bacterial_growth_metabolism.ppt
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The document discusses bacterial taxonomy, classification, and nomenclature. It describes the hierarchical order of bacteria from domains to species based on characteristics like morphology and genetics. It also summarizes bacterial growth curves in four phases and differentiates between obligate and facultative anaerobes as well as obligate aerobes.
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This document discusses bacterial growth, nutrition, and metabolism. It covers the bacterial growth curve with its four phases (lag, logarithmic, stationary, decline). Bacterial cell division occurs through binary fission. Generation time is the time for a bacterium to divide. Bacteria require water, carbon, nitrogen, and inorganic salts for nutrition and can be autotrophs or heterotrophs. Temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and other factors affect bacterial growth. Aerobic bacteria use oxygen for metabolism while anaerobic bacteria use fermentation.
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The document discusses bacterial physiology, including nutrition, environmental factors affecting bacterial growth, and metabolism. It provides details on:
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Bacterial growth occurs in four phases:
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bacterial_growth_metabolism.ppt
The document discusses bacterial taxonomy, classification, and growth. It describes how bacteria are classified into domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species based on their characteristics. It also explains the different phases of a bacterial growth curve and how bacteria obtain energy through aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation. Additionally, it mentions some factors that affect bacterial growth such as oxygen levels, temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, and carbon dioxide.
Bird migration.ppt
Migratory animals use various navigational strategies to travel long distances between seasonal habitats. These include piloting using landmarks, path integration by tracking distance and direction traveled, and using compass cues like the sun, stars, and magnetic field. Monarch butterflies migrate from Canada to Mexico, salmon migrate between ocean feeding grounds and freshwater spawning sites, and Arctic terns fly over 40,000 km each year between Arctic and Antarctic regions. Animals navigate using internal "maps" and compass senses to guide long distance seasonal journeys and return to the same locations each year.
fish-migration.pptx
Fish migration occurs for feeding, spawning, or to escape environmental extremes. There are several types of migration based on habitat, including potamodromous (between freshwater habitats), oceanodromous (within marine habitats), and diadromous (between freshwater and marine habitats). Diadromous migration includes catadromous (from freshwater to marine) and anadromous (from marine to freshwater) patterns. Vertical migration also occurs as fish move up and down the water column daily or seasonally for reasons such as feeding, predator avoidance, and environmental conditions. Understanding fish migratory behavior is important for fisheries management.
Animal behaviour. pdf
This document provides an overview of animal behaviour and chronobiology. It discusses:
1. The origin and history of ethology, including brief profiles of Karl Von Frish, Ivan Pavlov, Konrad Lorenz, and Niko Tinbergen, who were Nobel Laureates in this field.
2. Niko Tinbergen outlined four types of questions to study animal behavior: mechanisms, development, survival value, and evolutionary history.
3. There are three foundations of animal behavior: natural selection, individual learning, and cultural transmission. Learning theories like Pavlovian conditioning and operant conditioning are also discussed.
4. Different types of behaviors are described like stereotyped responses
Pumpkin cultivation .pptx
This document outlines several case studies and initiatives related to engaging the private sector in agriculture development in Africa. The Allanblackia case study describes efforts to domesticate the Allanblackia tree through germplasm collection, propagation techniques, and developing rural resource centers and a supply chain for Allanblackia nuts in Tanzania. The cocoa case study involves a public-private partnership in Cote d'Ivoire to improve cocoa yields and farmer livelihoods through activities like grafting, variety trials, and empowering women farmers. A new nutrition public-private partnership and the African Orphan Crop Consortium, which aims to sequence and improve underutilized African crops, are also summarized.
Aspergillosis
Birds are highly susceptible to aspergillosis compared to mammals due to environmental contamination by Aspergillus fungi, differences in avian anatomy and physiology such as lack of macrophages in the lungs/air sacs, and a less effective avian immune response. Aspergillosis in birds can cause a variety of clinical signs depending on the infected area and species. Diagnosis relies on clinical signs, epidemiology, hematology, serology including detection of galactomannan, culture, and histopathology. Treatment involves antifungals but has a generally poor prognosis, so prevention through reducing environmental fungal levels and stress is important.
Tuberculosis.pptx
This document discusses potential sequelae after tuberculosis infection and treatment. It provides examples of common sequelae including tuberculous meningitis, miliary tuberculosis, and osteoarticular and pulmonary tuberculosis. Pulmonary sequelae can include obstructive or restrictive lung disease, hypoxia, and pulmonary hypertension. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment can reduce fatality and risk of sequelae, though cured disease does not always mean full restoration of health. Sequelae depend on the initial disease presentation and site of infection as well as any remaining damage.
RNA PowerPoint.ppt
RNA is a single-stranded molecule composed of ribose, phosphate groups, and four bases: adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) which transfers genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, transfer RNA (tRNA) which brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which makes up the ribosome. Transcription is the process by which RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, which is then translated into protein during translation with the help of tRNA and rRNA.
almond-ppt.pptx
Almond is an important stone fruit grown in Pakistan, mainly in Baluchistan province. It has high nutritional value due to its oil content. Almonds must have first been domesticated in the Mediterranean region between 3000-2000 BC. Propagation involves preparing pits 1-2 months before transplanting in November/December. Pollinizers are also needed and should be uniformly planted. Planting is done on a square system of 6.5x6.5 meters with 109 trees per acre. Pruning and fertilization is also described.
Pedigree_lecture.ppt
This document provides information on pedigree analysis including:
- Standard pedigree symbols used to represent family members and their relationships and health status.
- Guidelines for constructing a pedigree including including at least 3 generations and relevant information like dates of birth, death, diagnosis.
- Explanations of different inheritance patterns like autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and X-linked and how they present in a pedigree. Pedigrees are used to analyze inheritance of genetic traits and diseases in families.
DNA RNA-101.ppt
The document discusses DNA and RNA. It defines DNA as a double-stranded nucleic acid located in the nucleus that stores genetic information through base pairing of nucleotides. RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that carries DNA's message to help synthesize proteins, comes in different types like mRNA and tRNA, and contains the nucleotide uracil instead of thymine. The document compares the key differences and similarities between DNA and RNA.
Branchiostoma.pptx
Branchiostoma has a cosmopolitan distribution, found on sandy shores from tropical to temperate seas. It lives buried in sand with its mouth exposed to filter feed on microorganisms. It has a elongated flattened body with gill slits along the sides that create water currents for feeding and respiration. Its nervous system includes a hollow nerve cord that extends along its back and pairs of nerves that branch off to each segment.
Eugenics.pptx
Eugenics is the practice of improving human hereditary traits through controlled breeding. It was coined in 1883 by Francis Galton, who advocated allowing races with "suitable" traits to prevail over those with "less suitable" traits, influenced by Darwin's theory of natural selection. Eugenics involves discouraging reproduction of those with genetic defects or undesirable traits (negative eugenics) or encouraging reproduction of those with desirable traits (positive eugenics). The goal is to improve the genetic makeup and qualities of humans.
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bacterial_growth_metabolism.ppt
- 1. Dr. Jyotsna Agarwal Professor, Dept. of Microbiology, King George’s Medical University Bacterial Taxonomy
- 2. • Classification: Orderly arrangement and placement of bacteria based on certain characters ie. Address • Nomenclature: giving Names What is taxonomy
- 3. • Families - related bacteria eg. Enterobacteriaceae • Within a family - numerous genus eg. Escherichia, Klebsiella, Salmonella • A genus contains many species eg. E. coli, E. tarda
- 4. Species • Taxonomical unit • Based on morpholopgy, biochemical properties & antigenic characters • Nucleotide base ratio constant for a given species (AT : GC) • Genetic homology demonstrated by DNA hybridization > 98%
- 5. Interspecies Classification They are identical, may show some differences due to mutation • Biotype - based on biochemical reactions • Serotype - based on antigens on bacteria • Phage type - susceptibility to particular phage • Colicin type - substance secreted by some bacteria • Molecular typing: Plasmid profile, DNA sequence
- 6. • A bacterial population derived from a single bacteria by binary fission is called CLONE • A bacterial population obtained from a particular source is called STRAIN
- 7. Nomenclature • Casual name / Scientific name: eg. Gonococcus / Neisseriae gonorrhoeae Pneumococcus / Streptococcus pneumoniae • Name could be a character: Staphylococcus aureus • Place of discovery: Salmonella london • Scientist: Clostridium welchii • Disease: Clostridium tetani
- 9. Prokaryotes • Asexual reproduction - binary fission • Generation time or doubling time • Clinical implication?
- 10. Bacterial Growth Curve 4 phases
- 11. What is a Bacterial colony? • Colony - visible growth on a culture plate. • Colony Forming Unit- CFU ?
- 12. Bacterial Nutrition • Autotrophs - photo /chemo • Heterotrophs – Need preformed organic compounds – Includes most pathogenic bacteria • Fastidious heterotrophs
- 13. Bacterial Metabolism • Help us in identifying bacteria by their end products • Help us in knowing how to inhibit bacteria
- 14. Energy Generating Process • Sugars formed or obtained - broken down to release energy – Aerobic respiration – Anaerobic respiration – Fermentation • Microbes that use aerobic respiration, detoxify generated waste: Catalase: H2O2 ------- H20 and 02 Superoxide dismutase : oxygen radical ----- H20 and O2
- 15. Energy Generating Process • Aerobic respiration: – COMPLETE breakdown of glucose to CO2 & H2O – Final electron receptor O2 – Yield = 38 ATP • Fermentation: – Yield = 2 ATP – Endproducts: Lactic acid/Alcohol – Final electron receptor is organic molecule • Anaerobic respiration: – Yield >2 <38 ATP – Absence of oxygen
- 16. Factors affecting bacterial growth • Oxygen : Obligate /facultative; aerobes / anaerobes; microaerophilics • Temperature • Ph • Osmotic pressure • CO2
- 17. Summary • Bacterial Taxonomy • Bacterial growth curve • Fastidious /non fastidious bacteria • Obligate/facultative anaerobe • Obligate aerobes
Editor's Notes
- Chimpanzees 96% siilarity
- Shorter incubation period eg… e. coli can produce 1 billion copies in 10 hrs
- Adapt to new environment, not multiplying, grow in size Exponential growth 1-2-4-8-16 Death rate equalizes multiplication rate Accumulation of waste product run out on nutrition/ immune rersponse, antibiotics etc.
- Microbes that don’t make these enzymes cannot exist in presence of oxygen