The document provides information on tapeworm parasites (order Cestoidea), including their classification, morphology, life cycles, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. It discusses several important tapeworm species that can infect humans, including Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Hymenolepis nana, Echinococcus granulosus, and Diphyllobothrium latum. Key details on the morphology, life cycles, epidemiology and clinical manifestations of each species are provided.
Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
2.Enfresto – This has a revenue of 4.644 billions dollars
3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
Cosentyx Used to treat psoriatic arthritis
Entresto Used to treat heart failure
Lucentis Used to block abnormal vessel growth in the back of the eye
Tasigna Used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia which has the Philadelphia chromosome
Jakavi Used to treat myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and graft-versus-host disease
Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
Study of parasites Hymenolepis nana, Taenia Echinococcus(), & Pneumocystis carinii
Treatment
Morphology
Life cycle
Pathogenesis
Laboratory diagnosis
Parasites
Hymenolepis nana – Cestode (Dwarf Tapeworm)
Taenia Echinococcus – Cestode (Dog Tapeworm)
Pneumocystis carinii - Sporozoan parasite
Hymenolepis nana
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology of Hymenolepis nana
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larva
Life cycle of Hymenolepis nana
Direct Cycle
Indirect Cycle
Hymenolepis nana - Life cycle
Life cycle of Hymenolepis nana
Pathogenesis of Hymenolepis nana
Laboratory diagnosis of Hymenolepis nana
Treatment of Hymenolepis nana
Prevention (Prophylaxis) of H. nana
Taenia Echinococcus
Echinococcus Genus: Tapeworm with carnivorous and herbivorous hosts.
Morphology of Taenia Echinococcus
Life Cycle of Taenia Echinococcus
Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
2.Enfresto – This has a revenue of 4.644 billions dollars
3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
Cosentyx Used to treat psoriatic arthritis
Entresto Used to treat heart failure
Lucentis Used to block abnormal vessel growth in the back of the eye
Tasigna Used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia which has the Philadelphia chromosome
Jakavi Used to treat myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and graft-versus-host disease
Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
Study of parasites Hymenolepis nana, Taenia Echinococcus(), & Pneumocystis carinii
Treatment
Morphology
Life cycle
Pathogenesis
Laboratory diagnosis
Parasites
Hymenolepis nana – Cestode (Dwarf Tapeworm)
Taenia Echinococcus – Cestode (Dog Tapeworm)
Pneumocystis carinii - Sporozoan parasite
Hymenolepis nana
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology of Hymenolepis nana
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larva
Life cycle of Hymenolepis nana
Direct Cycle
Indirect Cycle
Hymenolepis nana - Life cycle
Life cycle of Hymenolepis nana
Pathogenesis of Hymenolepis nana
Laboratory diagnosis of Hymenolepis nana
Treatment of Hymenolepis nana
Prevention (Prophylaxis) of H. nana
Taenia Echinococcus
Echinococcus Genus: Tapeworm with carnivorous and herbivorous hosts.
Morphology of Taenia Echinococcus
Life Cycle of Taenia Echinococcus
This is an overview about parasites infest or affect the human eyes & principles of the diseases thay cause
A medical-student-made presentation for Ain Shams University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Parasitology
Hope it help you
discussion about nematode,
their form, general characteristics, life cycle, discussion about their host.
diseases caused by nematodes
and discussion about different class of nematodes.
This is an overview about parasites infest or affect the human eyes & principles of the diseases thay cause
A medical-student-made presentation for Ain Shams University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Parasitology
Hope it help you
discussion about nematode,
their form, general characteristics, life cycle, discussion about their host.
diseases caused by nematodes
and discussion about different class of nematodes.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. Learning objectives
At the end of this unit the student will be able to:
Explain the general feature of Cestodes
Describe the classification of Cestodes
Explain the geographical distribution Morphology,differential
characteristics, life Cycles of each species
Apply the necessary laboratory procedure for detection and
identification of cestode parasite
3. General Classification
Plathelimenthes:
1. Cestodes-tapeworm
Tania species- T. saginata & T. solium; others
2. Trematodes
2.1. Blood flukes: Schistosomes species (e.g. S. mansoni-intestinal,
S hematobium-urinary Schistosoma
2.2. Other flukes (Liver, lung, intestinal)
4. Body is divided into three main regions
a. Scolex (head)
b. Neck
c. Strobila made
up of proglottids
Morphology
5. Reproduction
• Sex:- Hermaphrodites
• Have well developed reproductive system in a single
organism.
• Reproduction
– Sexual-Oviporous
– Asexual-Sometimes multiplication with in larval forms
7. Life cycle
• Complete in two host (exception H.nana)
• Habitat:- Adult live in small intestine
• Man is:-
• The only/main DH for T. saginata, T. solium, H. nana and D. Latum
Characteristic features of Tape worms (Cestodes)
Body is tape- like and is made up of a head (scolex) and many
proglottides (segments).
The head attaches the tapeworm to its host via suckers and hooks.
With few exceptions, adults live in the infesting tract with some
species growing to great length.
Proglottides are formed form behind the head.
8. Taenia species
Infection with Taenia tape worm is called Taeniasis.
Humans are definitive hosts.
Taenia saginata -beef tape worm
Taenia solium – pork tape worm
Taenia saginata
Epidemiology:-
Is distributed world-wide.
Is found in countries where cattle are raised and beef is
eaten raw.
9.
10.
11. Clinical features and pathology
The majority of infections are asymptomatic.
Symptoms:-abdominal pain with intestinal disturbance, weight loss,
and loss of appetite.
Occasionally; Intestinal obstruction, Appendicitis and/or cholangitis
(due to migrating segments)
Laboratory diagnosis
Identifying gravid segments recovered from clothing or passed in
faeces.
Microscopic detection of eggs in faeces
12. Prevention and control
Avoiding eating raw or insufficiently cooked meat
Inspecting meat and condemning any found to contain
cysticerci.
Proper use of latrines and not using untreated human faeces to
fertilize pastureland.
Treating infected persons
Health education
13. Treatment
• Drug of choice: Praziquantel. Other drugs like
Niclosamide can be used
• Alternative: paromomycin, and Atabrine (quinacrine
hydrochloride)
14. Taenia solium
Epidemiology
• T. solium is not as widely distributed as T.saginata
• It occurs in places where human faeces reach pigs and pork is eaten
raw or insufficiently cooked.
Transmission and Life cycle
• Transmitted by eating raw or insufficiently cooked pork which
contains infective larva (cysticercus cellulosae)
15. Life cycle is similar to T.saginata except
• Occasionally, in a human host, the gravid segments are regurgitated
and eggs reach the stomach.
• Then, embryos carried in the blood circulation to muscles,
subcutaneous tissues, the brain, spinal cored, eyes and develop in to
cysticerci.
• This can occur by ingesting viable egg
• Causes cysticercosis.
16. Clinical features and pathology
Infection with the tapeworm of T. solium is usually
asymptomatic.
There may be abdominal pain, and loss of appetite
In cysticercosis:-
Cystic nodules occur in subcutaneous tissues and muscles.
If it occurs in the brain, it causes epilepsy and other CNS
disorders.
17. Laboratory diagnosis
• Same as that of T.saginata
• Cysticercosis: diagnosed serologically by detecting
specific antibodies.
Prevention and control
• Same as that of T.saginata
• In addition, avoiding access of pigs to human faeces can
be used.
18. Treatment
• Treatment for adult tapeworm is the same as that of
T.saginata.
• Treatment of Cysticercosis, surgical removal of the larvae
from the infected tissue.
19. Hymenolepis nana
• Dwarf Tapeworm - the smallest (3–4 cm) tapeworm
The only tape worm capable of completing its life cycle in one
host
widely distributed in countries with warm climates
• Definitive Host: Humans, rodents
Most common tapeworm of humans in the world
Children are more commonly infected than adults
20. H. nana…
• Egg:
– Shell: double; thin external
membrane and internal
membrane
– contain a six-hooked
oncosphere
– Thread like polar filaments
coming from both poles
21. o Mode of transmission:
i. Ingestion of egg: with contaminated food, drink or finger
• Eggs can’t survive more than 10 days in the external env’t
ii. Autoinfection
iii. Ingestion of infected arthropods
o Life Cycle: has a direct life cycle
– human: serving as both DH and IH
– The oncospheres (hexacanth larvae) penetrate the intestinal
villus and develop into cysticercoid larvae
H. nana…
23. Clinical manifestation
• More common in children
• Majority of infections are asymptomatic
• Symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss,
diarrhea
• Toxins released from the worms can cause allergic reactions.
• Severe and sometimes disseminated infections can occur in
malnourished and immunosuppressed persons.
25. Echinococcus granulosus
Common name: Hydatid worm or minute tape worm of dog
Geographical Distribution
worldwide, and more frequently in rural, grazing areas where dogs
ingest organs from infected animals
In Ethiopia
common among the pastoral people in the South and
South-East of Ethiopia
25
26. Habitat
Adult: 3-6mm ,mucus membrane of small intestine
of carnivores such as dog, fox
Scolex : with 4 suckers, rostellum with 2 rows of
hooklets
26
Cont…
27. Cont..
Hydatid cyst/larvae: in the different body parts (liver,
lung, brain, etc) of man & herbivorous animals
Egg: in the faece s of dog, fox, and jackals ,morphologically similar
to Taenia species
27
28. Gravid proglottids release eggs that are passed in the feces by dogs
or other carnivorous
Human acquire infection by accidentally ingesting eggs, usually
hand –to-mouth contact with infected dog faeces
the egg hatches in the small bowel and penetrates the intestinal wall
migrates through the circulatory system into various organs,
especially the liver , lungs ……
In these organs, develops into a cyst that enlarges gradually
28
Life Cycle
30. The symptoms depend upon the size & location of the cyst
Large abdominal cysts produce increasing discomfort
Liver cysts cause obstructive jaundice
in the lung : cough ,dyspnea and chest pain
Brain cysts produce intracranial pressure & epilepsy
Kidney cysts cause renal dysfunction
Cyst rapture : fever ,anaphylactic shock and death
may also lead to dissemination of infection
30
Clinical feature and Pathology
31. 1. Radiologic examination
Pulmonary cysts and calcified cysts can be visualized
2.Serology
Antibodies against hydatid fluid antigens detected by ELISA or
indirect hemagglutination test
3.Examination of cystic fluid following surgical removal of a cyst or
fine needle aspiration
31
Laboratory Diagnosis
32. Diphyllobothrium latum
• Known as the fish tapeworm
• Humans are the important definitive hosts and fish is IH.
• widely distributed in the lake areas of Europe, North America and
the Far East.
• It is also found in parts of Asia and South America, particularly
Chile.
• D. latum is transmitted by ingesting plerocercoids (infective
larvae) in raw or undercooked fish.
33. Transmission
1. Plerocercoid larvae
ingested in raw or
undercooked fish
Human host
2. Larvae attach to wall of small
intestine.
3. Become mature tapeworms
4. Eggs produced and passed in
feces
Fresh water
5. Eggs reach water.
Hatch coracidia.
Crustacean host
6. Coracidia ingested by
crustacean. Coracidia →
procercoids
Fish host
7. Fish ingests infected
crustacean.
8. Procercoids migrate to
muscles. Become
plerocercoids.
Life cycle
35. Clinical feature and Pathology :
– Abdominal discomfort, loss of weight, loss of appetite
– Megaloblastic anemia and neurological problems associated with
vitamin B12 deficiency
Laboratory Diagnosis
– eggs in the faeces
– scolex in the faeces
– adult worms in the faeces
Prevention: good personal hygiene and avoidance of fecal
contamination of food and water.
D. Latum …
36. Laboratory Diagnosis
Egg of D. latum
yellow-brown and oval ( 70x45µm)
Has an operculum (lid) which is
usually difficult to see.
Contains a mass of granulated yolk
cells surrounding an undeveloped
ovum.