TAVI has become an accepted treatment for severe aortic stenosis, especially in high-risk patients. The PARTNER trial showed non-inferiority of TAVI compared to surgery in high-risk patients, with lower rates of major bleeding and new onset atrial fibrillation for TAVI. A team approach including cardiologists and cardiac surgeons is recommended for optimal patient outcomes with TAVI.
This presentation is about procedure called TAVI (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation ) as a new alternative treatment to surgical valve replacement for patient with symptomatic severe Aortic stenosis who can't undergo surgery ..
Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty (PBMV) is a procedure to dilated the mitral valve in the setting of rheumatic mitral valve stenosis. A catheter is inserted into the femoral vein, advanced to the right atrium and across the interatrial septum. Then the mitral valve is crossed with a balloon and it is inflated to relieve the fusion of the mitral valve commissures effectively acting to increase the mitral valve area and reduce the degree of mitral stenosis. Mitral regurgitation is a potential complication and thus PBMV is contraindicated if moderate or severe regurgitation is present. The Wilkins score examines mitral valve morphology and is determined via echocardiography to assess the likelihood of using PBMV based on certain echocardiographic criteria.
This presentation is about procedure called TAVI (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation ) as a new alternative treatment to surgical valve replacement for patient with symptomatic severe Aortic stenosis who can't undergo surgery ..
Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty (PBMV) is a procedure to dilated the mitral valve in the setting of rheumatic mitral valve stenosis. A catheter is inserted into the femoral vein, advanced to the right atrium and across the interatrial septum. Then the mitral valve is crossed with a balloon and it is inflated to relieve the fusion of the mitral valve commissures effectively acting to increase the mitral valve area and reduce the degree of mitral stenosis. Mitral regurgitation is a potential complication and thus PBMV is contraindicated if moderate or severe regurgitation is present. The Wilkins score examines mitral valve morphology and is determined via echocardiography to assess the likelihood of using PBMV based on certain echocardiographic criteria.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR): Established and Emerging Indic...Allina Health
By Paul Sorajja, MD. The efficacy and safety of transcatheter valve replacement in high-risk, non-operable patients is leading to new valve therapy options for a broader pateint population. "The options we have today to fix problems without opening the chest would have been unimaginable 10 years ago."
This is a comprehensive description of coronay lesion assessment from routinely used angiography to advanced imaging modalities like IVUS/OCT including their functional significance by FFR
Significant, defined as a greater than 50 percent narrowing, left main coronary artery disease is found in 4 to 6 percent of all patients who undergo coronary arteriography. When present, it is associated with multivessel coronary artery disease about 70 percent of the time
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR): Established and Emerging Indic...Allina Health
By Paul Sorajja, MD. The efficacy and safety of transcatheter valve replacement in high-risk, non-operable patients is leading to new valve therapy options for a broader pateint population. "The options we have today to fix problems without opening the chest would have been unimaginable 10 years ago."
This is a comprehensive description of coronay lesion assessment from routinely used angiography to advanced imaging modalities like IVUS/OCT including their functional significance by FFR
Significant, defined as a greater than 50 percent narrowing, left main coronary artery disease is found in 4 to 6 percent of all patients who undergo coronary arteriography. When present, it is associated with multivessel coronary artery disease about 70 percent of the time
in endo era. aortic is one of the industrial driven medical proedure & one of the most expensive. Its morbidity are quoet acceptable, but......... surgeon if the best deal behind this awsome techno
Percutaneous Transcatheter Mitral Valve ReplacementShadab Ahmad
Symptomatic mitral regurgitation (MR) conveys significant morbidity and mortality. However, many patients with severe MR are not treated with surgery due to advanced age, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, or other comorbidities. This unmet clinical need has driven the development of safer, catheter-based treatments for mitral valve disease.
Transcatheter mitral valve repair can be safe and effective in patients with suitable anatomy.
Surgical Management for a Stuck up and fracture angioplasty devices in Vivo during PCI in a Complex LAD Artery Lesion: A Case Report and Literature Review.
Md. Abir Tazim Chowdhury1, Sohail Ahmed2, Md. Zulfiqur Haider2
Abstract
Background: Stuck up and fracture of coronary angioplasty devices are uncommon complications of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) for which surgical rescue and management is once in a while needed.
Case description: Here, we present one case of a 59-year-old diabetic, a hypertensive gentleman, who attended the emergency room (ER) with central chest pain for several hours and, after physical and diagnostic evaluation, was diagnosed as a case of Acute ST-segment elevated Myocardial Infarction (AMI) with stable hemodynamic. The findings mentioned above were initially treated with the thrombolytic agent in the ER and followed by admission to the cardiac care unit for monitoring and further invasive coronary evaluation by coronary angiogram (CAG). It was demonstrated essentially Single Vessel Disease (SVD) with complex Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery lesion, where PCI attempted but failed with unfortunate stuck up and broken of the delivery shaft, and left inside the coronary system. Immediate judgment and surgical retrieval of lost angioplasty device and correction of the coronary lesion with its revascularization save the patient life from grave complications. This article describes all the critical, challenging events and our management approaches to this very complex coronary artery lesion.
.
Conclusion: Coronary angioplasty hardware should be regulated gently, carefully, and precisely according to the manufacturers' instructions for use, and it should be inspected for its integrity once brought out of the patient's body. In vivo trap of angioplasty hardware, fracture, and retention during the PCI are infrequent. Percutaneous retrieval of specifically complex bifurcation lesions constantly presents limits and risks. In those cases, it will be crucial to thoroughly inform the patient concerning the hazard of the procedure and consider surgical revascularization.
Address of Correspondence:
Name: Dr. Md. Abir Tazim Chowdhury
Designation: Specialist, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery
Institution: Evercare Hospital Dhaka, Bangladesh.
e-mail: chowdhuryabir0@gmail.com
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
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- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Tavi 3
1. Transcatheter Aortic Valve
Implantation
TAVI : Current Updates
Magdy Mostafa, MD
Professor of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
Ain-Shams University
2. • Europe in 2007 approved Edwards SAPIEN and CoreValve TAVI
• It is described as a "runaway train“ phenomena in Europe.
• TAVI procedures made up 1.2% of valve procedures in
2007, but are expected to exceed 30% in the first half of 2011 .
( Cardiology News Digital Network, Dec,2011 )
• TAVI statistics presented during CardioEgypt 2012 showed that
it exceeded 51% in Europe in the last year.
• USA in November 2011: Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
approved TAVI after PARTNER clinical trial study is concluded .
3. March 1, 2012
AATS, STS , ACCF and SCAI representing cardiologists and cardiothoracic
surgeons released initial recommendations for creating and maintaining
transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) programs.
• Cardiologists and cardiothoracic surgeons are the cornerstone for
establishing a successful program, noting that a program without both
specialties would be fundamentally deficient.
• Heart team concept that is led by the surgeon and interventional
cardiologist. In all TAVR procedures, the interventional cardiologist and surgeon
must both be present during the entire procedure ensuring joint participation and
optimal patient-centered care.
( Tommaso et al., 2012 by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and
Interventions, The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Annals of
Thoracic Surgery, and The Journal of the American College of Cardiology )
4. The Team Approach for TAVI
CARDIOLOGISTS
SURGEONS
Anesthesiologists
Imaging specialists (Echo, CT, MRI)
(EACTS/ESC/EAPCI , Eur Heart J, 2008; 29: 1463-1470,
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 34 (2008) 1-8)
5. Where to perform TAVI?
For optimal safety and results, a hybrid operating room with sophisticated fixed
imaging is essential. This includes having the facilities to:
1. Perform angiographic imaging,
2. Provide cardiac anesthesia with transesophageal echocardiography ( TEE )
3. Access to all preoperative diagnostic imaging.
4. Having the ability to convert to an open operation with cardiopulmonary bypass.
5. General anesthesia
6.
7. Inclusion Criteria for TAVI After assessment by the “Team”
1. Severe Symptomatic AS (valve area is < 1.0 cm² or < 0.6
cm²/m²) & Pressure gradient > 50 mm Hg with normal cardiac output
2. Life expectancy >1year
3. Contraindication for surgery ,or High Risk for Surgery :
Clinical judgement + EuroScore (logistic) > 20%;
STS Score >10%
4. AND/OR
- Porcelain aorta
- History of thoracic irradiation
- Severe thoracic deformity
- Patent coronary bypass
(Alec Vahanian, 2008)
8. Access For TAVI
• Femoral vein (Antigrade) : it is no longer used
• Femoral artery ( Retrograde )
• Left ventricular apex
• Subclavian / axillary (left)
• Ascending aorta ( NEW)
( Michael Mack, 2010 )
9. TAVI Primary Operator
TF Cardiologist/Surgeon
TA Surgeon
Subclavian Cardiologist (Access Surgeon)
Direct Aortic Surgeon
10. TAVI Approaches
TA
TF
Shorter time
Less invasive Less radiation
Percutaneous Less contrast
Local anesthesia Easier delivery
--- ---
Delivery more difficult More invasive
More stroke? Less skilled operators
Not for all patients Less experience
11. Subclavian Direct Aortic
• Minimally Diseased Vessel • Most Direct Access
• Less Invasive Than TA • Less Invasive Than TA
• Local Anesthesia Possible • Surgeons More Comfortable
• Crosses Arch But Less With Access?
Traumatic ?
• Direct Access To Valve
12. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty is typically performed with a Tyshak balloon. An
angiogram is performed to confirm proper positioning of the balloon, and during a
short period of rapid ventricular pacing, the balloon is inflated.
13. Transcatheter transfemoral retrograde approach. The valve is advanced over a stiff
guidewire into the aortic position in a retrograde manner. It is positioned such that
60% of the valve is on the ventricular side, and 40% of the valve is on the aortic
side of the annulus.
14. Transcatheter transfemoral approach – completion angiogram of the implanted
aortic valve is shown. Note that the contrast filled aortic root and ascending aorta are
clearly seen, along with the take-off of the right and left coronary arteries.
15. The cardiac apex is accessed and a transapical sheath is placed into the left ventricle. The
valve is advanced over a stiff wire in an antegrade manner. It is positioned such that 50%
of the valve lies on the ventricular side, and 50% of the valve lies on the aortic side.
16. A completion angiogram is performed after the transapical deployment of the valve.
The implanted aortic valve is shown. The completion angiogram should not only
confirm that the aortic root, ascending aorta, and the coronary ostia are intact, but
also that the mitral valve apparatus has not been disrupted by the transapical
approach.
17. Contra indications for TAVI
General contra indications
1.Aortic annulus <18mm or >27mm
2. Bicuspid valves
3. Heavy calcification in front of LM
4. LV Thrombus
Specific contraindications for transfemoral approach
Peripheral arteries
1. Diameter < 8 - 9mm
2. Severe tortuosity /calcification
3. Aorto-Femoral by pass
Aorta
1. Aneurysm of abdominal aorta with thrombosis
2. Severe angulation
3. Porcelain aorta
4. Severe atheroma of the arch
Specific contraindications for transapical approach
1.Previous surgery of the LV using a patch
2. Calcified pericardium
3. Severe respiratory disease
4. Non-reachable apex (Alec Vahanian, 2008)
18. Diagnostic Workup for TAVI
.Measurement of Ilio-Femoral diameters by Angio & MS CT
.Measurements of Aortic Annulus diameter by TTE & MS CT
.Study Aortic Calcification distribution by TTE & MS CT
.Plane of Aortic Annulus by MS CT
.Distance Annulus/ Coronary Ostia by MS CT
19. Plane of the Aortic Annulus/ MSCT
Welt F G et al. Circulation 2011;124:2944-2948
26. Differences between the Medtronic CoreValve and Edwards Sapien valve systems
Medtronic CoreValve Edwards Sapien valve
Minimum femoral artery 6.5 mm 7 mm
diameter required
Composition Porcine pericardial with Bovine pericardial with steel
nitinol stent stent
Delivery system size required 18 French 18 French (Sapien XT only)*
22 French (23 mm valve)
24 French (26 mm valve)
Native annulus size feasible for 19 mm to 27 mm 17 mm to 25 mm
implant
Mechanism of implantation Self-expanding Balloon expandable
Ventricular rhythm at time of Beating heart Rapid ventricular pacing
implant
27. Possible Complications post TAVI:
1. Stroke:
A. EARLY:
Immediate ( 1st 24 hours ) post-procedural Thromboembolic risk may be due to:
• Periprocedural hypotension.
• Embolism of debris during valve implantation.
• Thrombi can form on devices/ wires during the procedure.
Newer devices that deflect or filter emboli are also currently being investigated.
.
(Tay et al.,JACC, Dec, 2011)
28. B. Delayed
Persists up to the first 2 months after TAVI.
The bioprosthesis itself may be a source of thromboemboli before
endothelialization of the prosthesis is complete :
1. Aggregation of platelet and fibrin on valve leaflet within a few hours after
implantation.
2. The native valve leaflets, may be fissured or denuded are left compressed
adjacent to the stent frame, which again has thrombogenic consequences.
3. Incomplete Endothelialization of stent struts.
(Tay et al.,JACC, Dec, 2011)
29. Pathological Images Showing
Incomplete Endothelialization
(A) Postmortem of a patient who
died on day 25 from pulseless
ventricular tachycardia.
(B) Postmortem of a patient who
died on day 28 after implantation
from stroke-related complications.
Several stent struts are not
endothelialized (black arrow) in this
patient. Areas with tissue ingrowth
(white arrow) are also shown for
comparison.
(Tay et al.,JACC, Dec, 2011)
30. 2. Paravalvular leak:
• Post TAVI moderate to major paravalvular leak varies between (4%–35%)
• It results from inaccurate sizing of the native Aortic annulus.
• This is partly due to intrinsic anatomic properties of the aortic root—the
‘virtual ring’ is largely inhomogeneous, coursing through the muscular
septum, the membranous septum and the mitro-aortic curtain.
( Cerillo et al., 2012 )
31. 3. New-onset AF after TAVI:
• NOAF occurred in about one-third of the patients with no prior
history of AF undergoing TAVI
• The 2 factors associated with the new-onset AF after TAVI :
1. Left atrial enlargement
2. Use of the transapical approach.
• NOAF was associated with a higher rate of stroke/systemic
embolism, but not a higher mortality, at 30 days and at 1-year
follow-up.
( Amat - Santos et al., JACC, Dec. 2011 & Lung et al., JACC, 2012 )
32. 4. Atrioventricular block:
Complete atrioventricular block requiring pacemaker implantation at ≤30 days
was low (1.8% for the TF and 3.8% for TA approach), and it depends on the
depth and level of placement of the valve at the left ventricular outflow track.
(Lung et al., JACC, 2012 )
33. 5. Other major adverse events:
• Major ventricular tachyarrhythmia (0%–4%)
• Myocardial infarction (0%–15%)
• Cardiac tamponade (2%–10%),
• Conversion to surgery (0%–8%),
• Vascular complication (8%–17%),
• Valve-in-valve procedure (2%–12%),
• Aortic dissection/perforation (0%–4%).
(Yan et al., J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010 )
34. Post TAVI Anticoagulation management
• Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with clopidogrel and aspirin
for 3 to 6 months is a widely accepted strategy in (TAVI) patients
but this approach is not evidence based.
( Lung et al., JACC Vol. 59, No. 2, 2012)
• While the strategy of adding clopidogrel to aspirin for 3
months after TAVI was not found to be superior to aspirin alone.
( Ussia et al, American J. of Cardiology, 2011)
35. Placement of AoRTic TraNscathetER Valve
(PARTNER) clinical trial Study
• This represents the first US 1: 1 randomized percutaneous aortic valve trial.
• A total of 1058 Patient included in 2 Parallel cohort studies individually
powered :
cohort A compared surgical aortic valve replacement versus transcatheter aortic
valve implantation (TAVI) among high-risk operative candidates ( 700 Patient )
cohort B examined outcomes in inoperable patients. ( 358 Patient )
36. One year follow-up of the multi-centre US PARTNER transcatheter heart
valve study
I. PARTNER cohort A :
Included 700 elderly patients (median age 84.1) with severe aortic stenosis
and a mean STS score of 11.8/logistic EuroSCORE 29.3 were randomized to either:
TAVI or Conventional surgery at one of 25 centers.
• 245 patients receiving the experimental device via transfemoral route
• 105 via a transapical procedure
• 350 conventional surgery
Patients in the transapical group were slightly higher risk than patients in
either the transfemoral-TAVI group or the aortic-valve-surgery group.
37. American College of Cardiology (ACC) 2011
US PARTNER cohort A
TAVI vs surgery outcomes:
End point TAVI Surgery p
End point TAVI Surgery p
Mortality
Mortality
30 d 3.4 6.5 0.07
30 d 3.4 6.5 0.07
1y 24.2 26.8 0.44
1y 24.2 26.8 0.44
Major stroke
Major stroke
30 d 3.8 2.1 0.20
30 y
1d 5.1 3.8 2.4 2.1
0.07 0.20
1Major vascular
y 11.0 5.1 3.2 2.4
<0.001 0.07
complications, 30 d
Major vascular 11.0 3.2 <0.001
complications, 309.3
Major bleeding d 19.5 <0.001
Major bleeding
New-onset AF 8.6 9.3 16.0 19.5
0.006 <0.001
Moderate/severe
New-onset AF 8.6 16.0 0.006
PR
Moderate/severe PR
30 d 12.2 0.9 <0.001
30 y
1d 6.8 12.2 1.9 0.9
<0.001 <0.001
1y 6.8 1.9 <0.001
38. One year follow-up of the multi-centre US PARTNER
transcatheter heart valve study
II . PARTNER cohort B :
It enrolled 358 patients with severe aortic disease unable to undergo
surgery at one of 21 centers and randomized them to either:
• Transcatheter valve implantation (Transfemoral, Sapien Valve)
or
• Best medical care, including balloon valvuloplasty.
39. TAVI vs standard therapy at one year: Primary end points
End point TAVI Standard (%) p
(%)
1-y all-cause death 30.7 50.7 <0.001
1-y all-cause death or 42.5 71.6 <0.001
repeat hospitalization
( Leon MB et al. N Engl J Med 2010 )
40. TAVI vs standard therapy secondary end points
End point TAVI (%) Standard (%) p
30-d major stroke 5.0 1.1 0.06
30-d vascular complications 16.2 1.1 <0.001
1-y cardiac death 19.6 41.9 <0.001
1-y major bleeding 22.3 11.2 0.007
Survivors: Cardiac symptoms at 1 y 25.2 58.0 <0.001
( Leon MB et al. N Engl J Med 2010 )
41. One year follow-up of the multi-centre European PARTNER transcatheter
heart valve study
Procedural outcome.
Lefèvre T et al. Eur Heart J 2011;32:148-157
42. One year follow-up of the multi-centre European PARTNER transcatheter
heart valve study
(A) Overall survival for transapical patients.
(B) Overall survival for transfemoral patients
Lefèvre T et al. Eur Heart J 2011;32:148-157
43. Why TA results may not be as good as TF !
• Higher risk patients in TA
* TF First programs bias against TA
• Procedure “less mature”
* Surgeons with lesser “wire skills”
* TA started later and there still is less experience with TA
• More invasive procedure, especially in high-risk patients
Michael Mack, Southern Thoracic Surgical Association, 2010
45. European Multi-Center Experience
Out of 1236 patients underwent TAVI using the
Edwards SAPIEN valve, 158 patients (12.8%) the
transaortic approach was used
Transaortic approach results :
• No postoperative strokes
• 30-day all-cause mortality rate of 7%
• Major bleeding rate of 1.3%.
(Bapat et al.,, STS meeting,2011)
46. "Transcatheter aortic valve replacement with Edwards SAPIEN valve via
transaortic route: European Multi-Center Experience" STS 2011
•Initial protocol was to attempt:
Transfemoral approach > Transapical > Transaortic.
But now:
Transfemoral approach > Transaortic access.
• But why the Transaortic approach was not the first choice, given its excellent
outcomes, low risk of stroke.
It is difficult to "sell" the transaortic approach to patients because it involves a 5-
cm incision in the chest, either via a mini-sternotomy or a mini-thoracotomy, as
opposed to a short incision at the groin.
(Bapat et al.,, STS meeting,2011).
47. Conclusion
• Heart team concept should be adopted in every TAVI
procedure
• Transfemoral access need not be the default approach as
no data exist from randomized clinical trials showing that it is
better than the others .
• ‘Indications are slipping’ which means that operable
patients with moderate or low risk score are getting TAVI
when they should have surgery
• Trans Aortic approach is a good and more safe alternative
to both Transfemoral and Transapical approaches.