It has been developed for the detection, enumeration & identification of bacteria & yeasts in clinical specimens.
It is an instrument used for automatic computer-assisted identification of bacteria
It mainly involves staining, motility test, cultural characteristics, a series of biochemical tests.
The automatic bacteria identification system automatically identifies the bacteria in very short time.
Microbial Taxonomy - Dr. R Subashkumar, Associate Professor in Biotechnology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Coimbatore-641006
Food safety ( Basic steps in detection of food borne pathogens )SurbhiRai8
It consists of basic structure of steps for analysis of food borne pathogens in various ways and about these ways . what do we mean by food borne pathogens and why there is a need for their detection . then it has a little brief about each and every method . then we have covered 4 basic pathogens found in food and their detection methods . we are very thankful for all the sources from which we got this data . some of them are research papers and google books but it helped us to learn more .
Animal viruses are self replicating, intracellular parasites that completely rely on host animal cell for reproduction. They use the host's cellular components to replicate, then leaves the host cell to infect other cells.
Taxonomy of Prokaryotes that include Bacteria and Archea, Brief description of taxonomy
history
types of classification
numerical taxonomy
different classification system
basic characters used for classification
International code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
Bergey's manual
pathovar concept
It has been developed for the detection, enumeration & identification of bacteria & yeasts in clinical specimens.
It is an instrument used for automatic computer-assisted identification of bacteria
It mainly involves staining, motility test, cultural characteristics, a series of biochemical tests.
The automatic bacteria identification system automatically identifies the bacteria in very short time.
Microbial Taxonomy - Dr. R Subashkumar, Associate Professor in Biotechnology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Coimbatore-641006
Food safety ( Basic steps in detection of food borne pathogens )SurbhiRai8
It consists of basic structure of steps for analysis of food borne pathogens in various ways and about these ways . what do we mean by food borne pathogens and why there is a need for their detection . then it has a little brief about each and every method . then we have covered 4 basic pathogens found in food and their detection methods . we are very thankful for all the sources from which we got this data . some of them are research papers and google books but it helped us to learn more .
Animal viruses are self replicating, intracellular parasites that completely rely on host animal cell for reproduction. They use the host's cellular components to replicate, then leaves the host cell to infect other cells.
Taxonomy of Prokaryotes that include Bacteria and Archea, Brief description of taxonomy
history
types of classification
numerical taxonomy
different classification system
basic characters used for classification
International code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
Bergey's manual
pathovar concept
Species delimitation - species limits and character evolutionRutger Vos
Lecture slides for the program orientation Evolutionary Biology at the Institute of Biology Leiden, the Netherlands. Thursday, September 7th, 2017.
Lecture notes are here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRIv5mKK1fjBby--u97emC7hrqXUbxFQZe63P1FpguuhHLG6xykbwXKeKXCUE5W-LSpakXYCI621xCK/pub
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778)
– Swedish botanist credited with founding the science
of taxonomy.
– He introduced the binomial system of nomenclature
– Linnaeus also established a hierarchy of taxonomic
ranks: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum
or division, and kingdom.
– At the highest level, Linnaeus divided all living
things into two kingdoms—plant and animal.
– In his taxonomic hierarchy each organism is
assigned a species name, and species of very
similar organisms are grouped into a
genus and so on.
3. Taxonomy
• The science of classification and refers to
– Classification
– Nomenclature and
– Identification
4. A Comparison of the More Notable
Classification Systems of Living Organisms
Haeckel (1894) Whittaker (1959) Woese (1977) Woese (1990)
Three kingdoms Five kingdoms Six kingdoms Three domains
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Protista Monera Eubacteria Bacteria
Plantae Protista Archaebacteria Archaea
Animalia Fungi Protista Eukarya
Plantae Fungi
Animalia Plantae
• Animalia
5. The Phylogenetic Tree of Life based on
Comparative ssrRNA* Sequencing.
*the nucleotide sequences of the small subunit ribosomal RNA.
8. • The systematic division of organisms
into related taxa (groups) based on
similar characteristics
9. 1. Conventional Classification
Major characteristics used in conventional classification:
• Cell shape
• Cell size
• Colonial morphology
• Ultrastructural
characteristics
• Staining behaviour
• Mechanism of motility
• Cellular inclusions
• Carbon & nitrogen
sources
• Cell wall constituents
• Energy sources
• Fermentation products
• Growth temperature
optimum & range
• Osmotic tolerance
• Oxygen relationships
• pH optimum & growth
range
• Sensitivity to metabolic
inhibitors & antibiotics
Feature:
10. 2. Adansonian or Numerical
Classification
• Numerical taxonomy, the use of
computers.
• A large number of biochemical,
morphological and cultural chara-
cteristics are used to determine the
degree of similarity between organisms
(similarity matris) and conversion to
dendogram (phenogram)
12. 3. Phylogenetic Classification
• An evolutionary arrangement of species.
• Sharing a recent ancestor as in plants and
animals (fossil records)
• In bacteria?
• Possible by Molecular Methods
– Genetic Homology:
• Base composition (GC ratio)
• Nucleic acid hybridisation.
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence analysis
• Protein profiles and amino acid sequences
13. • PURE CULTURE:
• Populations of individuals all derived
from the same single organism.
• STRAIN:
• A Group of Pure Cultures Derived from a
Common Source and Thought to be the
Same.
• SPECIES:
• A Group of Closely Similar Strains.
16. • Naming of microorganisms.
• Governed by international rules
• Rules published in the International
Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria.
• The International Journal of Systematic
Bacteriology
17. Rules for the Nomenclature of
Microorganisms
• There is only one correct name for an organism.
• Names that cause error or confusion should be
rejected.
• All names in Latin or are latinized.
– The first word (genus) is always capitalized.
– The second word (species or specific epithet) is not
capitalized.
– Both genus and species name, together referred to as
species, are either underlined or italicized when appearing
in print.
– The correct name of a species or higher taxonomic
designations is determined by valid publication, legitimacy
of the name with regard to the rules of nomenclature, and
priority of publication.
18. Nomenclature
• Casual or Common Name:
• e.g. "typhoid bacillus"
• Scientific or International Name:
• Salmonella typhi
• Salmonella london
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Clostridium tetani
• Mycobacterium bovis
• Borrelia burgdorferi
20. • Biologists often use a taxonomic key to
identify organisms according to their
characteristics.
• Dichotomous key
– most commonly used in identification.
– has paired statements describing
characteristics of organisms.
21. Methods used for Identification of
Bacteria
• Cellular morphology
• Staining characteristics
• Motility
• Growth characteristics
• Biochemical characteristics
• Serological tests
• Analysis of metabolic end products or structural
components of organisms by different methods (e.g.
GLC)
• Genetic analysis using nucleic acid probes and other
molecular techniques (e.g. PCR)
22. TEST
Organism Gram Shape Catalase Indole
B. subtilis + Rod + -
C. freundii - Rod + -
E. faecium + Coccus - -
P. vulgaris - Rod + +
S. aureus + Coccus + -
23. • Dichotomous Key
Gram reaction
+ -
indole
+ -
morphology
rods cocci
B. subtilis
catalase
+ -
S. aureus E. faecium
P. vulgaris C. freundii
25. • Bergey's Manual
– Methods for distinguishing and identifying
bacteria are assembled into Bergey's
Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
– Bergey's Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology
• Provides description of physical & chemical
characteristics and system of identification of
medically important members of selected
sections of bacteria
26. Polyphasic Bacterial Taxonomy
• More data will become available, more bacteria will be
identified, there will be more information, and software
development will need to address the combination and
linking of the different databases.
• A polyphasic approach to bacterial classification
includes:
– Methods to phylogenetically allocate bacteria
– Methods to compare and group large numbers of strains into
clusters of similar bacteria
– DNA-DNA hybridization to determine the relationships between
represnetativies withing and between each of those clusters
– And descriptive methods which will provide further genotypic
and phenotypic information.