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Taxonomy is the classification and naming of organisms based on their relationships and similarities. Organisms are classified into a hierarchical taxonomy with levels including kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. The species level groups organisms with a high degree of similarity in many features. Modern bacterial taxonomy relies on molecular analysis of highly conserved genes like the 16S rRNA gene to determine phylogenetic relationships and classify bacteria into the domains of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Identification of bacterial species involves determining biochemical and genetic characteristics.
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Bacterial taxonomy consists of classification, nomenclature, and identification of bacteria. There are two main approaches to bacterial classification - phylogenetic and Adansonian classification. Phylogenetic classification is based on evolutionary relationships while Adansonian classification considers overall similarities between organisms. Identification of bacteria can be done through microscopy, growth characteristics, and biochemical and genetic analysis. Scientific names provide a standardized naming system for bacteria while common names are more casual. A variety of culture and non-culture techniques exist to definitively identify bacterial species.
Bacterial-Classification.pdf
Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on evolutionary relationships. It includes identification, nomenclature, and classification. Bacteria were originally classified as part of the plant and animal kingdoms but are now placed in their own domains. Carl Woese proposed classifying all life into three domains based on rRNA sequences: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Each domain has distinct cellular features. Bergey's Manual is the standard reference for bacterial taxonomy and classification, which has evolved from phenotypic to phylogenetic approaches based on genetic analysis.
Bacterial taxonomy & classification
This document discusses bacterial classification and taxonomy. It explains that Carolus Linnaeus invented the binomial nomenclature system still used today for classifying organisms into genera and species. There are eight main taxa in the hierarchical classification system, from domain to species. Methods of classifying bacteria include morphology, staining properties, biochemical characteristics, and molecular analysis. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is a key reference for bacterial taxonomy.
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Viruses have a protein coat and nucleic acid core. They can only replicate inside living cells. There are two main reproductive cycles for viruses - lytic and lysogenic. Viruses are important in cancer treatment using gene therapy, as biological weapons, and in agriculture. They show diversity between DNA and RNA viruses with different shapes.
Identification and classificatin of prokaryotes class
Prokaryotic classification seeks to organize microorganisms into a coherent system through taxonomy, the science of classification. Early systems of classification were inadequate, but the modern hierarchical system with seven main levels of taxonomic rank was developed by Carolus Linnaeus. This system is still used today and forms the basis of identifying unknown prokaryotes through phenotypic characteristics observed microscopically and in culture.
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The document discusses bacterial taxonomy, classification, and nomenclature. It describes the hierarchical order of bacteria from domains to species and strains based on morphological and genetic characteristics. The document also summarizes bacterial growth curves, metabolism, and the factors that influence bacterial growth such as oxygen levels, temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure.
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The document discusses bacterial taxonomy, classification, and growth. It describes how bacteria are classified into domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species based on their characteristics. It also explains the different phases of a bacterial growth curve and how bacteria obtain energy through aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation. Additionally, it mentions some factors that affect bacterial growth such as oxygen levels, temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, and carbon dioxide.
bacterial_growth_metabolism.ppt
The document discusses bacterial taxonomy, classification, and nomenclature. It describes the hierarchical order of bacteria from domains to species based on characteristics like morphology and genetics. It also summarizes bacterial growth curves in four phases and differentiates between obligate and facultative anaerobes as well as obligate aerobes.
Nomenclature, classification and identification of bacteria by Anil Shrestha
This document discusses various terminologies and techniques used in microbial taxonomy and classification. It defines key terms like nomenclature, classification, and identification. It also describes different classical methods of classification like morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and genetics. Additionally, it outlines modern molecular methods such as nucleic acid sequencing, genomic fingerprinting, and amino acid sequencing that provide stronger evidence for microbial evolution and phylogeny. The document emphasizes that a polyphasic approach integrating both classical and molecular data provides the most accurate microbial taxonomy.
UNIT I-CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS.
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It begins by introducing taxonomy as the system used to organize, classify, and name living things. It then outlines the taxonomic hierarchy from domain to species. The three domains are Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Key kingdoms include Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. The document also covers naming conventions, evolutionary relationships, classification systems used for bacteria and archaea, fungal and protozoan taxonomy, and more.
Classification of bacteria.ppt
This document discusses the taxonomy and classification of bacteria. It covers several key topics:
1. The main components of taxonomy are classification, nomenclature, and identification. Classification involves grouping bacteria based on accepted criteria.
2. There are several systems for classifying bacteria, including phylogenetic classification based on evolutionary relationships, phenotypic classification based on observable characteristics, and genetic classification based on DNA analysis.
3. Identification of unknown bacteria involves comparing their characteristics to those in identification keys to find the best match and assign a species name. Microscopic morphology, staining reactions, and biochemical testing are important tools used in identification.
01Classification of Microorganisms.pptx
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It explains that taxonomy is the formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things. Microorganisms are classified based on their domains, kingdoms, and other subgroups. The three domains are Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Kingdoms include Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Microorganisms are also classified based on their physical and genetic characteristics. Bergey's Manual is a key resource that uses phylogenetic analysis to classify procaryotes. Major bacterial groups include Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. The document also discusses classification of archaea, eukaryotes like fungi
Classification of Microorganisms 2019.pptx
1. Microorganisms are classified through taxonomy, which involves identification, classification, and nomenclature of organisms.
2. Taxonomic classification categories arrange species in a hierarchical order from domain to genus. Identification techniques include microscopy, culture characteristics, biochemical tests, and nucleic acid analysis.
3. Bacteria can be classified by morphology, staining, culture characteristics, oxygen requirements, metabolism, and environmental tolerances. Cocci, bacilli, vibrios, spirochetes, and spirilla are morphological groups.
Sero and phage typing bls 206
This document discusses various methods for identifying and characterizing prokaryotes, including phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Identification using phenotypic characteristics involves microscopic analysis, staining techniques like Gram stain, culture characteristics on selective media, and biochemical tests of metabolic differences. Genotypic identification uses techniques like nucleic acid probes, PCR, sequencing ribosomal RNA genes. Characterizing strain differences can be done through biochemical and serological typing, genomic typing methods like PFGE and ribotyping, phage typing, and antibiograms.
Biological classification
The meaning of biological classification and the pioneers associated. Slides will give you a summary of the entire chapter
Introduction to prokaryotes Introduction to prokaryotes
This document provides an introduction to the classification of prokaryotes. It discusses the natural system of classification developed by Carolus Linnaeus using binomial nomenclature. Taxonomy involves classifying organisms into hierarchical groups or taxa based on their characteristics and evolutionary relationships. Prokaryotes are classified into domains, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species. The document outlines several classification systems and discusses standards for naming and classifying new prokaryotic species according to the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.
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(Taxonomy) mf
- 1. Taxonomy
- 2. • Taxon = arrangement
- 3. • Classification, • Nomenclature, • Identification
- 4. Classification •the arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups (taxon / taxa) on the basis of similarities or relationships. •Biochemical •Physiologic •Genetic •morphologic
- 5. Nomenclature • Naming an organism by international rules. • International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology • Bergey’s Manual of systematic Bacteriology
- 6. Identification • The practical use of a classification scheme
- 7. • Taxonomic Ranks • Kingdom Prokaryotae • Division Gracilicutes • Class Scotobacteria • Order Eubacteriales • Family Enterobacteriaceae • Genus Escherichia • Species Escherichia coli • Subtype Escherichia coli O157:H7
- 8. • Species Sp. Spp. • Escherichia • Escherichia coli • E. coli
- 9. Classification • Species • group of individual isolates or strains sharing a high degree of similarity in many independent features
- 10. Criteria for Classification • cell shape • Specialized structures (spore, flagella) • Staining ( Gram) • Characteristic pigments • Extracellular enzymes ( hemolysis ) • Characteristic metabolic functions (biochemical tests) • Sensitivity to antibiotics • Molecular biology (comparing genes or genomes)
- 11. Numerical Taxonomy • Computer taxonomy • Phenetics • Taxometrics
- 12. Phylogenetic Classification • Common ancestor • Close phylogenetic relatedness : recent ancestor • No fossil record exist for bacteria
- 13. • There is considerable genetic diversity among bacteria • G + C content • DNA-DNA hybridization • DNA sequencing
- 14. • Highly conserved genes • Ribosome • Ribosomal RNA • Ribosomal proteins • 16S rRNA
- 15. • Cells: • Eukaryotes • Prokaryotes
- 16. • Based on molecular phylogeny, prokaryotes fall into two major groups. • the Eubacteria • the Archaebacteria,
- 17. • 3 Domains • Bacteria • Archaea • Eucarya
- 19. • Eubacteria: • Gram-negative eubacteria • Gram-positive eubacteria • Eubacteria lacking cell walls
- 20. • Progeny • Clone • Colony • Epidemiology • Outbreaks • Clonality • Practical purposes (genetically identical)
- 21. • Biotyping • Serotyping • Morphotyping • Bacteriophage typing • Bacteriocin typing • Antimicrobial susceptibility testing Subtyping
- 22. • Nonculturable pathogens • Molecular analysis