1) The document discusses the future of urban water management and the growing challenges facing cities globally over the coming decades as urban populations swell.
2) By 2050, over 90% of population growth will occur in urban areas of developing countries, placing immense strain on water resources and infrastructure.
3) Integrated urban water management (IUWM) is presented as a holistic solution that considers the urban water cycle as one interconnected system and maximizes diverse water sources to improve security, sustainability and affordability.
4) Case studies from cities that have implemented aspects of IUWM, such as Bogota, Lodz, Phnom Penh, Ethekwini and Windhoek, demonstrate
Grey water systems presentation 6 18-2015 finalTony Green
The recent drought has prompted Governor Brown to enact
mandatory water restrictions for the first time in the history of the state of California. With no end to the drought in sight and the level of the state’s reservoirs being at their lowest levels in decades everyone will need to take steps to conserve this precious resource. Grey Water systems have recently been proposed as a method where home owners can help conserve water by using reclaimed
water produced by laundry, sinks and bathtubs in non-potable applications such as irrigation or flushing toilets.
Suresh Rohilla - Climate change and sanitation, water resourcesSTEPS Centre
Workshop on climate change and uncertainty from below and above, Delhi. http://steps-centre.org/2016/blog/climate-change-and-uncertainty-from-above-and-below/
Design Criteria
•Water efficient fittings and appliances
•On-site water capture and reuse
•Water supply flow rates optimised to balance required performance and conservation
•Local retention of stormwater runoff, stormwater treatment train with consideration of raingardens, roofgardens and swales
•Wastewater minimised and/or reused; information on water use readily available
•In-house water supply flow rate optimised
•Plumbing system designed for water and energy efficiency
•Site design recognition of local soil and climate conditions and low water use garden design applied.
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Water crisis in many urban areas in India is result of mismangement and misuse said CSE's RK Sriniasan an expert on Urban water in a seminar organised by Chandigarh Chapter of Indian Media Centre on June 14, 2009
Management of Urban Water Supply and Sewerage System
Introduction to Decentralized Sanitation Systems and Fecal Sludge Management / Faecal sludge management Value Chain
Grey water systems presentation 6 18-2015 finalTony Green
The recent drought has prompted Governor Brown to enact
mandatory water restrictions for the first time in the history of the state of California. With no end to the drought in sight and the level of the state’s reservoirs being at their lowest levels in decades everyone will need to take steps to conserve this precious resource. Grey Water systems have recently been proposed as a method where home owners can help conserve water by using reclaimed
water produced by laundry, sinks and bathtubs in non-potable applications such as irrigation or flushing toilets.
Suresh Rohilla - Climate change and sanitation, water resourcesSTEPS Centre
Workshop on climate change and uncertainty from below and above, Delhi. http://steps-centre.org/2016/blog/climate-change-and-uncertainty-from-above-and-below/
Design Criteria
•Water efficient fittings and appliances
•On-site water capture and reuse
•Water supply flow rates optimised to balance required performance and conservation
•Local retention of stormwater runoff, stormwater treatment train with consideration of raingardens, roofgardens and swales
•Wastewater minimised and/or reused; information on water use readily available
•In-house water supply flow rate optimised
•Plumbing system designed for water and energy efficiency
•Site design recognition of local soil and climate conditions and low water use garden design applied.
Going From Centralized Wastewater Treatment to Decentralized Wastewater Treat...justinwaters014
Decentralized STPs are a fairly new trend that many have not caught onto yet. However, it is clear that this method can make great contributions to the conservation of water and in better quality treated wastewater. We’re open to all kinds of questions and opinions on this subject for those interested to discuss this further with us. So feel free to send us an email and we will respond accordingly! - www.bgwaterfilter.com
Water crisis in many urban areas in India is result of mismangement and misuse said CSE's RK Sriniasan an expert on Urban water in a seminar organised by Chandigarh Chapter of Indian Media Centre on June 14, 2009
Management of Urban Water Supply and Sewerage System
Introduction to Decentralized Sanitation Systems and Fecal Sludge Management / Faecal sludge management Value Chain
(IWRM). The presentation has the following flow:
1. The relevance of IWRM for a number of key development issues
2. The key characteristics of the concept
3. The global status of IWRM
4. Practical implementation – the challenges
5. Practical implementation – case studies showing successful
applications to problematic management scenarios
6. How IWRM programmes are being linked with the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) and adaptation to climate change by the setting of achievement milestones
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Presentation by Beau Damen, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, our Targeted Topics Forum (TTF) on the theme of “High-Level Political Support and Sectoral Integration of Adaptation” held in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, from September 21-23, 2016.
The offshore fishery for large pelagic in Myanmar has initiated and developed gradually during the last decade, and is currently producing nearly 200 tons of fish per annum. The target species for thisfishery is Yellowfin tuna, even swordfish,marlin and sharks are caught as bycatch.
Sydney’s Water Sustainability | Biocity StudioBiocity Studio
According to the CSIRO Sydney rainfall will decrease by 3% while population will increase, amounting to an increase of 20% more water by 2030. Currently Sydney is recycling 25 billion litres per year; by 2015 we will be recycling up to 70 million litres. 12% of Sydney’s water usage will be recycled water.
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Sydney is experiencing long-term droughts, low rainfall and a high demand for water. What can we do to help solve the water crisis? Water restrictions are only a short-term fix. Other solutions are desalination and recycle water plants, water management, and artificial precipitation.
Judy Goode presents a seminar from the second Water Wednesday entitled "Options for the environmental future of the River Murray. Judy Goode is the SA River Murray Environmental Manager for the SA MDB NRM board.
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George Tchobanoglous, University of California, Davis - Speaker at the marcus evans Water & Wastewater Management Summit, held in Summerlin, NV, May 3-4, 2012, delivered his presentation on Wastewater Treatment Trends in the 21st Century
Bioenergy large scale agriculture investments in africa - food security pers...
Future of urban water management by kala vairavamoorthy
1. FUTURE OF URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT
Kala Vairavamoorthy
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA + GWP
2. Water Security - Good News & Bad News
‘Open the loop’ - linear supply and disposal
Good News
• Upper income countries have revolutionized public
health outcomes
• Also have made major progress in mitigation of
environmental damage
Bad News
• Systems built for narrow objectives with little
resilience – not suited to the challenges ahead
• Extraordinarily resource intensive
• ‘All or nothing’ - Unaffordable to 2/3 of the planet
3.
4.
5. Bad News – External pressures
make the future difficult
• Entire earth system is changing!
6. The Urban Arithmetic for 2050
• 155,000 persons per day
• 90% in developing countries
• ~90% in urban areas
• ~850,000 per week in urban settings
Growing but also ‘Growing Up’
11. When designing urban water systems
keep in mind the following
• Urban Water Cycle is one system: understand the
relationship between various components
• Urban water cycle closely linked to watershed:
City depends on and impacts the wider watershed
• Security through diversity: explore diverse and
flexible options for water sources
• Water should be fit for purpose – matching water
quality to its intended use.
• Maximize benefits: great potential for water, energy
and nutrient recovery (beneficiation)
12. When designing urban water systems
keep in mind the following
• Innovative technologies can play a role: in helping
to serve more people with less
• Adaptive systems work: IUWM must take into
account that the future is inherently uncertain
• Water should be managed across institutions:
good governance is a critical to operationalize IUWM
• Involve all the players: integration of all
stakeholders in decision-making process
13. When designing urban water systems
keep in mind the following
• Innovative technologies can play a role: in helping
to serve more people with less
• Adaptive systems work: IUWM must take into
account that the future is inherently uncertain
• Water should be managed across institutions:
good governance is a critical to operationalize IUWM
• Involve all the players: integration of all
stakeholders in decision-making process
14. We need to break down barriers
Catchment
KI WU … … UP Urban
Township
6
15. And involve all the players
• Why?
• Poor uptake of available research findings
• Fragmented institutional arrangements
• ‘Wicked’ problems - need for ‘integrated’ solutions
• Who?
• Policy makers, planners, regulators, service
providers, NGOs, researchers, developers…
• How?
• Inception (training, stakeholder analysis…)
• Operational (visioning, planning processes..))
• Backstopping support (monitoring, evaluation…)
16. Example: Bogota, Colombia
Issue:
• pollution of upper Rio
Bogota (tanneries)
Key players:
• Association of tanners,
Regulator, Local
government, NGO,
University,…
Outcomes:
• Almost half of small
enterprises have
implemented cleaner
production principles
removing 90% pollution
17. Example: Lodz, Poland
Issue:
• restoring polluted rivers
Key players:
• city office, University,
Ecohydrology institute,
service providers,
developers
Outcomes:
• Demonstration
technologies being scaled
up as part of city
redevelopment
• development of a city-
wide strategic plan for
water
19. Doing more with less
‘Integration the key’
Holistic systems approach
to the urban watershed
20. Tailored IUWM Framework for
Developing Countries Required
Intermittent Irregular
Water Energy
& Irregular
Scarcity Supply
Highly Polluted Supply
Water Bodies
Fast Growing
Cities
Low
Pressure
Lack of High Levels of Leakage
Wastewater Poor Solid
Collection and Waste
Treatment Management
Source: CSIRO
21. Case Study: Water Resources for
Nairobi and Satellite Towns
• Today 3.14 M
Inhabitants
• Prediction year 2035
between 6.4 and
11.2 M Inhabitants
• Huge supply/demand
gap
Case study for the application of the
framework and the principles.
23. IUWM Application 1 (stormwater,
leakage, demand management)
• Unit costs of US$ 0.29/m3 (cf. to 0.36)
24. Nairobi - It’s about having a
Portfolio of viable options
Greywater Harvesting
Private Boreholes
Existing Leakage Mgt.
Water New
Sources Conventional
Sources
Stormwater
Harvesting
New Conventional Sources
Existing
Water Demand Mgt. Water
Sources
Conventional Approach IUWM Approach
Unit costs US$ 0.36/m3 Unit costs US$ 0.29/m3
25. Phnom Penh’s Water Success Story
• NRW reduced from 72% to
6.19% (1993-2008)
• Water saving about
25,000m3/d (serving about
one million more people)
• Increasing revenues by over
US$ 20 million per annum
Biswas and Tortajada 2009
26. It’s already happening: Ethekwini
Fresh Water Supply
Fresh Water Source
[Ehekwini Water Services:
Build on PPP Concept]
Small Water
Consuming
Industry
Waste Water from
Durban City
Waste Water
Reuse of Water
[7% (47.50 Ml/d) of City’s
Current Demand ]
[Reduction in Wastewater
discharge @10%]
27. It’s already happening: Windhoek
NGWRP Dam Water Groundwater
Reuse for drinking water
26% 66% 8%
10% Unaccounted
90% for Water
Consumers
Security through diversity
83% 7%
38%
Domesti Consumed
Industrial
c
45%
WW Treatment
WW Treatment
26% 6% OGWRO
13%
Irrig. -
Fodder
River Irrig. -Parks
Reuse for Irrigation
28. It’s already happening: Singapore
Rain Sea
Security through diversity
Direct Non-
Potable Use
30. Natural systems can help
close the water cycle
bank filtration,
soil-aquifer treatment,
constructed wetlands,
hybrid systems
O2
O2
31. Natural systems can help
close the water cycle
LBF Lake Bank Filtration
Reservoir
EH 0.012 -0.024 $/m3
Irrigation
Water WW (cf 0.05-0.15 $/m3)
Dam Water Primary Treatment
Consumer
and/or CW & WSP
Trans.
Distribution Constructed Wetlands
Stabilization Ponds
(0.17 $/m3)
Ecohydrology RBF River Bank Filtration
EH SAT/ARR
$0.067/m3 (cf 0.28/m3)
Soil Aquifer Treatment
River Artificial Recharge Recovery
Low Energy – Water Efficient’ Closed Loop
32. Flows from Kibera pollute Nairobi Dam
No longer used as a water source
Greywater from Polluted runoff Overflow from
unserviced from streets pit latrines
households
Kibera
Ngong River
Nairobi
Dam
33. Urban water infrastructure provision
to Kibera benefit all of Nairobi
Condominium sewers Cost for provision of drainage and
sanitation for Kibera
SUDS • EAC US$ 1.0M
DEWATS Potential water resources after
slum improvement
Condominium sewers • Yield 17,300m3/d
SUDS • Cost of water (0.16 $/m3)
• More than US$ 800,000
revenue per year
DEWATS
34. Slum networking can provide
improved flood protection to city
Flooding
Slum
City
35. Slum networking can provide
improved water services to all
Pressur
e
Slum
Illegal
City connections
Pressure deficits
Equity pressure
distribution
36. Take home message
Manage water supply, wastewater & stormwater
together (one urban water cycle)……. and think
creatively about what could be your water
sources (and don’t focus on the obvious ones).
(educate future urban leaders on the integrated perspective
of the urban water cycle and contextualize each component
of the water system within this perspective)
37. We need to build connections
between silos
Potable Wast Storm Gray Rain
water e water Water water
water
G, I
38. The water sector can’t do it alone
Land planners Gov’t officials
Architects Financiers
Developers Energy experts
41. Entrepreneurs see the
harvesting potential, Durban
Fecal sludge into safe fertilizer: LaDePa machine
42. We’re harvesting for Agriculture: China
Under the 11th five-year plan, 400 million m3 treated
wastewater available for agriculture in Beijing in 2010
43. MITIGATION
Harvesting heat from sewers
Heat exchanger in sewers
Heat is reclaimed from treated sewage water
of the adjacent sewage treatment plant
Dalian-Xinghai (China) : Environment-friendly heating and cooling
44. Think about a Water Machine
Reclaimed Potable Quality
non-potable Water A,B,C
Surface Water Urine
Brownwater
Ground Water
Grey water
Rain Water
Solid waste
Energy
Nutrients Hygienized
Sludge
G,R,F
X-S
45. Water Machine – ‘designer waters’
Photos courtesy: West Basin MWD
46. Water Machine: Semi - Centralized
TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Cornel et al.
47. Xing Dao – water machine proposal
TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Cornel et al.
48. But how will water machines
be plumbed?
Challenge: Deliver Water
Quality Fit for Purpose
Kitchen Bath
Toilet
Laundry
Garden
Pipe Bundles for Different
Water Machine Water Qualities
Water Users
Service water for toilet & laundry
Service water for garden
Potable water
49. Take home message
Driver for water management should be
beneficiation –maximize value added
(institutions & regulations to support and not hinder)
‘All water is good water: fit for purpose’
(educate future urban leaders on all benefits of water –
public health, aesthetics, economic development, drive
green economy)
50. Clustered Approach to UWM
In order to implement the principles a clustered
approach to water management is helpful.
51. Clusters allow maximum efficiency
while giving adaptive capacity
A supply and treatment unit (water
machine) for each district
• Semi central supply and treatment
unit as part of clustered city structure
• Use scalability of treatment
technology (membranes)
• Customized supply and treatment for
each cluster
• Utilizing synergy effects and
re-use potentials
TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Cornel et al.
52. Energy sector is already
thinking in these lines
CHP
CHP CHP
CHP
CHP
CHP CHP
CHP
CHP
CHP CHP
53. Look for opportunities to create new
paradigms (not extended old ones)
Small scale providers Formalised
Water System
New
demand
Growth
Expansion of existing
system to serve new Decentralized
demand community based
54. Xi’an – newly developed district as
independent water system
Qujiang New District
Xi’an
Central
city
District wastewater
North lake
network Gardening
Forestation
(Regulation
lakes) Car washing
District
wastewater Miscellaneous
Associated uses
treatment
wetland
plant
(Tertiary treatment) South lake
(Secondary treatment)
District storm water
drainage
61. Take home message
Manage water supply, wastewater & stormwater
together (one urban water cycle)……. and think
creatively about what could be your water
sources (and don’t focus on the obvious ones).
(educate future urban leaders on the integrated perspective
of the urban water cycle and contextualize each component
of the water system within this perspective)
63. New low pressure/super strong membranes make
them attractive to developing countries
Source: eawag 0.4m hydrostatic pressure
To the tap
S
t Clean water
o storage tank
r
a
g
e
Buckyball treated membranes Super smooth carbon nano-tubes
Richard Merritt (2009)
64. Scalability of membranes makes them very
attractive across a continuum of options
City/Town Scale
Point-of-Use
65. Networks of the future will
have lives of their own
Smart Pipes Self Healing Frictionless
• Nano scale sensors • Various strategies: capsule, • Slippery Liquid-Infused
embedded into pipes during vascular, intrinsic Porous Surfaces (SLIPS)
manufacturing. • Pipes store healing agents • Super-thin Nano-
• Sensors monitor data on and polymerizers that substrates infused with a
hydraulic, material, and solidify when mixed liquid lubricant creates a
environmental • Healing efficiencies 100% smooth surface
• Sensors provide geo- • Recovery strength >100% • Reduced biofilm formation
referenced data points by 96-99%
Corrosion Corrosion
Metje et al. 2011 formation Repair
White et al. 2011 Epstein et al. 2012
66. ‘Smart’ helps manage pipe-bursts
more effectively
Calculate Location of Burst Optimal Valve
Isolation
Allen et al. 2011
67. ‘Smart’ helps manage pipe-bursts
more effectively
Isolate Leak
Allen et al. 2011
68. ‘Smart’ helps manage pipe-bursts
more effectively
Alert
Customer
Repair Team
Pipe Break
- Location GPS
- Pipe Material
- Pipe Depth
-…
Allen et al. 2011
84. 0 10 20 30 40
Sempewo, J., Vairavamoorthy, K. and Grimshaw, F. (2010)
85. Take home message
Move away from tinkering and think about
how you might have designed from scratch
-then look at transitional pathways & don’t
be scared to decommission
Institutions are the origin of change and the
medium for legitimizing change
MMM
86. Choices Before Us
Stay in Lane - Try Harder, Truly Different
Business as Spend More for Approach
Usual Traditional Sys
What You What You
What You
Know.. Don’t Know..
Know..
Steps to Implement the Principles IUWMConstruct integrated framework for assessmentLook at all possible water streams if they are a potential resources (all water is good water)Cost estimate of the potential water resourcesDevelop scenarios how to meet the future demandSelect most appropriate combination of different resources
20 m NPV – drainage, treatment, etc. + low OAM costRevenue = Avg cost of water (master plan – water from Nairobi dam)……Hence drainage and sanitation would effectively cost 850 - 780
Of course if we are to realistically get maximum benefits from the water cycle we need a systems approach. This effectively means an integrated approach to management that requires institutions to work together. Concepts like IWRM or IUWM that promote integration have been around for a while and in my opinion have not gone beyond rhetoric. They have not gained meaningful traction on ground. While we have talked about IWRM and IUWM for years we are still not able to translate these concepts into tangible outputs on the ground. Now we have started to talk about the integration of water and energy. Are these concepts just slogans and academic constructs that will never be implemented in our generation? What do these concepts actually mean is still elusive among practitioners. We need to have an honest and frank discussion on these issues otherwise we will be in the same place 10 years from now. We have got to move from rhetoric to action.