Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
Wuchereria Bancrofti, the adult worm or parasites and its embryo microfilariae . The studies of microbiology. Its about Introduction, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
Wuchereria Bancrofti, the adult worm or parasites and its embryo microfilariae . The studies of microbiology. Its about Introduction, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
2.Enfresto – This has a revenue of 4.644 billions dollars
3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
Cosentyx Used to treat psoriatic arthritis
Entresto Used to treat heart failure
Lucentis Used to block abnormal vessel growth in the back of the eye
Tasigna Used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia which has the Philadelphia chromosome
Jakavi Used to treat myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and graft-versus-host disease
Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
Dear all MBBS student ,
Myself Dr. Manish Tiwari department of microbiology (SMC Medical college unnao) this presentation only for you not for PG students, if any doubt contact me on mail address..
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
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- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
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Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
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Learning Objectives
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2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Ancylostoma duodenale
Old world hookworm
Ancylostomiasis
Italian Physician Dubini (1843) - autopsy material
Milanase woman
Looss (1896) – mode of infection and pathogenesis
3. Habitat
Lumen of small intestine ( jejunum and ileum)
Remain attached to the intestinal wall by their
mouth parts.
4. MORPHOLOGY
Adult worm
Cylindrical , greyish white and slightly curved
The anterior end is bent slightly in the same direction
of the body curve and gives it name hookworm
5. Females:
9-13 mm long with
egg-filled uterus
Male hookworms:
7-11 mm long
Posterior end forms a
bell shaped bursa
6. Morphology of Ancylostoma duodenale
Buccal capsule contains 2 pairs of large ventral (anterior) teeth
Copulatory bursa is at posterior end and contains 2 thin spicules
that separate distally.
7. Morphology of Necator americanus
Buccal capsule contains a pair of ventral and dorsal cutting plates.
Copulatory bursa contains spicules that are fused distally.
8. Male worm
o 8-11mm long, 0.4mm thick
o Posterior end of male is expanded into a copulatory
bursa supported by fleshy rays
o Rays help in differentiating between species
o rectum and genital canal open into Cloaca in the
bursa
o 2 long retractile bristle like copulatory spicules, tips of
which project from the bursa
9. Morphology (contd.)
Female worm
o Larger, 10-13mm long, 0.6mm thick,
o Vulva opens ventrally, at the junction of middle and
posterior thirds of the body
o Vagina leads to 2 intricately coiled ovarian tubes
o During copulation, copulatory bursa attaches to
the vulva Y shaped appearance
14. Routes of transmission
Penetration of skin
Ingestion of filariform larvae
Breast milk from mother to infants(
transmammary transmission)
Transplacental transmission
19. Pathogenesis and pathology
Mainly by presence of adult worms in the
intestine
Less frequently , by the penetration of , and
migration of infective larvae within skin.
20. Host immunity
Hookworm infection may confer immunity and
eliminate hookworms from the gut.
Repeated infections by the larvae in the circulatory
system and respiratory tract may evoke a strong
immune response.
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions
21. Clinical manifestations
Skin manifestations
Ground itch most important
Observed after 7-10 days
Seen around feet
Intense itching , edema , erythema and rash
Secondary bacterial infection aggravate
22. Respiratory manifestation
Low grade fever
Mild cough
Pharyngitis
Dyspnoea
Hemoptysis
Dyspnoea may be triggered when worms first break
through from venous circulation into lung alveoli.
Pneumonia with pulmonary consolidation
Bronchitis
23. Intestinal manifestation
Low grade fever
Anaemia
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Abdominal discomfort
Iron deficiency anaemia and hypo- albuminaemia
are the major clinical manifestations.
24. Diagnosis
Difficult to diagnose clinically
Eosinophilic leukocytosis and hypochromic
microcytic anaemia may be suggestive of the
condition in the endemic areas.
25. Laboratory diagnosis
Parasitic diagnosis
Specimen:- Stool
Method of examination
1. Stool microscopy
2. Stool concentration(Kato Katz method)
3. Stool culture( Harda Mori method)
4. Imaging methods
5. Other test( Charcot Leyden crystals and occult
blood)
26. Treatment
1. Treatment of worm infection by anthelminthic
2. Treatment of iron deficiency anaemia with
replacement iron therapy
Treatment of worm infection by anthelminthic
Mebendazole (100 mg twice daily for 3 days)
Pyrantel Pamoate( single dose of 11mh/kg/body wt.,
max 1gm)
Thiabendazole (25mg/kg body wt. for 2 days)
27. Treatment contd.
Treatment of anemia
Carried out by giving a high protein –diet ,
supplemented with oral iron preparations.
Ferrous sulphate given orally in a dose of 200 mg to
400 mg daily depending on the tolerance of the
person
Folic acid and vitamin B12
28. Prevention and control
1. Sanitary disposal of human feces
2. Treatment of infected person
3. Use of sanitary latrines, and use of foot wears and
4. Health education with improved nutrition
supplemented with dietary iron.