The document provides information on several types of tapeworms:
- Tapeworms can grow up to 16 feet long and live in the internal organs of their hosts, eating whatever the host eats. They are transmitted when people consume undercooked meat containing tapeworm cysts.
- Taenia saginata, the beef tapeworm, infects both cattle and humans. Humans are infected by eating undercooked beef containing larvae. It can grow over 12 meters and have over 2000 segments.
- Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm, infects both pigs and humans. Humans are infected by eating undercooked pork containing larvae. It causes cysticercosis if the eggs infect tissues
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Ascariasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, a species of roundworm. Infections have no symptoms in more than 85% of cases, especially if the number of worms is small. Symptomatic ascariasis may manifest as growth retardation, pneumonitis, intestinal obstruction, or hepatobiliary and pancreatic injury.
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Ascariasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, a species of roundworm. Infections have no symptoms in more than 85% of cases, especially if the number of worms is small. Symptomatic ascariasis may manifest as growth retardation, pneumonitis, intestinal obstruction, or hepatobiliary and pancreatic injury.
Clinically important cestodes pathogenic to man are:
Tenia solium (pork tapeworm), T. saginata (beef tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium lattum (fish or broad tapeworm), Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm) and Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis (hydatid).
Presentacion para clase de parasitologia sobre infeccion por Hymenolepsis nana e Hymenolepsis diminuta. Incluye ciclo biologico, patologia, diagnostico, etc
Tape worms (cestoda) are intestinal parasites that are shaped like a tape measure. They are highly diversified group of ubiquitous endoparasites that generally have a two-phased life cycle
Study of parasites Hymenolepis nana, Taenia Echinococcus(), & Pneumocystis carinii
Treatment
Morphology
Life cycle
Pathogenesis
Laboratory diagnosis
Parasites
Hymenolepis nana – Cestode (Dwarf Tapeworm)
Taenia Echinococcus – Cestode (Dog Tapeworm)
Pneumocystis carinii - Sporozoan parasite
Hymenolepis nana
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology of Hymenolepis nana
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larva
Life cycle of Hymenolepis nana
Direct Cycle
Indirect Cycle
Hymenolepis nana - Life cycle
Life cycle of Hymenolepis nana
Pathogenesis of Hymenolepis nana
Laboratory diagnosis of Hymenolepis nana
Treatment of Hymenolepis nana
Prevention (Prophylaxis) of H. nana
Taenia Echinococcus
Echinococcus Genus: Tapeworm with carnivorous and herbivorous hosts.
Morphology of Taenia Echinococcus
Life Cycle of Taenia Echinococcus
Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
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3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
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Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
This is an overview about parasites infest or affect the human eyes & principles of the diseases thay cause
A medical-student-made presentation for Ain Shams University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Parasitology
Hope it help you
Infections spread from animals to human are called zoonotic infections.
The term zoonos is’ Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
Pathogens shared with wild or domestic animals cause more than 60% of infectious diseases in man.
Virology is the scientific study of biological viruses. It is a subfield of microbiology that focuses on their detection, structure, classification and evolution, their methods of infection and exploitation of host cells for reproduction, their interaction with host organism physiology and immunity,
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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2. Tapeworm Facts
The tapeworm eats whatever the host eats. It lives in the internal
organs of the host. In addition, tapeworms can be less than 1 inch but
they can grow up to 16 feet!
Fun Facts:
o All tapeworms have male and female segments.
o The pork tapeworm lays its eggs in the host’s face.
o Tapeworms lay their eggs in the meat of the animal you would eat.
o Most of the invasions happen in poor countries.
o A tapeworm can live in a host for over 10 years without the host
knowing.
o Hosts become infected by eating undercooked meat that has cysts
in it.
4. Taenia Saginata
Taenia Saginata: Beef Tapeworm/ Hookless Tapeworm
o The beef tapeworm is a parasite of both cattle and humans.
o The beef tapeworm is normally 4 to 10 meters in length, but can grow
over 12 meters long.
o It is whitish in color.
o The strobila is composed of a series of ribbon-like segments
called proglottids.
o The segments are made up of mature and gravid proglottids.
o The eggs are in the proglottids and they are only going to infect the
cattle. If a human eats the eggs, it will not cause any infection. The
human is only infected by eating the beef containing the larvae.
o The segments are eliminated individually through the human feces.
o T. saginata is the largest of genus Taenia consisting between 1000 to
2000 proglottids and can also have a lifespan of 25 years in a host's
intestine.
o The disease is called Teaniasis and the symptoms are weakness, weight
loss, epigastric pain, appetite loss, anal obstruction, and anal itching
produced when the proglottids are coming out.
7. Taenia Solium
Taenia Solium: Pork Tapeworm/ Hook Tapeworm
• T. solium is normally 2 m to 3 m in length, but can become very large, over 50 m long in
some situations.
• It has 800-900 proglottids.
• The proglottids are expulsed in groups of 5 or 6.
• Humans and pigs get infected by eating these eggs, and the human is also contaminated
by eating raw pork containg larvae.
• T. solium has a very similar life cycle to Taenia saginata.
• These parasites can cause Taeniaosis , causing moderate abdominal pain. If the eggs
contaminate any organ or tissue, it is called cysticercosis. If the eggs travel to the central
nervous system, it is called neurocysticercosis.
• Infection with T. solium adults is treated with niclosamide, which is one of the most
popular drugs for adult tapeworm infections, as well as for fluke infections.
• As cysticercosis is a major risk, it is important to wash one's hands before eating and to
suppress vomiting if a patient may be infected with T. solium. If neurocysticercosis occurs
the drug of choice is either albendazole or praziquantel. These drugs damage the
parasites skin internally causing it to disintegrate and is then removed by the
host's immune system.
• Infection may be prevented with proper disposal of human feces around pigs, cooking
meat thoroughly and/or freezing the meat at −10 °C for 5 days. Most cases occur because
infected food handlers contaminate the food.
10. Human Cysticercosis
Cysticercosis refers to tissue infection after
exposure to eggs of Taenia solium, the
pork tapeworm.
Symptoms: The symptoms vary according to
where the cysticercosis are located, the
number of parasites, and the immune host
response. The most frequent symptoms are:
headaches, seizures, blurred vision, and lymph
nodes swelling.
13. Hymenolepsis Nana
Hymenolepsis Nana: Dwarf Tapeworm
• Dwarf tapeworm (Hymenolepis nana, previously known as Vampirolepis
nana, Hymenolepis fraterna, and Taenia nana) is a cosmopolitan species that is one of
the most common cestodes of humans in the world, especially among children.
• It can be found throughout the world, but is usually most common in temperate zones.
• It is the most common cestode of humans and is found wherever there are human
inhabitants.
• As its name implies, it is a small species, exceeding 40 mm long and 1 mm wide.
• The scolex bears a retractable rostellum armed with a single circle of 20 to 30 hooks.
The scolex also has four suckers, or a tetrad.
• The neck is long and slender, and the segments are wider than long.
• This is the only cestode that can complete its life cycle in one host: a human.
• The human can store the not only the adult, but larvae parasites.
• It has about 200 proglottides.
• The scolex has 4 suckers with a crown that has 20-30 hooks.
• The eggs are round and similar to Taenia Saginata.
14. Hymenolepsis Nana
Developement:
Infection can be direct or indirect.
Direct is infection is acquired most commonly from eggs in the feces of another
infected individual, which are transferred in food, by contamination. Eggs hatch in
the duodenum, releasing oncospheres, which penetrate the mucosa and come to
lie in lymph channels of the villi. Oncospheres develops into a cysticercoid which
has a tail and a well formed scolex.
The indirect life cycle is doubtless a recent modification of the ancestral two-host life
cycle, found in other species of hymenolepidids, because cysticercoids of H.
nana can still develop normally within larval fleas and beetles.
Direct contaminative infection by eggs is probably the most common route in human
cases, but accidental ingestion of an infected grain beetle or flea cannot be ruled
out.
The direct infectiousness of the eggs frees the parasite from its former dependence
upon an insect intermediate host, making rapid infection and person-to-person
spread possible. The short life span and rapid course of development also facilitate
the spread and ready availability of this worm.