The document discusses different frameworks for conceptualizing competence in medical education. It summarizes four frameworks:
1) Sabiston & Spencer's Textbook framework views competence as knowledge and emphasizes foundational knowledge, basic science facts, and multiple-choice tests.
2) Miller's Pyramid framework views competence as performance and emphasizes skills assessment using simulated patients, feedback, and objective structured clinical exams.
3) Cronbach's Alpha framework views competence as reliable test scores.
4) Donald Schon's framework views competence as reflection.
This document discusses reflection in learning and teaching. It defines reflection as a process of reviewing experiences to describe, analyze, evaluate, and inform future practice. Several frameworks for reflection are presented, including those by Dewey, Kolb, Schon, and Hatton and Smith. The document notes that while reflection is commonly used, definitions vary and it can be a complex process. Effective reflection involves critical thinking, identifying assumptions, and considering alternatives. Reflective frameworks and strategies can help teachers and students learn from experiences and continue developing.
Experiential learning and reflective practice 7 17-13tjcarter
The document discusses experiential learning and reflective practice. It notes that learning from experience is often incomplete or manipulated to fit our beliefs. Reflective practice, like journaling or blogging, can help surface tacit assumptions and lead to more meaningful learning. Digital storytelling is highlighted as an engaging reflective process where learners craft multimedia stories, get peer feedback, and potentially challenge assumptions. When done in a supportive community, reflective practice through blogging or digital stories can generate deeper learning from experiences.
There is no definite rule and standard answer for Design. In this course, we have studied 8 masters of their own theory about design. thinking. engineering. social.... I will explain their theory that I agree in Part I. And then develop my own design theory in Part II.
The document discusses the purpose and benefits of reflection and maintaining a reflective journal. It describes several reflective models including Schön's reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action, Kolb's experiential learning cycle, and Gibbs' reflective cycle. Regular reflection allows students to improve their skills and deepen their learning through evaluating their experiences and making plans to improve.
GMU Preapplication and Competencies (NEAAHP 2011)Emil Chuck
Preparing prehealth advisees to be able to articulate their preprofessional characteristics is critical to holistic evaluation. PRELIMINARY VERSION ONLY.
The document discusses finding the right mentor and academic job. It emphasizes the importance of choosing a mentor who shares your interests, provides feedback and advocates for your career. When seeking an academic job, it's important to understand your goals and risks, evaluate department chairs and resources, and negotiate carefully. Success requires active involvement in mentoring, understanding promotion criteria, and adapting to new environments with flexibility.
Pursuing higher education can provide many benefits. It allows you to keep your skills current, enhance traits like discipline, and potentially earn more money over your career. While there is no perfect time to prepare, it is best to start as early as possible, such as when you notice jobs requiring additional education. Preparation involves self-analysis, researching schools and programs, and meeting with advisors. Continuing your education opens doors to more opportunities and stimulating conversations.
This document discusses reflection in learning and teaching. It defines reflection as a process of reviewing experiences to describe, analyze, evaluate, and inform future practice. Several frameworks for reflection are presented, including those by Dewey, Kolb, Schon, and Hatton and Smith. The document notes that while reflection is commonly used, definitions vary and it can be a complex process. Effective reflection involves critical thinking, identifying assumptions, and considering alternatives. Reflective frameworks and strategies can help teachers and students learn from experiences and continue developing.
Experiential learning and reflective practice 7 17-13tjcarter
The document discusses experiential learning and reflective practice. It notes that learning from experience is often incomplete or manipulated to fit our beliefs. Reflective practice, like journaling or blogging, can help surface tacit assumptions and lead to more meaningful learning. Digital storytelling is highlighted as an engaging reflective process where learners craft multimedia stories, get peer feedback, and potentially challenge assumptions. When done in a supportive community, reflective practice through blogging or digital stories can generate deeper learning from experiences.
There is no definite rule and standard answer for Design. In this course, we have studied 8 masters of their own theory about design. thinking. engineering. social.... I will explain their theory that I agree in Part I. And then develop my own design theory in Part II.
The document discusses the purpose and benefits of reflection and maintaining a reflective journal. It describes several reflective models including Schön's reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action, Kolb's experiential learning cycle, and Gibbs' reflective cycle. Regular reflection allows students to improve their skills and deepen their learning through evaluating their experiences and making plans to improve.
GMU Preapplication and Competencies (NEAAHP 2011)Emil Chuck
Preparing prehealth advisees to be able to articulate their preprofessional characteristics is critical to holistic evaluation. PRELIMINARY VERSION ONLY.
The document discusses finding the right mentor and academic job. It emphasizes the importance of choosing a mentor who shares your interests, provides feedback and advocates for your career. When seeking an academic job, it's important to understand your goals and risks, evaluate department chairs and resources, and negotiate carefully. Success requires active involvement in mentoring, understanding promotion criteria, and adapting to new environments with flexibility.
Pursuing higher education can provide many benefits. It allows you to keep your skills current, enhance traits like discipline, and potentially earn more money over your career. While there is no perfect time to prepare, it is best to start as early as possible, such as when you notice jobs requiring additional education. Preparation involves self-analysis, researching schools and programs, and meeting with advisors. Continuing your education opens doors to more opportunities and stimulating conversations.
Presented at IEEE All India Student Congress 2013 and 14th Regional Conference of International Network of Women Engineers and Scientists (INWES), questions the existence of the proverbial glass ceiling and provides justification in support of its existence.
The document discusses the promise and challenges of developing a unitary doctoral curriculum across information schools. While a unitary curriculum could promote coherence, reduce chaos, and establish a common identity, interdisciplinarity and the youth of the information field make consensus difficult. The Carnegie Initiative on the Doctorate explored defining goals but risked curbing autonomy. An alternative is focusing doctoral training on developing scientist-practitioners to address information problems and lead the next generation, taking an evidence-based approach.
How research on research can help to inform and accelerate positive changes in research cultures. Stephen Curry, Assistant Provost for Equality, Diversity & Inclusion, Imperial
College & Chair, San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA)
This document discusses practitioner inquiry in doctoral dissertations and the use of action research. It provides an overview of the Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate (CPED) principles, which emphasize addressing problems of practice, applying knowledge to create positive change, and developing collaboration skills. The document shares stories of three students who completed their dissertation in practice using action research. Their projects addressed issues like parent involvement, technology in the classroom, and building trust between teachers and parents. The document suggests action research is a good fit for a dissertation when the student has a complex problem of practice and sphere of influence to create local change. It emphasizes sharing findings with stakeholders.
The document provides information about the M.S. in Positive Organizational Development and Change (MPOD) program at Case Western Reserve University's Weatherhead School of Management. The 19-month program is delivered through 5 week-long residencies, virtual learning, and a 10-day international study tour. It focuses on developing leadership skills for organizational change and transformation through strengths-based approaches like appreciative inquiry. The core faculty are recognized experts in fields like emotional intelligence, positive psychology, and systems thinking.
The Influence Of Family Background EssayBarb Tillich
The document discusses the importance of teachers understanding the Common Core Standards to help students achieve educational goals. It states that the standards guide teachers to prepare students for what they are expected to learn to succeed in life. Furthermore, the document emphasizes that as a world language teacher it is key to follow the Core Curriculum Standards for World Languages and integrate them into teaching to provide students with relevant skills for college and careers.
The document provides an overview of the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida. It includes the Dean's letter, information about the advisory board, profiles of new professors and instructors hired in various departments, and summaries of research clusters and initiatives in the college. Some of the key initiatives discussed include the Sustainable Coastal Systems cluster, which takes an interdisciplinary approach to ocean and coastal research; UCF RESTORES, a clinic that treats anxiety disorders and PTSD; and the UCF Marine Turtle Research Group, which studies sea turtles in the Indian River Lagoon.
Strategic human resources development programM Iffan Fanani
PPSDMS Nurul Fikri is a leadership school in Indonesia that aims to develop future leaders. It selects top students from universities across Indonesia and provides leadership training through various programs. The document outlines PPSDMS's vision, mission, participant selection process, alumni profiles working in government, private sector, and non-profits, as well as its management structure and donors.
Academic Discourse Essay
Perfect World Research Paper
Essay about English Academic Writing
Gac Compare and Contrast Essay
What I Have Learned About Research
Academic Ethics And Academic Integrity Essay
Reflection On Academic Reading
Importance And Purpose Of Research Essay
Essay On Academic Reflection
Perfect World Research Paper
My Academic Goals And Research Interests
My Professional And Academic Experience
Educational Research
Developing Strong Academic Study Skills
A Research Study On An Academic Research Essay
Popular Press Vs Academic Research Essay
Academic Background And Career Interest Essay
Essay about The Importance of Academic Integrity
The document discusses the benefits of undergraduate research experiences. It outlines how research experience benefits the student's education by allowing them to practice problem-solving skills, immerse themselves in a field of study, and build relationships. Research is also beneficial for gaining admission to graduate programs, as it is often a required experience. The document also notes that research helps develop important skills for medical students such as analytical thinking and self-directed learning.
An Expert Roundtable Discussion On Experiences Of Autistic Autism ResearchersMartha Brown
This document summarizes an expert roundtable discussion on the experiences of autistic researchers conducting autism research. The roundtable includes eight autistic scholars from a variety of career stages and backgrounds.
They begin by introducing themselves and their areas of research, which include basic science, applied research, disability studies, education, neuroscience, and more. Many also have personal experience with being autistic in academia.
The discussion then focuses on how the participants' autistic identities have impacted their research and motivated them to pursue autism-related topics. Challenges of being autistic in a field dominated by non-autistic researchers are also explored.
The document summarizes discussions from two roundtable meetings between experts in child development research and teacher education. Key points discussed include:
1) Current teacher education programs do not adequately teach teachers how to apply child development research principles in the classroom.
2) Translating research into practical strategies for teachers is challenging but necessary to improve instruction.
3) Supporting teachers with more time in field placements and residency programs would help them gain experience applying developmental science.
4) Disseminating research findings in accessible formats for teachers and establishing standards could strengthen the connection between research and practice.
This document summarizes a module called STEP UP that was designed to support the transition of articulation students from further education colleges to university degree studies. The module aimed to help students develop academic skills, adjust to the transition from a highly supported college environment to independent learning at university, and foster a sense of belonging. A pilot cohort of 20 students from various disciplines participated. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected to measure the learning gain experienced by students. Results showed improvements in students' self-evaluated academic skills, confidence in the FE to HE transition, and teamwork abilities. Qualitative feedback also indicated students felt more prepared and integrated into university life.
Instructional design is a systematic process that combines learning and teaching theories to create effective instructional experiences. It has evolved over time through different learning theories like behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Common instructional design models follow a similar systematic process but each model is tailored to different situations and needs. Instructional design works closely with educational technology to leverage new technologies for enhancing instruction.
Leveraging Transformative Learning Theory to Promote Student Development in T...Nate Cradit
1. A campus crisis has emerged at Jones State University over the controversial commencement speaker selection of Senator Umbridge, who has made public comments criticizing the Black Lives Matter movement. Student protests have occurred but university leadership has refused to retract the invitation.
2. The student government at JSU is divided over whether to organize a student walk-out during graduation ceremonies to protest the speaker selection.
3. As the VP of Student Affairs, the presenter has been tasked with handling the crisis. They plan to meet with student government leaders and leverage transformative learning theory to resolve the crisis and foster growth for all students involved.
Religions Essay | Essay on Religions for Students and Children in .... Religion Essay- Discuss The Ways in Which Religion Has Contributed to .... Science and Religion Essay | Essay on Science and Religion for Students .... The importance of religion essay. 012 008578321 1 Religion Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Religion Essay Topics Argumentative. ⛔ Purpose of religion essay. Free purpose in life Essays and Papers .... What Is Religion Essay Example for Free - 949 Words | EssayPay. Religion essay essay sample from assignmentsupport.com essay writing. Religion Essay Topics to Write a Perfect Assignment - 2021. 018 Religion Essay Topics Example ~ Thatsnotus. (PDF) The Significance of Religious Education. The importance of religion essay papers. Religion Essay - Christianity | Studies of Religion II - Year 11 HSC .... 215 Interesting Religion Research Paper Topics in 2022.
The document discusses a presentation given by Anwar Abd-Elfattah at the 18th Egyptian Society of Cardiothoracic Surgery conference on targeting post-ischemic reperfusion injury. It focuses on using selective adenosine deaminase inhibitors and nucleoside transport blockers to entrap intracellular adenosine and protect against reperfusion injury during cardiac surgery involving aortic cross-clamping. The presentation examines the role of the adenosine A1 receptor in this protective effect.
This document expresses gratitude to various teachers and mentors. It provides advice for running a department, including not starting with mediocre facilities, attaching new residents with senior staff mentors, disciplining with love rather than law alone, avoiding humiliation of juniors, rewarding extra research efforts with privileges with transparency, and being open to learning from anyone.
Presented at IEEE All India Student Congress 2013 and 14th Regional Conference of International Network of Women Engineers and Scientists (INWES), questions the existence of the proverbial glass ceiling and provides justification in support of its existence.
The document discusses the promise and challenges of developing a unitary doctoral curriculum across information schools. While a unitary curriculum could promote coherence, reduce chaos, and establish a common identity, interdisciplinarity and the youth of the information field make consensus difficult. The Carnegie Initiative on the Doctorate explored defining goals but risked curbing autonomy. An alternative is focusing doctoral training on developing scientist-practitioners to address information problems and lead the next generation, taking an evidence-based approach.
How research on research can help to inform and accelerate positive changes in research cultures. Stephen Curry, Assistant Provost for Equality, Diversity & Inclusion, Imperial
College & Chair, San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA)
This document discusses practitioner inquiry in doctoral dissertations and the use of action research. It provides an overview of the Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate (CPED) principles, which emphasize addressing problems of practice, applying knowledge to create positive change, and developing collaboration skills. The document shares stories of three students who completed their dissertation in practice using action research. Their projects addressed issues like parent involvement, technology in the classroom, and building trust between teachers and parents. The document suggests action research is a good fit for a dissertation when the student has a complex problem of practice and sphere of influence to create local change. It emphasizes sharing findings with stakeholders.
The document provides information about the M.S. in Positive Organizational Development and Change (MPOD) program at Case Western Reserve University's Weatherhead School of Management. The 19-month program is delivered through 5 week-long residencies, virtual learning, and a 10-day international study tour. It focuses on developing leadership skills for organizational change and transformation through strengths-based approaches like appreciative inquiry. The core faculty are recognized experts in fields like emotional intelligence, positive psychology, and systems thinking.
The Influence Of Family Background EssayBarb Tillich
The document discusses the importance of teachers understanding the Common Core Standards to help students achieve educational goals. It states that the standards guide teachers to prepare students for what they are expected to learn to succeed in life. Furthermore, the document emphasizes that as a world language teacher it is key to follow the Core Curriculum Standards for World Languages and integrate them into teaching to provide students with relevant skills for college and careers.
The document provides an overview of the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida. It includes the Dean's letter, information about the advisory board, profiles of new professors and instructors hired in various departments, and summaries of research clusters and initiatives in the college. Some of the key initiatives discussed include the Sustainable Coastal Systems cluster, which takes an interdisciplinary approach to ocean and coastal research; UCF RESTORES, a clinic that treats anxiety disorders and PTSD; and the UCF Marine Turtle Research Group, which studies sea turtles in the Indian River Lagoon.
Strategic human resources development programM Iffan Fanani
PPSDMS Nurul Fikri is a leadership school in Indonesia that aims to develop future leaders. It selects top students from universities across Indonesia and provides leadership training through various programs. The document outlines PPSDMS's vision, mission, participant selection process, alumni profiles working in government, private sector, and non-profits, as well as its management structure and donors.
Academic Discourse Essay
Perfect World Research Paper
Essay about English Academic Writing
Gac Compare and Contrast Essay
What I Have Learned About Research
Academic Ethics And Academic Integrity Essay
Reflection On Academic Reading
Importance And Purpose Of Research Essay
Essay On Academic Reflection
Perfect World Research Paper
My Academic Goals And Research Interests
My Professional And Academic Experience
Educational Research
Developing Strong Academic Study Skills
A Research Study On An Academic Research Essay
Popular Press Vs Academic Research Essay
Academic Background And Career Interest Essay
Essay about The Importance of Academic Integrity
The document discusses the benefits of undergraduate research experiences. It outlines how research experience benefits the student's education by allowing them to practice problem-solving skills, immerse themselves in a field of study, and build relationships. Research is also beneficial for gaining admission to graduate programs, as it is often a required experience. The document also notes that research helps develop important skills for medical students such as analytical thinking and self-directed learning.
An Expert Roundtable Discussion On Experiences Of Autistic Autism ResearchersMartha Brown
This document summarizes an expert roundtable discussion on the experiences of autistic researchers conducting autism research. The roundtable includes eight autistic scholars from a variety of career stages and backgrounds.
They begin by introducing themselves and their areas of research, which include basic science, applied research, disability studies, education, neuroscience, and more. Many also have personal experience with being autistic in academia.
The discussion then focuses on how the participants' autistic identities have impacted their research and motivated them to pursue autism-related topics. Challenges of being autistic in a field dominated by non-autistic researchers are also explored.
The document summarizes discussions from two roundtable meetings between experts in child development research and teacher education. Key points discussed include:
1) Current teacher education programs do not adequately teach teachers how to apply child development research principles in the classroom.
2) Translating research into practical strategies for teachers is challenging but necessary to improve instruction.
3) Supporting teachers with more time in field placements and residency programs would help them gain experience applying developmental science.
4) Disseminating research findings in accessible formats for teachers and establishing standards could strengthen the connection between research and practice.
This document summarizes a module called STEP UP that was designed to support the transition of articulation students from further education colleges to university degree studies. The module aimed to help students develop academic skills, adjust to the transition from a highly supported college environment to independent learning at university, and foster a sense of belonging. A pilot cohort of 20 students from various disciplines participated. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected to measure the learning gain experienced by students. Results showed improvements in students' self-evaluated academic skills, confidence in the FE to HE transition, and teamwork abilities. Qualitative feedback also indicated students felt more prepared and integrated into university life.
Instructional design is a systematic process that combines learning and teaching theories to create effective instructional experiences. It has evolved over time through different learning theories like behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Common instructional design models follow a similar systematic process but each model is tailored to different situations and needs. Instructional design works closely with educational technology to leverage new technologies for enhancing instruction.
Leveraging Transformative Learning Theory to Promote Student Development in T...Nate Cradit
1. A campus crisis has emerged at Jones State University over the controversial commencement speaker selection of Senator Umbridge, who has made public comments criticizing the Black Lives Matter movement. Student protests have occurred but university leadership has refused to retract the invitation.
2. The student government at JSU is divided over whether to organize a student walk-out during graduation ceremonies to protest the speaker selection.
3. As the VP of Student Affairs, the presenter has been tasked with handling the crisis. They plan to meet with student government leaders and leverage transformative learning theory to resolve the crisis and foster growth for all students involved.
Religions Essay | Essay on Religions for Students and Children in .... Religion Essay- Discuss The Ways in Which Religion Has Contributed to .... Science and Religion Essay | Essay on Science and Religion for Students .... The importance of religion essay. 012 008578321 1 Religion Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Religion Essay Topics Argumentative. ⛔ Purpose of religion essay. Free purpose in life Essays and Papers .... What Is Religion Essay Example for Free - 949 Words | EssayPay. Religion essay essay sample from assignmentsupport.com essay writing. Religion Essay Topics to Write a Perfect Assignment - 2021. 018 Religion Essay Topics Example ~ Thatsnotus. (PDF) The Significance of Religious Education. The importance of religion essay papers. Religion Essay - Christianity | Studies of Religion II - Year 11 HSC .... 215 Interesting Religion Research Paper Topics in 2022.
The document discusses a presentation given by Anwar Abd-Elfattah at the 18th Egyptian Society of Cardiothoracic Surgery conference on targeting post-ischemic reperfusion injury. It focuses on using selective adenosine deaminase inhibitors and nucleoside transport blockers to entrap intracellular adenosine and protect against reperfusion injury during cardiac surgery involving aortic cross-clamping. The presentation examines the role of the adenosine A1 receptor in this protective effect.
This document expresses gratitude to various teachers and mentors. It provides advice for running a department, including not starting with mediocre facilities, attaching new residents with senior staff mentors, disciplining with love rather than law alone, avoiding humiliation of juniors, rewarding extra research efforts with privileges with transparency, and being open to learning from anyone.
Myocardial revascularisation using radial artery presentationescts2012
This study evaluated the midterm results of using the radial artery as a bypass graft in 50 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Preoperatively, patients had significant coronary artery disease, risk factors like diabetes and smoking, and left ventricular dysfunction in some cases. The radial artery was used as a graft in addition to the left internal mammary artery, with follow-up of patients for at least 2 years postoperatively to assess graft patency and clinical outcomes.
The document discusses surgical treatment of bacterial endocarditis based on the experience at Kasr Elaini Hospital in Cairo, Egypt. It summarizes that decisions about when to operate are based on a team approach considering the patient's clinical condition, laboratory tests, and echocardiography findings. The main indications for surgery seen were heart failure, large vegetations, uncontrolled infection, and recurrent emboli. The most common surgeries performed were prosthetic mitral valve replacement, mitral valve repair, and aortic valve replacement. Post-operative mortality was 19%. Careful evaluation and reluctance to operate can lead to patient deterioration, so surgery is often needed within a few days of initiating antibiotics.
1) The study evaluated the authors' learning curve for septal myectomy to treat hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) in 19 Egyptian patients between 2000-2010.
2) Immediate postoperative peak gradients dropped significantly from a mean of 105+30 mmHg to 11.5+6.1 mmHg in all patients, and MR was reduced.
3) At follow-up of 34.4 months on average, most patients were free of symptoms. Two patients died, one from renal failure and one during dialysis. Egyptian HOCM patients tended to be younger with higher gradients than large international series.
Does the medschool need an ecc science program or a perfusion techschoolescts2012
The document discusses whether a medical school needs an extracorporeal circulation (EC) science program or a perfusion technoschool. It describes a study that evaluated a perfusion skills course for perfusionists on handling difficult perfusion situations. The study found that perfusionists who took the course had significant improvements in self-efficacy and performance compared to the control group, as measured by questionnaires and an objective structured clinical exam. The document concludes that a short perfusion skills course can help perfusionists improve their ability to handle difficult clinical situations.
The Egyptian Fellowship of Cardiothoracic Surgery (EFCTS) provides a 4-year training program to certify cardiothoracic surgeons. Trainees undergo rigorous evaluation of their knowledge, skills, behavior, and surgical volume at high-volume training centers. Evaluations are conducted monthly and annually through exams, logbooks of procedures and activities, and assessments of clinical skills. Over a decade, 56 candidates enrolled but only 11 successfully completed the full program and certification exams, demonstrating the strict standards of the EFCTS.
The document summarizes the collaboration between Cairo University and Italian institutions, specifically IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, over nearly 20 years providing pediatric cardiac care. It details 59 surgical missions where over 500 patients were operated on and 66 grants were provided for doctors. The collaboration established a neonatal intensive care unit and new operating room at Cairo University's Pediatric Hospital and continues the exchange of expertise between the universities.
Outcome of pregnancy in prosthetic valve patientsescts2012
This document summarizes three studies from 1989-2009 on pregnancy outcomes in Egyptian women with prosthetic heart valves. The first study from 1989-1999 found a 44% fetal loss rate compared to 24% in controls. Later studies from 2002-2007 and 2008-2009 showed decreasing fetal and maternal loss rates, with improved outcomes associated with younger maternal age, heparin in the first trimester, and newer generation prosthetic valves. Overall, pregnancy for women with prosthetic heart valves remains high risk but outcomes have improved with advances in medical care.
Anticoagulation of pregnant women with mechanical heart valve prosthesis. a s...escts2012
This document summarizes guidelines and studies on anticoagulation treatment for pregnant women with mechanical heart valve prostheses. It finds that oral anticoagulants (OA) appear safer for mothers but heparin appears safer for fetuses. The guidelines recommend 3 regimens: OA throughout pregnancy, substituting OA with heparin from weeks 6-13, or heparin throughout pregnancy. The document reviews 19 studies comparing outcomes of these regimens. It finds higher rates of fetal complications like embryopathy, prematurity and abortion with OA, but higher rates of maternal complications like thrombosis with heparin. The document aims to determine if fetal embryopathy risk from OA was overstated or decreasing
Therapeutic options for young females with rheumatic mitral valve disease include mitral valve surgery with frequent valve replacement due to disease pathology. For young patients, the prosthetic valve choice is currently restricted to mechanical valves requiring accurate anticoagulation. Pregnancy poses challenges due to the need to stop or adjust warfarin dosing during different trimesters. Studies show better fetal outcomes with warfarin doses of 5mg or less. Surgery combining mitral valve repair/replacement and the Maze procedure reduces atrial fibrillation and improves survival rates without increasing operative risk compared to mitral surgery alone.
Mitral valve repair in rheumatic patientsescts2012
1) Mitral valve repair has advantages over replacement such as lower mortality, better left ventricular function, and lower risks of complications.
2) While most degenerative mitral valves can be repaired, only 75% of rheumatic valves are suitable for repair due to the aggressive nature of rheumatic disease.
3) For rheumatic mitral disease, repair has better long-term outcomes than replacement in reducing mortality and reoperation risks, but repair durability is limited by the progressive nature of rheumatic pathology.
Chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation is a common complication of myocardial infarction that severely impacts mortality and morbidity, with multiple pathophysiological mechanisms involved in its generation. The study compared early and late results of 157 patients who underwent CABG and repair of grade II or higher ischemic mitral regurgitation to 5124 patients who underwent isolated CABG. Early results showed higher mortality, complications, and longer hospital stays for the group that underwent CABG and mitral valve repair. Residual mitral regurgitation and the Alfieri edge-to-edge repair technique were predictors of higher hospital mortality. Late follow-up is still ongoing but showed higher recurrence and mortality rates for patients with residual reg
The document discusses early experience with aortic valve repair in 10 patients with severe aortic incompetence. Two groups were studied - 6 with rheumatic aortic valves, and 4 with subaortic VSD and aortic valve prolapse. Various repair techniques were used. Post-operative echocardiograms showed mild or less aortic incompetence in all patients. The conclusion is that aortic valve repair yields encouraging short-term results for pediatric patients with aortic incompetence from VSD or rheumatic disease, but longer follow-up is still needed.
The document discusses transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), including its approval and increasing use in Europe and the United States. It provides details on the team approach, devices, procedures, outcomes, and complications of TAVI based on clinical trials such as PARTNER. TAVI is an alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement for high-risk or inoperable patients with severe aortic stenosis.
1) Most patients with asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis will develop symptoms within 5 years if not operated on, and the risk of sudden cardiac death is 1% per year.
2) Independent predictors of reduced survival in non-operated patients include advanced age, low left ventricular ejection fraction, heart failure, renal failure, and hypertension.
3) Aortic valve replacement dramatically improves survival outcomes, with 5-year survival rates of 90% for operated patients compared to 38% for non-operated patients.
TAVI has become an accepted treatment for severe aortic stenosis, especially in high-risk patients. The PARTNER trial showed non-inferiority of TAVI compared to surgery in high-risk patients, with lower rates of major bleeding and new onset atrial fibrillation for TAVI. A team approach including cardiologists and cardiac surgeons is recommended for optimal patient outcomes with TAVI.
Posterior approach aortic root enlargement in redo aorticescts2012
This document discusses aortic root enlargement using a posterior approach for redo aortic valve replacement. It provides details on the surgical technique used, which involves extending the aortotomy incision along the commissure between the left coronary and noncoronary sinuses across the anterior mitral leaflet and using a Dacron patch to enlarge the annulus. Results from a study of 25 patients found a hospital mortality rate of 8% due to low cardiac output, with 3 patients requiring reexploration for bleeding. The conclusion is that aortic root enlargement using this posterior approach can be done safely and does not increase surgical risk. However, the main limitation is the small number of patients and lack of long-term follow-
Impact of previous stenting on the outcome of (2)escts2012
This study examined the impact of previous coronary stenting on outcomes of subsequent CABG surgery in patients with multivessel disease. The study divided 200 patients into two groups: Group A with no previous stents, and Group B with previous stents. Group B had worse postoperative outcomes such as longer hospital stays, higher morbidity rates, and less improvement in echocardiogram measurements after surgery compared to Group A. Previous studies also found worse outcomes for patients who had undergone prior PCI compared to those without prior stenting. The presence of previous stents is associated with more severe coronary artery disease and worse clinical status preoperatively.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
Knowledge is power,
so Learn and Live!
5 S‟s
Systemise
Sort
Straighten
Shine
Sustain
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 3
4. Background
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
We think of medical education as a
process that moves novices from a state
of incompetence, to one of competence
This talk explores the idea that
education, and in particular assessment
processes may actually lead to
incompetence
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 4
5. What are “discourses”?
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
Discourses are ways of seeing the
world.
They act like lenses or filters.
They make it possible for us to say
somethings but not others.
They make it possible to act in certain
ways, and to have certain jobs.
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 5
6. Background: Malcolm S. Knowles
Adults need to know the reason for learning something
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
(Need to Know)
Experience (including error) provides the basis for
learning activities (Foundation).
Adults need to be responsible for their decisions on
education; involvement in the planning and evaluation of
their instruction (Self-concept).
Adults are most interested in learning subjects having
immediate relevance to their work and/or personal lives
Adult learning is problem-centered rather than content-
oriented (Orientation).
Adults respond better to internal versus external
motivators (Motivation).
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 6
8. Objective
To face the challenges
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
we have in the old 1
2
training methodology 3
(training by saturation, 4
long working hours,
training in real world,
concept of see one, do
one, teach one and
learning curve) a KSA-
based master plan is
proposed
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 8
9. Over 600 medical education articles:
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
Coded for key words, metaphors, shifts in paradigms
25 interviews with key figures in
education:
Medical education institutions around
the world:
US, UK, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, China, KSA,
UAE, Syria, Jordan, Pakistan, India, Poland, Japan
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 9
10. www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
"Far Horizons: Extending the
Landscape of Assessment"
Brian Hodges MD, MEd, FRCPC
Director, Wilson Centre for Research
in Education, University of Toronto
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 10
12. www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
Why do teaching
hospitals research
everything but
teaching?
Brian Hodges, MD, PhD, FRCPC
Professor, Scientist and Director
The Wilson Centre, University of Toronto
Richard and Elizabeth Currie Chair in Health
Professions Education Research
www.thewilsoncentre.ca
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 12
13. Results
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
1. Sabiston & Spencer‟s
Textbook & competence-as-
knowledge
2. Miller‟s Pyramid &
competence-as-performance
3. Cronbach‟s Alpha &
competence-as-reliable test
score
4. Donald Schon & competence-
as-reflection
Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 13
14. Sabiston & Spencer’s Textbook
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
Competence-as-knowledge
Key words:
Facts, foundational knowledge, basic
science, first principles, fund of knowledge,
classic text books, classic articles, multiple-
choice tests
Teacher role: Lecturer,
source of wisdom
The measure: Knowledge test
(MCQ)
14
15. Sabiston & Spencer’s Textbook
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 15
16. Sabiston & Spencer’s Textbook
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 16
17. Sabiston & Spencer’s Textbook
Side-effects
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Sitting here studying, I was wondering how
important your two lectures are for the
exam. I don‟t see any questions from your
lectures on any old exams and wanted to
know if your stuff was “testable” this year.
University of Toronto Medical Student 2000
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 17
18. Sabiston & Spencer’s Textbook
Side-effects
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
The preoccupation with doing well on
standardized tests has literally conditioned
the way young people in America think.
They have better-developed cognitive abilities
to recognized random facts than to
construct patterns or think systematically.
Jacques Barzun, New York Times,1988
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 18
21. Miller’s Pyramid
Competence-as-performance
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
In 1960s the idea of competence -as-
performance emerged
In many places they would ask students to write an
essay on the origin of the word shoelace, or give
them a multiple choice question on the design of
shoelaces or even ask them to describe the steps in
tying a shoelace
Whereas really the only way of doing it is showing you
know how to tie a shoelace
Ronald Harden 2005
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 21
23. Miller’s Pyramid
Resistance
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In the 1990s, cognitive psychologists and
sociologists alike began to have worries
about too much emphasis on
performance
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 23
24. Miller’s Pyramid
Side-effects
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
Cracks started to appear in the pyramid, it
seems that knowledge wasn ‟t quite so low
down and skills quite so high up as one
might have thought
Geoff Norman 2005
Relevant knowledge is essential for real -life
problems solving…knowledge is highly
domain-specific, so is problem solving
Schurwirth and van der Vleuten 2006
Eva 2005
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 24
25. Miller’s Pyramid
Side-effects
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
Exclusive reliance on a pedagogical
approach of simulation training may be
encouraging students to become
“simulation doctors” who act out a good
relationship with their patients but have no
authentic connection with them
Hanna and Fins 2006
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 25
34. Donald Schön 4. Schon and the discours
reflection
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 34
35. Donald Schön 4. Schon and the disc
reflection
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 35
36. 4. Schon and the disc
Donald Schön reflection
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 36
37. Donald Schön
Competence-as-reflection
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
Since the mid 1990s, the work of Donald Schon has
become an antidote to standardized testing,
emphasizing the idea that competence requires
internal reflection and self -direction
The concept of learner as a mere processor of
information has been replaced by the image of a
self-motivated, self-directed problem solver
Ontario Ministry of Education 1980
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 37
39. Donald Schön
Resistance
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It is impossible to make people
understand their ignorance, for it
requires knowledge to perceive it;
and therefore, he that can perceive it,
hath it not”
Jeremy Taylor
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 39
41. Donald Schön
Side-effects
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
Reflective practice provides the mechanism
whereby nurses internalize the new
professional ethos of self-government…
Meanwhile, regulators appear quite
unconcerned about the lack of coherence
between what is being monitored „at a
distance‟ and the actual professional
knowledge (needed) to function skilfully and
competently
Nelson and Purkis Nursing Inquiry 2004
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 41
42. Summary
What we choose to emphasize and to asses in
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
medical education drives behavior to such an extent
that it can actually create forms of incompetence
Like medical treatments, we must pay more attention
to the side-effects of medical education and
assessment methods
Probably only a minority of our students will have
these side-effects.
Many will be quite competent professionals after
graduation, but for the rest...
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 42
43. Balance the +ve & -ve effects of educational discourses
Don‟t teach / test pure knowledge
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
integrate knowledge with skills early and often
Don‟t teach / test „general skills‟
Integrate skills with their contextual knowledge
Limit use of standardized scenarios /
measures
Foster expert forms of thinking and embrace variance
Implement reflection carefully
Don‟t use self-directed learning without establishing the
capacity for self-assessment
Don‟t let competence assessment rest on reflection alone
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 43
44. Choose measurement instruments carefully
Don‟t use psychometrically rigid measures only
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
Performance-based assessments should include global
ratings, particular at higher levels of expertise
“Global ratings” are not all the same
Use a rubric like Hunters‟ classification (5 levels from
“atomistic” to “holistic”) to chose the kind of global rating
you want
Triangulate multiple perspectives
Gather ratings from SPs and MD, but also other
professionals and peers
Consider the type of rating most appropriate for each
Don‟t let test “security” trump feedback
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 44
45. Push the limits of education research
Don‟t be confined by traditional
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
psychometric concepts of validity
Explore the “ecological” validity of assessments
through studies of impact on student behaviour
and thinking
Consider the negative, “deforming” side-effects as
well as the positive outcomes
Use qualitative methods as well as traditional
validity statistics to study validity
Reflect on how the discourses and models we
chose are linked to important historical, political
and economic factors
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 45
47. Does The Medschool Need An EC Science
Program or A Perfusion Technoschool
Advantages
Conclusion Headline
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
E learning – on line videos –
live teleconferences;
attending conferences and
courses; emphasize
education over service
KSA Master Plans (provision of trained
Knowledge-based personnel,nurse
practitioners); learning
objective should be very
clear; and protected time for
research.
Drawbacks
Non.
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 47
48. Does The Medschool Need An EC Science
Program or A Perfusion Technoschool
Advantages
Conclusion Headline
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
Lesson learned from high
risk jobs, e.g. aviation; skill
labs; wet and animal labs;
basic endovascular training
for the residents.
KSA Master Plans
Skills-based Drawbacks
Non.
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 48
49. Does The Medschool Need An EC Science
Program or A Perfusion Technoschool
Advantages
Conclusion Headline
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
Regular assessment of
training teachers by
independent board; and
teachers‟ motivation, salary
and promotion.
KSA Master Plans
Attitude or Action -based Drawbacks
Non.
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 49
50. Most importantly each of use should ask:
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
What does my discourse make possible?
4. Schon and the discourse of
reflection
Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA
ezzeldinmostafa@ymail.com
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
shamscts12@gmail.com
Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA
3/18/2012 50
60. Assessment Methods used in Medicine
Multiple Choice Questions
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
(MCQs)Extended Matching Questions
(EMQs)Short-answer Questions
(SAQs)Essays
Viva / Viva Voce / Oral
Practical Assessment (the „Spot‟
test)Objective Structured Clinical
Examination (OSCE)Long Case
Observation on Rotations
Portfolios
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, Ph 60
61. Additional Assessment Methods used
in Medicine
Clinical Evaluation Exercise (CEX)
www.net2.shams.edu.eg/cts
Mini-clinical Evaluation Exercise (mini-CEX)
Longitudinal Evaluation of Performance (LEP)
Directly Observed Procedural Skills (DOPS)
360o (Multi-source Feedback)
Case-based Discussion and Chart Stimulated
Recall Oral Examination (CSR)
Script Concordance Test (SCT)
3/18/2012 Ezzeldin A. Mostafa, MD, PhD, MBA 61
Editor's Notes
Knowledge is power, so Learn and Live!5 S’sSystemiseSortStraightenShineSustain
Malcolm Shepherd Knowles asserted that andragogy (Greek: "man-leading") should be distinguished from the more commonly used pedagogy (Greek: "child-leading").Knowles' theory can be stated with six assumptions related to motivation of adult learning:Adults need to know the reason for learning something (Need to Know)Experience (including error) provides the basis for learning activities (Foundation).Adults need to be responsible for their decisions on education; involvement in the planning and evaluation of their instruction (Self-concept).Adults are most interested in learning subjects having immediate relevance to their work and/or personal livesAdult learning is problem-centered rather than content-oriented (Orientation).Adults respond better to internal versus external motivators (Motivation).
The goal: turn…Data into KnowledgeKnowledge into ActionAction into ImprovementWe often lose discipline or control on last step: 3 Questions should be answeredHow do we know if we have succeeded?Are the measures clear and well defined from the start?Did we define the instruments, the method, the frequency, and the persons responsible?
To face the challenges we have in the old training methodology (training by saturation, long working hours, training in real world, concept of see one, do one, teach one and learning curve) a KSA-based master plan is proposed
I have been studying our discourses
We use at least 4 discourses of competence/incompetence
Miller’s pyramid traditionally only has 4 stages but during recent discussions there have been suggestions that we should include 2 underpinning awareness levels that usually occur before we "know". The first two stages, ‘knows’ and ‘knows how’, can be assessed using the traditional assessment tools of written and oral tests. However, ‘knowing’ and ‘knowing how’ clearly do not necessarily extrapolate to the application of knowledge in the workplace.
Donald Alan Schön (1930–1997) was an influential thinker in developing the theory and practice of reflective professional learning in the twentieth century.
Donald Schön, 1983"In the varied topography of professional practice, there is a high, hard ground, where practitioners can make effective use of research-based theory and techniques, and there is a swampy lowland where the situations are confusing 'messes' incapable of technical solution. The difficulty is that the problems of the high ground, however, great their technical interest, are often relatively unimportant to clients or the larger society while in the swamp are the problems of greatest human concern."
Balance the positive & negative effects of educational discourses
Key areas of the training curriculumKnowledgeSkillAttitudeInterpersonal relationship
I have been studying our discourses
I have been studying our discourses
Clinically Oriented Medicine
Cronbach's (alpha)[1] is a coefficient of reliability. It is commonly used as a measure of the internal consistency or reliability of a psychometric test score for a sample of examinees. It was first named alpha by Lee Cronbach in 1951, as he had intended to continue with further coefficients. The measure can be viewed as an extension of the Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (KR-20), which is an equivalent measure for dichotomous items. Alpha is not robust against missing data. Several other Greek letters have been used by later researchers to designate other measures used in a similar context.[2] Somewhat related is the average variance extracted (AVE).This article discusses the use of in psychology, but Cronbach's alpha statistic is widely used in the social sciences, business, nursing, and other disciplines. The term item is used throughout this article, but items could be anything — questions, raters, indicators — of which one might ask to what extent they "measure the same thing." Items that are manipulated are commonly referred to as variables.
Cronbach's AlphaCronbach's Alpha measures how well a set of items (or variables) measures a single one-dimensional latent construct. When data have a multidimensional structure, Cronbach's Alpha will usually be low. Technically speaking, Cronbach's Alpha is not a statistical test -- it is a co-efficient of reliability (or consistency). Cronbach's Alpha can be written as a function of the number of test items and the average inter-correlation among the items: Top