1) The document proposes a solution to provide safe drinking water and sanitation facilities to all by modifying the design of conventional hand pumps in India. 2) The proposed design integrates advanced water filtration techniques like ultrafiltration and chlorine disinfection with the hand pump to provide clean drinking water. 3) If implemented widely, the solution could help reduce waterborne diseases and ensure access to clean water for millions of people in India who currently rely on contaminated water sources.

1. MANTHAN TOPIC
Providing Safe Drinking Water and sanitation Facility
to Everyone
Technology Integration to conventional Hand Pump, India Mark II
to bridge the gap of economical water scarcity
Team Details
Parag Ramteke, Shubham Sharma, Shashank Sinsinwar, Aseem Vats, Shailendra Singh
Undergraduate Students at IIT Kharagpur
रहिमन पानी राखिये, बिन पानी सि सून।
पानी गये ना ऊिरे, मोती मानुष चून।।
- रहिम

2. A girl pumps water from a hand pump,
as flood water flows into Pachim
Khuradai under Nalbari District in Assam
The red stains around this
Chapakal at Khagaria, Bihar are
indicative of Iron Ore
contamination
Women use a poorly maintained Hand
Pump in India.
Some scenarios pertaining to the disordered maintenance of the hand-pump
“It is the greatest development failure of the 20th century. “
-World Health Organization (WHO 2000) on water problem

3. •Economic scarcity and educational void to harness existing
drinking water sources effectively.
•Dilapidated state of existing water resources.
•Ineffectiveness during contingent situations like natural
calamities e.g.: floods, ground water contamination etc.
Scope of the Broad
Problem
•Seepage of toxic industrial discharge into ground water.
•Inefficient maintenance of underground sewage pipelines.
•Improper management of existing water resources.
Causes of the
problem
•Making available quality water to general population, thus
bridging the gap of economic scarcity.
•To check the outbreak of water-borne diseases due to ground
water contamination.
•Preparing effective working model during contingencies like
floods.
Reasons for
selecting a specific
cause(s)
A GLIMPSE !!!

4. Current scenario: Globally
• More than one in six people worldwide – ‘1.1 billion’, don't have access to adequate drinking water.
• Globally, diarrhea is the leading cause of illness and death, and 88 per cent of diarrheal deaths are
due to a lack of access to sanitation facilities, together with inadequate availability of water for
hygiene and unsafe drinking water.
Current Scenario: India
• Population Division: 68 % in Rural area and 32 % in Urban area.
• 43.6 % of rural household population depends on public hand pumps and ground wells as source of water.
• 33.5 % of total Indian population in rural and urban areas uses hand pumps and ground wells as source of water.
• In 2010, more than 5.6 million hand pumps and over 1.2 lakh piped water supply scheme have been installed in
the country under the “Rural Drinking Water Supply Programme”.
Susceptible threats to ground water :
• With 638 million people defecating in the open, there is a very high risk of microbial contamination (bacteria,
viruses, amoeba) of water which causes diarrhea in children.
• In India, about 44 million are estimated to be affected by problems related to water quality with excess of
Fluoride, Iron ,Nitrate, Arsenic heavy metals and Salinity.
Epidemic cases in India :
• August 2007: The cholera epidemic started in Odisha, India . The outbreak affected Rayagada, Koraput and
Kalahandi districts, where more than 2,000 people were admitted to hospitals.
• In May 2010, an outbreak of diarrhea was reported from Kanpur village of Panchmahal district (Gujarat).
• Cholera returned to southern India in 2012, in relatively affluent Kerala. Ironically, due to efforts to improve
sanitation, toilets were constructed. While these toilets were under construction, workers defecated and
contaminated community wells, causing the outbreak.

5. Pump bodyNaDCC
Pump Inlet
Filter Membrane
Suction OutletOpening for Back Flush
Operation
NaDCC
Check
Valves
Ultra Filter
Membrane
Calcifier
Proposed Solution: Providing clean drinking water facility to all
Bevel Gear
Mechanisms
Outlet for
pure water
Modified version of Mark II (Mark II is widely used in India and abroad)

6. Pre-filters : Sand and
Gravel Bed
• Low cost
• Filter big particles
NADCC
• Removes infectants.
• Highly effective for
bacteria and
protozoa
• Easy to use
Ultra-Filtration
• Pore Size: 0.01 microns
• Removes viruses, protozoa and
other organic molecules.
• Does not filter ionic particles
like lead, Iron, chloride ions,
nitrates, nitrites, other charged
particles.
Calcifier:
• Activated Charcoal and Zeolite
• Ability to adsorb halide ions, especially
chlorides, fluorides and odour.
• Operates at a very low pressure
FILTRATION MECHANISM
WORKING COMPONENTS
• Reciprocating Piston
• Gear System (Bevel Gears)
• Crank Shaft
• Check valves and Control Valves
• Underground Tank
• Vertical Membrane Filtration technique
• Accommodation for Back Flush
operation in design
WORKING PRINCIPLE
• Conventional pumping system is used to pump
the water into filtration tank.
• Design of tank is such that all filtration
components get sufficient time to act effectively.
• By the action of bevel gears, supplementary
motion is provided to the piston to lift the purified
water from the filtration chamber.

7. MERITS
• Creates an impact on a large population living in slums and in economically weaker sections of society
by providing them high quality drinking water at cheap costs.
• Unique design for operation even during floods.
• Compatible to use with existing hand pumps and bore-wells and can be owned on a community basis.
• Kinematic design for ease to operate and ergonomically better than existing hand pumps, maintaining
compatible discharge rates.
• We use both, Activated Charcoal and Ultra filtration filters which have a longer life ( ~3-7 years) as compared to
other methods.
• The components are detachable and can be taken out for easy maintenance of the system.
• An electric version can be installed by semi urban and urban population.
IMPLEMENTAION
Hierarchy of Indian
Municipal Corporation

8. After allocation of funds from above hierarchy,
 Modification of conventional hand pump design into proposed design.
 Construction of filter tank system with compartments for initial storage, filtration
and final lift of water.
 Installation of new design as per guidelines of conventional hand pump.
 Conveying instructions to general mass for usage of above design.
Leveraging existing government Technique:
Initially, In Bahraich district of northern Uttar Pradesh,
now promoted as a working model for all flood prone
areas in country.
Extra incentives with proposed model:
• Providing a model with proper filtration
system for areas with higher
concentration of toxic materials,
fluorides, organic materials, etc.
• Can be applied to existing hand pumps in
country at cheaper rate.
• Longevity of filter components is very
high.
• Easily available filter components used,
therefore easily replaceable.
• With proper procedures i.e. #back
flushing and proper monitoring, filter
tank can be reconditioned again and
again.
# Back flushing: Cleaning of filter system by counter flow of current using external source in the system.

9. Financial and human resources required:
 Financial resources:
 Additional cost of filter system and uplifting of hand pump at the time of installation.
 Maintenance Cost:
 Replacing cost of NaDCC offering 14 paise/ litre of purified water for six months.
 Back flushing and proper infrastructure costs.
 Replacing cost of ultra filtration membrane( 12 inch X 12 inch) of Rs. 5000 and
activated charcoal of Rs. 700 after a span of 3 – 7 years.
 Human Resources:
From MGNREGA, local contractors, volunteers, community services, etc.
 At the time of installation.
 For periodical maintenance span of filter system and its components.
Proposed sources of funding:
• From government programs like NRDWP (National Rural Drinking Water Programme).
• From NGO’s like “Water.org”, “Neeri”, etc.
• From communities, NRI's, mass gathering, etc.
• From companies under new “Companies Act of India” to fulfill CSR.
Impact of the Solution:
• If everyone has safe drinking water and adequate sanitation services, there would be 200 million less
cases of diarrhea and 2.1 million less deaths caused by diarrheal illness each year.
• This would result in major population of nation having access to clean water.

10. Criteria to measure the impact of the
solution:
1) Studying the outbreak of epidemic, before
and after installation.
2) Percentage of population relieved by
solution.
Scalability of the solution:
1) From government schemes, volunteer
participation, etc.
2) Proper awareness campaign through
newspapers, public media thus helps in
including private membership.
Sustainability of the solution:
1) Simple mechanical design.
2) Simple maintenance procedure.
3) Low cost product.
4) Easy filter mechanism.
Appropriate monitoring mechanisms:
1) Reconditioning of filter tank should be
done periodically.
2) Replacing filter components at the end of
their span.
Proposed
Solution
Challenges
Social and political:
• Unacceptance of new design due to
complexity from conventional.
Economical:
• High installation cost from conventional
hand pump.
Technological:
• More maintenance than conventional.
Mitigation factors
 Proper conveying of instructions to mass.
 Proper presentation to government officials
representing its trifecta role i.e. hand-pump, efficient
filter system and effective in epidemic.
 Funding:
 From various NGO’s , NRI’s, etc.
 From companies under CSR.
 Community/Society based ownership reducing
burden of government for maintenance.

11. Appendix:
References:
• India Sanitation Portal (http://indiasanitationportal.org/565)
• Kurukshetra magazine on Drinking water and Sanitation in Rural India, Jan 2013.
• Union Nation Procurement Division (UNPD) and World Health Organization (WHO)
(http://www.un.org/depts/ptd/), (http://www.who.int/en/)
• For cholera outbreak information,
(http://njcmindia.org/uploads/2-3_371-373.pdf),
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_outbreaks_and_pandemics)
• Other information:
(http://infochangeindia.org/water-resources/statistics/access-to-safe-drinking-water-
in-households-in-india.html),