The document discusses challenges related to sanitation, drinking water, and related infrastructure in India. It proposes solutions through public-private partnerships to build decentralized sewage treatment plants, incentivize rainwater harvesting, and establish public toilet hubs and portable toilets. Key opportunities include treating wastewater for reuse, increasing groundwater levels, and utilizing rainwater. Challenges include mixing of wastewater and sewage, water scarcity, and inadequate sanitation infrastructure and access. The solutions aim to address these through sustainable models.

1. Team name: TalentSharers
College: Goa Institute of Management
Providing clean drinking water &
proper sanitation facility to all
Team members
Ashima Birmani |Gagan Khare
Hardik Sojitra | Rahul Gupta | Subhasis Das
Towards Cleaner India

2. Parameter India United Nations’ Guidelines
Student-to-toilet compartment ratio 134.4 : 1 25:1 for girls, 50:1 for boys
Average no. of toilets per school 2.1
Water supply in urban areas (hours/day) 3.3 hours
Situational analysis: Challenges and Opportunities (1/2)
References: [a], [b], [c], [d], [e]

3. Situational analysis: Challenges and Opportunities (2/2)
Sanitation
1. Non-segregation of waste water from
utilities and toilets, results in mixing of water
and inability to treat entire water for re-use
2. Disposal of sewage directly into the rivers
3. Improper garbage disposal
1. Look at waste water from toilets and utilities as
opportunity than a burden
2.Requirements for irrigation and flushing purposes
can be fulfilled by treating waste water from toilets
and reusing
3. Separate waste water at house/school/any
premises level: Utilities vs. toilets
4. Segregation of human, animal excreta from water
at community drain level – excreta to be used as
manure after decomposition
Drinking water
1. Wastage of drinking water during
transportation
2. Unavailability of sufficient water, which can
be treated and used for drinking
3. Water leakage during storage
Drinking water
1. Treated waste water from utilities is usable
for drinking
2. Rain water harvesting to increase ground
water level
3. Utilizing rain water falling in land
Challenges Opportunities
Sanitation

4. India at global level: Access to sanitation
Source: References [f]

5. India at global level: Scarcity of water
Source: References [g]

6. Solution: An overview
Sewage treatment plant
1. Decentralize: Area level
(one per 50 sq. kms)
Centralize: Zone/city level
2. Public Pvt. Partnership
BOLT – Build, Operate,
Lease, Transfer
Allow local private players
to build sewage
treatment plants, run it
as a business, transfer to
government
3. Offer them benefits
like lesser interest rates
on loans, business
opportunities
Rain water harvesting
1. Incentivize rain water
harvesting scheme for
residential area
2. AADHAR card linked
monthly monetary
payment to the
household
3. Increase in ground
water level
4. Stored water to be
used for utilities
5. Financial inclusion
Public toilet hubs and
portable toilet units
1. BOT - Build,
Operate, Transfer
Allow private
companies /
individuals to invest
and operate
2. Usability: Rural and
congested urban areas
Potable drinking water
1. Water purification
plants
Community level:
Small distillation units
City / village level:
Pipelines to individual
households
2. Subsidized solar
water disinfectors
Source: References [h], [i], [j], [k]

7. Sewage treatment plants: A new dimension
•Decentralize sewage treatment plant using PPP model
•Adopt of suitable state-of-the-art technology to convert the wastewater into potable drinking water
•As a result, reducing the negative impact of releasing untreated sewage into the environment (river)
•Setup of at least one plant covering approximately 60 sq.km of area with coverage of a population of
minimum 2 lakhs
•Approx. capacity of the sewage treatment plant is 44.5 MLD
Identification
•PPP Mechanism bounded by contract by Government and concessionaire
•Land should be provided by the Government on lease and cost of power is borne by concessionaire
•Use biogas generated during treatment of sewage to meet part of its power requirements
•No role of government on consumption and reuse of potable quality recovered water
•Responsibility of quality and standards of services with subsequent independent checks will lie with the
concessionaire
Implementation
•Debt equity ratio of 70:30, which is commonly used for infrastructure projects in India
•Operation and maintenance for 30 years in PPP mode with a debt equity ratio of 70:30 is both
financially and economically viable
•All operating and maintenance costs are to be increased annually by 3%
•Price escalation of recycled water at the rate of 3% per annum may be assumed by the concessionaire
•High returns from the project can be gathered after the end of 30 years where IRR is minimum 15% and
NPV is positive
Continuation

8. Rain water harvesting: Incentivize
Identification
Area: Rural and urban
Type: Residential, individual
households
Aim: Incentivize households to
install rain water harvesting
system
Implementation
The scheme plans to incentivize every
household with a monthly incentive.
Cost of installing rainwater harvesting
system for 200 residents = Rs. 25, 000
Implied cost for a family of 4 = 25,000/200
= 125Rs.
Average cost for a unit for single house =
Rs. 3000 to Rs. 5000
Suggested incentive = 100 Rs. per month
Payback period = 3 to 5 years
Use bank account linked to AADHAR card
for transactions
Continuation
Future scope:
The model can, then, be extended to:
1. Commercial and institutional
entities
2. Society / community level project
undertaking of installing rain water
harvesting system
3. Incentivizing for saving the water
Source: References [l]

9. Identification
•Segmentation of cities
and villages according
to population density
•Find current availability
of public toilets
•Find the locations
where people go for
defecation
•Identify local
businesses, NGOs,
corporate houses to
make them invest
under CSR activities /
PPP models
•Identify contractors to
build/maintain toilets
Implementation
•Setup portable toilet
hubs according to pre-
determined ratio
•Setup under PPP model
/ ask NGO / corporate
body to sponsor the
same
•Choose contractor who
will be responsible for
toilet hygiene & water
facility
•Setup cost under BOT
model: INR 2 lakh/toilet
[m]
•Contract allocation as
per bidding system
Continuation
•Surprise check by
sarpanch/municipal
commissioner
•Penalties to be levied
on contractor in case of
irregularities
•Offer outer wall for
advertisements to bring
in the revenues to
operate it business
model and achieve
breakeven as soon as
possible
•Add more toilets in
subsequent years, in
nearby area to increase
the reach
Public toilet hubs & portable toilet units
Source: References [m]

10. Identification
•Sources for water plant
can be rain water ,
harvested water ,
artificial canals, dams
etc.
•Requirement of
minimum level of pure
water to maximum no.
of people
•Identify local
communities to setup
small distillation units
•Identify contractors to
build/maintain water
treatment plant
Implementation
•Check dam concept for
villages
•Setup under PPP with
water purifier
companies
•Extensive distribution
of pure water covering
individual households
•Use of glass beds for
purifying water
•Setup cost starts with
minimum range of 40
lakhs
•Distribution of
subsidized solar water
disinfectors
Continuation
• Setup of (Reverse
osmosis) RO plant for
high purity of water.
• Surprise check by
government
authorities to
maintain quality
standards
• Increases resource
capacity of water
• Issue of continuous
supply of potable
drinking water will
need to be addressed
Potable drinking water: Fresh perspective

11. Road ahead: Anticipated challenges & issues
Institutional
challenges
Lack of
govt.
regulation
Non-robust
framework
Lack of
initiation
Lack of
role clarity
Technical
issues
Lack of
availability
of
technology
Outdated
infrastructu
re
Low
penetration
level of
sewage
channels
Lack of
knowledge
Financial
issues
Budget
constraints
High
maintenan
ce cost
Improper
utilization
of
resources
Changing
global
environment

12. Appendix
1. Toilets
Total schools in India (27 states) = 6,12,131 + 98,054 = 7,10,185
Total schools without toilet = 35773 + 10,581 = 46,354
% of total schools without toilets = 6.53%
2. Water facility in school toilets
Total toilets in schools = 1252844 + 245892 = 1498736
No. of school toilets without water facilities = 64255 + 8911 = 73166
% of school toilets without water facilities = 4.9%
3. Toilets per school
Total schools in India (27 states) = 6,12,131 + 98,054 = 7,10,185
Total toilets in schools = 1252844 + 245892 = 1498736
Average no. of toilets per school = 2.1
4. Student-to-toilet compartment ratio
Total enrolment in schools (excluding enrolments in class XI, XII attached to degree colleges) = 140404561 +
61052501 = 201457062
Total toilets in schools = 1252844 + 245892 = 1498736
Student-to-toilet compartment ratio = 201457062 / 1498736 = 134.4
References: [a], [b], [c], [d], [e]

13. References
a. School Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Survey (2012)
http://www.unicef.org/oPt/UNICEF_-_English_Report_Final.pdf
b. Seventh All India School Education Survey (2002)
http://www.ncert.nic.in/programmes/education_survey/pdfs/Enrolment_in_school.pdf
c. http://tsc.nic.in/BLS2012/Report/Rpt_AbstractReport.aspx
d. India: Water Supply and Sanitation – UNICEF Study (2002)
http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/606#_ftn8
e. http://www.ebtc.eu/pdf/111031_SNA_Snapshot_Water-and-waste-water-in-India.pdf
f. WHO and UNICEF: Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target, 2006
http://mattpaish.wordpress.com/2012/01/
g. http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/03/14/are-we-running-out-of-water/
h. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/SchemConstructedWetlandSewage.jpg
i. http://www.clker.com/cliparts/B/g/c/g/o/l/man-woman-toilet-sign-md.png
j. https://extension.usu.edu/waterquality/images/uploads/Homeowner/water%20testing/drinking
%20glass%20of%20water.jpg
k. http://164.100.138.13/Styles/Images/rainHarvesting.jpg
l. Harvesting and Harnessing Rainwater - Roshni Udyavar http://www.enviro-
arch.com/article_harvesting_harnessing.html
m. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-14/hubli/39975825_1_public-toilets-hdmc-
hubli-dharwad-municipal-corporation

14. Thank you