocol stack. It discusses the four layers of TCP/IP - network interface, internet, transport and application layer - and how they relate to the seven-layer OSI model. Key protocols of each TCP/IP layer like IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP, FTP, SMTP are explained along with their functions. Other topics covered include ports, port scanning, and Windows sockets API.
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Contents are
History
TCP/IP Suite Layer
a} Network Interface
b} Internet Layer
c} Transport Layer
d} Application Layer
3.Comparison of OSI and IP
Protocol architecture TCP IP
This slide is design for communication and computer students. students can get help from this slide about TCP/IP and protocols of internet. this slide has basic knowledge about TCP and its layers.
TCP/IP Basics
TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols used to connect devices on the internet. It includes lower level protocols like IP that handle basic transport of data and higher level protocols like TCP that ensure reliable delivery of data between applications. TCP establishes connections between clients and servers that allow for reliable transmission of data streams. UDP provides a simpler transmission model without ensuring delivery but is useful for applications like broadcasting.
TCP/IP Protocol Architeture
The document describes the TCP/IP protocol stack and its layers, including the application, transport, internet, and link layers. It explains the roles and functions of each layer, such as how the application layer provides access to network resources, the transport layer prepares data for transport, and the internet layer handles logical addressing and routing. Key protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, and Ethernet are also discussed in relation to how they operate within the TCP/IP model and enable communication across networks and the internet.
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The document discusses the history and layers of the TCP/IP protocol model. It was created by the Department of Defense to build a network that could survive any conditions. The four layers are application, transport, internet, and network access. The application layer supports protocols for file transfer, email, and other applications. The transport layer provides end-to-end control and segmentation of data. The internet layer routes packets through the network using IP. The network access layer defines LAN and WAN technologies.
TCP Theory
TCP provides reliable data transfer over unreliable packet networks by using acknowledgments, retransmissions, and adaptive congestion control. It works with IP to transfer data through routers that may drop packets. While TCP ensures reliable delivery, it must control its transmission rate to avoid overwhelming network capacity and causing congestion collapse. This is achieved through additive-increase, multiplicative-decrease of the congestion window and techniques like active queue management.
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Data and Computer Communications" by William Stallings is a comprehensive textbook that covers a wide range of topics related to data communications and networking. It is considered a foundational resource for students, professionals, and researchers in the field of computer science and telecommunications.
The book provides an in-depth exploration of data transmission techniques, network protocols, network architectures, and various communication technologies. It begins with an introduction to data communications and networking concepts, including the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, data transmission modes, and multiplexing techniques.
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You can find more information about William Stallings and his book "Data and Computer Communications" on his official website: https://www.williamstallings.com/
You can also purchase the book on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/Data-Computer-Communications-William-Stallings/dp/0133506487
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More from Smt. Indira Gandhi College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai
Artificial Intelligence (AI) application in Agriculture Area
Artificial Intelligence (AI) application in Agriculture Area Smt. Indira Gandhi College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai
The Future Agriculture Industry with Artificial
Intelligence (AI) based TechnologyAuthor: Umakant Bhaskar Gohatre
AI (Artificial Intelligence) in agriculture refers to the use of advanced technologies and algorithms to
improve various aspects of farming and crop management. It involves leveraging data, machine
learning, computer vision, and other AI techniques to optimize agricultural processes, increase
productivity, reduce resource waste, and make informed decisions. Here are some key applications of
AI in agriculture
1. Crop Monitoring and Disease Detection:
• AI can analyze data from various sources such as satellite imagery, drones, and IoT
sensors to monitor crop health and detect diseases, pests, or nutrient deficiencies.
• Machine learning algorithms can process large datasets to identify patterns and
indicators of crop stress, enabling early intervention and targeted treatment.
2. Precision Farming:
• AI-based systems can collect and analyze data on soil conditions, weather patterns, and
historical crop performance to optimize planting, irrigation, fertilization, and pesticide
application.
• By integrating data from sensors, drones, and other devices, AI can provide real-time
recommendations for precise and site-specific farming practices, reducing costs and
environmental impact.
3. Autonomous Farming:
• Powered robots and autonomous vehicles can perform tasks such as planting,
harvesting, and weeding with precision and efficiency.
• Computer vision algorithms enable machines to identify and differentiate between crops,
weeds, and other objects in the field, allowing for targeted actions and selective
treatments.
4. Yield Prediction and Forecasting:
• By analysing historical data, weather patterns, and other factors, AI algorithms can
predict crop yields, helping farmers make better decisions regarding planting schedules,
resource allocation, and market planning.
5. Livestock Monitoring
• AI-based systems can monitor the health and behavior of livestock using computer
vision and sensor technologies.
• Facial recognition and behavioral analysis can identify individual animals, detect signs
of distress or illness, and optimize feeding and breeding programs.
6. Supply Chain Optimization:
• AI can optimize the logistics and supply chain management in agriculture, improving
traceability, reducing waste, and enhancing efficiency.
• Predictive analytics can help anticipate market demand, optimize transportation routes,
and streamline inventory management.
7. Decision Support Systems:
• AI can provide farmers with decision support tools, analyzing complex data and
providing actionable insights.
• By considering multiple factors such as weather, market prices, and historical data, AI
systems can recommend optimal planting strategies, input management, and risk
mitigation measures.
The integration of AI in agriculture holds great potential to address the challenges faced by the industry,VLSI Design Book CMOS_Circuit_Design__Layout__and_Simulation
VLSI Design Book CMOS_Circuit_Design__Layout__and_SimulationSmt. Indira Gandhi College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai
CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technology continues to be the
dominant technology for fabricating integrated circuits (ICs or chips). This dominance
will likely continue for the next 25 years and perhaps even longer. Why? CMOS
technology is reliable, manufacturable, low power, low cost, and, perhaps most
importantly, scalable. The fact that silicon integrated circuit technology is scalable was
observed and described in 1965 by Intel founder Gordon Moore. His observations are
now referred to as Moore's law and state that the number of devices on a chip will double
every 18 to 24 months. While originally not specific to CMOS, Moore's law has been
fulfilled over the years by scaling down the feature size in CMOS technology. Whereas
the gate lengths of early CMOS transistors were in the micrometer range (long-channel
devices) the feature sizes of current CMOS devices are in the nanometer range
(short-channel devices).
To encompass both the long- and short-channel CMOS technologies in this book,
a two-path approach to custom CMOS integrated circuit design is adopted. Design
techniques are developed for both and then compared. This comparison gives readers
deep insight into the circuit design process. While the square-law equations used to
describe MOSFET operation that students learn in an introductory course in
microelectronics can be used for analog design in a long-channel CMOS process they are
not useful when designing in short-channel, or nanometer, CMOS technology. The
behavior of the devices in a nanometer CMOS process is quite complex. Simple
equations to describe the devices' behavior are not possible. Rather electrical plots are
used to estimate biasing points and operating behavior. It is still useful, however, for the
student to use mathematical rigor when learning circuit analysis and design and, hence,
the reason for the two-path approach. Hand calculations can be performed using a
long-channel CMOS technology with the results then used to describe how to design in a
nano-CMOS process. Question Bank: Network Management in Telecommunication
Question Bank: Network Management in TelecommunicationSmt. Indira Gandhi College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai
Question Bank: Network Management in TelecommunicationModule 1: Introduction of Network Management
1] What problem would you expect the NMS to resolve, and how?
2] What are the Challenges of IT Manager?
3] Explain trouble ticket administration?
4] Draw Network Management Dumb bell architecture.
5] In absence of a sophisticated NMS, explain the methods used for Management in an
organization.
6] List some common network problems.
7] Why NMS is required?
8] Draw the Dumbbell architecture for Network management.
9] What is the goal of Network Management?INTRODUCTION TO CYBER LAW The Concept of Cyberspace Cyber law Cyber crime.pdf
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The document provides an introduction to cyber law and the concept of cyberspace. It discusses how cyberspace has evolved from connecting people to information in 1990 to connecting everything today. It defines cyberspace as the electronic medium of computer networks used for online communication. Cyberspace includes the internet, websites, computers, networks, software, and electronic devices. The document outlines some key characteristics of cyberspace such as its intangible nature, lack of respect for national boundaries, open participation, and potential for anonymity. It also discusses various cyber crimes and penalties under the IT Act.LRU_Replacement-Policy.pdf
LRU Replacement Policy
The Least Recently Used replacement policy chooses to
replace the page which has not been referenced for the longest time.
This policy assumes the recent past will approximate the immediate
future. The operating system keeps track of when each page was
referenced by recording the time of reference or by maintaining a
stack of references
Network Management Principles and Practice - 2nd Edition (2010)_2.pdf
Network Management Principles and Practice - 2nd Edition (2010)_2.pdfSmt. Indira Gandhi College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai
Table of Contents
Copyright
Endorsements
Preface
About the Author
Plitt J: Background
Oiapt« 1. Data Communications and Networl< Management Overview
Section 1.1. Analogy cl Telephone Network Management
Section 1.2. Data (Computer) and Telea>mmunicatlon Network
Section 1.3. Distributed CCmputing Environment
Section 1.4. TCP/IP-Based Networks: Internet and Intranet
Section 1.5. Communication Protocols and Standards
Section 1.6. Networks, Systems, and Services
Section 1.7. case Histories on Network, System, ard Servics Management
Section 1.8. Challenges of IT Managers
Section 1.9. Network Management : Goals, Organization, and Functions
Section 1.10. Network Management Architecture and Organization
Section 1.11. Network Management Perspectives
Section 1.1.2. NMS Platform
Section 1.13. CUrrent Status and Future cl Network Mana{jement
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 2. Review of Information Nelwor1< and TechnologEuler Method Details
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The Euler method is a first-order method, which means that the local error (error per step) is proportional to the square of the step size, and the global error (error at a given time) is proportional to the step size. The Euler method often serves as the basis to construct more complex methods, e.g., predictor–corrector method
Mini Project fo BE Engineering students
Mini Project fo BE Engineering students Smt. Indira Gandhi College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai
Mini Project fo BE Engineering students Smt. Indira Gandhi College of Engineering,
Navi Mumbai
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Subject In charge: Umakant Bhaskar Gohatre, Assistant Professor
List of Mini Projects:
• Water Level Controller using 8051 Microcontroller: Here we are designing the
circuit which is used to detect and control the water level automatically in overhead
tank using 8051 microcontroller. It is used in industries to control the liquid level
automatically.
• Password Based Door Lock System using 8051 Microcontroller: This system
demonstrates a password based door lock system wherein once the correct code or
password is entered, the door is opened and the concerned person is allowed access to
the secured area. After some time, the door would be closed. Read this post completely
to get more information.
• Car Parking Guard Circuit Using Infrared Sensor: This circuit helps the person in
the driving seat in such a way that it gives an alarm if there is any obstacle or a wall
while parking or while driving in reverse. It is very useful in our real life.
• Battery Charger Circuit Using SCR: Here is the circuit diagram of battery charger
circuit using Silicon Controlled Rectifier. SCR can be used in half wave rectifier, full
wave rectifier, inverter circuits, power control circuits, etc.
• Interfacing GPS with 8051 Microcontroller: In this interfacing of GPS with 8051
circuit, GPS module calculates the position by reading the signals that are transmitted
by satellites.
• Speed Control of DC Motor Using Pulse Width Modulation: This pulse width
modulation technique is the more efficient way to proceed to manage the speed of our
DC motor manually.
• • Metal Detector Circuit: This is a simple metal detector circuit which is very useful
for checking the person in shopping malls, hotels, cinema halls to ensure that person is
not carrying any explosive metals or illegal things like guns, bombs etc.Mini Project for Engineering Students BE or Btech Engineering students
Mini Project for Engineering Students BE or Btech Engineering students Smt. Indira Gandhi College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai
Mini Project for Engineering Students BE or Btech Engineering students Smt. Indira Gandhi College of Engineering,
Navi Mumbai
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Subject In charge: Umakant Bhaskar Gohatre, Assistant Professor
List of Mini Projects:
• Fire Alarm with Siren Sound: This circuit alerts us when there is a fire accident at home
by ringing a siren sound instead of a buzzer.
• Mosquito Repellent Circuit: Here is the simple electronic mosquito repellent circuit which
can produce ultrasound in the frequency range of 20-38 kHz, which can scare away mosquitoes.
• Electronic Letter Box: This is a simple circuit which helps in finding out any letter dropped
in our box by stopping the LED lights attached in this circuit.
• Dummy Alarm Circuit: The main principle of the circuit is to flash an LED for every 5
seconds. The circuit consists of 7555 timer IC as main component.
• DTMF Based Home Automation System Circuit: This is a simple and very useful circuit
in our real life named DTMF controlled home appliances system. It helps to control the home
appliances using DTMF technology.
• Ding Dong Sound Generator Circuit: This is ding dong sound generator circuit is designed
using 555 timer IC in astable mode. It can be used as doorbell. With some modifications, it can
be used to produce different sounds. Read this post for complete details.
• Digital Voltmeter Circuit using ICL7107: Here we designed a analog to digital converter
working as a digital voltmeter using a low power three and half digit A/D converter ICL7107
having internal 7 segment decoders, display drivers, a reference and a clock.
• Digital Temperature Sensor: The main principle of this circuit is to display the digital
temperature value. These are mainly used in environmental applications.
• Digital Stopwatch Circuit: This is a simple circuit that displays count from 0 to 59,
representing a 60 second time interval. It consists of a 555 timer to produce the clock pulses
and two counter ICs to carry out the counting operation.
• Basic Logic Gates Using NAND Gate: We are all well known that NOT, AND, OR are the
basic logic gates. Here we have shown how to design these basic logic gates using one of the
universal gates – NAND Gate.Ballistics Detsils
Ballistics is the field of mechanics that worries with the starting, flight conduct and effect impacts of shots, particularly gone weapon weapons, for example, slugs, unguided bombs, rockets or something like that; the science or craft of structuring and quickening shots in order to accomplish an ideal execution.
A ballistic body is a free-moving body with energy which can be liable to powers, for example, the powers applied by pressurized gases from a weapon barrel or a pushing spout, typical power by rifling, and gravity and air haul during flight.
A ballistic rocket is a rocket that is guided distinctly during the generally concise beginning period of fueled flight and the direction is in this way represented by the laws of traditional mechanics; rather than (for instance) a voyage rocket which is efficiently guided in controlled flight like a fixed-wing air ship.Projectile launchers
Throwing is the starting of a shot by hand. Albeit some different creatures can toss, people are curiously great hurlers because of their high expertise and great planning abilities, and it is accepted this is a developed attribute. Proof of human tossing goes back 2 million years. The 90 mph tossing velocity found in numerous competitors far surpasses the speed at which chimpanzees can toss things, which is around 20 mph. This capacity mirrors the capacity of the human shoulder muscles and ligaments to store flexibility until it is expected to drive an item.
Sling
VLSI Design_LAB MANUAL By Umakant Gohatre
VLSI Design_LAB MANUAL By Umakant GohatreSmt. Indira Gandhi College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai
This document outlines experiments to be conducted in a VLSI design lab manual. The experiments include drawing layouts of resistive load inverters, CMOS inverters, CMOS NAND gates, CMOS NOR gates, CMOS half adders, and CMOS full adders using CMOS 0.12um technology in Microwind3. The layouts will then be simulated to analyze their transient characteristics and output waveforms. One experiment also involves comparing the transfer characteristics of CMOS, resistive load, and NMOS load inverters.Cryptography and Network Security
This document discusses classical encryption techniques including monoalphabetic substitution ciphers like the Caesar cipher and cryptanalysis using letter frequencies. It also covers the Playfair cipher, polyalphabetic ciphers like the Vigenère cipher, transposition ciphers, product ciphers combining multiple techniques, and steganography for hiding messages. Rotor machines like the Enigma machine are presented as early examples of complex ciphers before the development of modern cryptography.
cyber crime, Cyber Security, Introduction, Umakant Bhaskar Gohatre
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Introduction
Cyber Crime
- What Is Cyber Crime?
- Types Of Cyber Crime
Cyber Security
- What Is Cyber Security?
- Top Seven Cyber Safety Actions
- Cyber Safety At Work & HomImage Compression, Introduction Data Compression/ Data compression, modelling...
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Data compression, modelling and coding, Lossless and Lossy Compression, Arithmetic
Coding – Decoding, Dictionary Based Compression, Sliding Window Compression:
LZ-77, LZ-78, LZW.
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Standards.Python overview
Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language that is designed to be highly readable. It has fewer syntactical constructions than other languages and uses English keywords. Python can be processed at runtime without compiling, allows interactive use via a prompt, and supports object-oriented programming through encapsulating code in objects. Originally created by Guido van Rossum in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Python draws influence from many other languages and its source code is now available under the GNU GPL license.
Python numbers
Python supports four main numerical types - integers, long integers, floating point numbers, and complex numbers. It provides various functions for mathematical, random number, trigonometric operations and constants like pi and e. Numbers are immutable and created using literals or by assigning values. The del statement can delete single or multiple number references.
Python networking
This document provides an overview of network programming in Python. It discusses how Python allows both low-level socket access for building clients and servers as well as higher-level access to application protocols like FTP and HTTP. It then describes socket programming concepts like domains, types, protocols and functions for binding, listening, accepting, connecting, sending and receiving data. Simple client and server code examples are provided to demonstrate creating a basic socket connection between two programs. Finally, commonly used Python network modules for protocols like HTTP, FTP, SMTP and more are listed.
Python multithreading
- Python allows programmers to write multithreaded programs that run multiple threads concurrently for more efficient use of resources and responsiveness.
- The main benefits of multithreading over multiple processes are that threads within a process can share data and resources more easily. Threads also have less memory overhead than processes.
- There are two main modules for multithreading in Python - the older thread module and the newer threading module, which provides more powerful features and methods for managing threads.
Python modules
1) A Python module allows you to organize related code into a logical group and makes the code easier to understand and use.
2) Modules are imported using import statements and can contain functions, classes, and variables that can then be accessed from other code.
3) The import process searches specific directories to locate the module file based on the module name and import path.
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CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
22CYT12-Unit-V-E Waste and its Management.ppt
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TCP/IP Models
- 1. Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 1
- 2. Introduction • Layered protocol architecture • TCP/IP protocol suite • OSI reference model • Internetworking Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 2
- 3. The Need for a Protocol Architecture • Procedures to exchange data between devices can be complex • High degree of cooperation required between communicating systems Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 3
- 4. Example: File transfer • Requires a data path to exist • Tasks: – Activate data communication path – Source determines that destination is ready – File transfer app destination file management app is ready store file for user – File format conversion Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 4
- 5. Layered Protocol Architecture • modules arranged in a vertical stack • Each layer in stack: – Performs related functions – Relies on lower layer for more primitive functions – Provides services to next higher layer – Communicates with corresponding peer layer of neighboring system using a protocol Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 5
- 6. Key Features of a Protocol • Set of rules or conventions to exchange blocks of formatted data • Syntax: data format • Semantics: control information (coordination, error handling) • Timing: speed matching, sequencing Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 6
- 7. TCP/IP Layers • Physical • Network access • Internet • Transport Application Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 7
- 8. TCP and UDP • TCP: – connection-oriented – Reliable packet delivery in sequence • UDP: – connectionless (datagram) – Unreliable packet delivery – Packets may arrive out of sequence or duplicated Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 8
- 9. Figure 2.1 Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 9
- 10. Figure 2.2 Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 10
- 11. Operation of TCP and IP • IP implemented in end systems and routers, relaying data between hosts • TCP implemented only in end systems, assuring reliable delivery of blocks of data • Each host on subnetwork has unique IP address • Each process on each process has unique IP port number Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 11
- 12. Figure 2-3 Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 12
- 13. Figure 2-4 Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 13
- 14. TCP Applications • SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol • FTP: File Transfer Protocol • telnet: remote login Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 14
- 15. OSI Reference Model • Application • Presentation • Session • Transport • Network • Data link • physical Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 15
- 16. Figure 2.5 Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 16
- 17. Internetworking Terms • Communication network • Internet • Intranet • Subnetwork • End system • Intermediate system • Bridge • Router Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 17
- 18. Routers • Provide link between networks • Accommodate network differences: – Addressing schemes – Maximum packet sizes – Hardware and software interfaces – Network reliability Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 18
- 19. Figure 2-7 Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 19
- 20. Figure 2-8 Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 20
- 21. Figure 2-9 Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 21
- 22. Figure 2-10 Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 22