seminar II Presentation

Cost and Energy Implications of
Water Recycling in Buildings
Seminar II | Final Review
Presented by
Sanskriti Tiwary
MBEM | SPA Delhi

Sanskriti Tiwary | BEM 539 | MBEM | SPA Delhi30-07-2015
WATER is
important!!
UtilitiesofWATER

• Over 2.5% the world’s water is fresh but
frozen, locked up in Antarctica, the Arctic
and glaciers, and not available to man.
• Thus humanity must rely on this 0.5% for
all of man’s and ecosystem’s fresh water
needs.
• An Indian on an average gets 142 LPCD (52
m3 per capita per year) of fresh water.
Source- A report on water by World Business
Council for Sustainable Development
The Global Water SituationPerCapitaUseofWATER

Sewage Treatment
MovingBedBioReactor

“Water Specific Energy Efficiency in
Built Environment”
Thesis, Department of Building
Engineering and Management,
School of Planning and Architecture,
New Delhi
by Rashmi Sharma (2013)

S.No. Project Names
Built
up area
(m2)
Water
consumed
(Kl)
Water
consumed /
built up area
(Kl/m2)
Overall
Energy
Consumptio
n
(KWHR/kl)
Water Supply &
distribution
energy
Consumption
(KWHR/kl)
WTP
Energy
Consumpti
on
(KWHR/kl)
Recycling (STP)
Energy
Consumption
(KWHR/kl)
Energy
consumed for
water per unit
area- Energy
consumed-
water/m2
(KWH/m2)
1
ASF SEZ project at Guwalpahari,
Gurgaon
12744 220 0.01 5.74 1.58 0.46 3.68 0.01
2
B.P.T.P Basai at Sector-37,
Gurgaon
164975 1120 0.01 4 0.95 0.09 2.95 0.01
3
Ireo Group housing at sector 67
A, Gurgaon (Plant Room- 1)
48500 300 0.01 5.96 1.63 0.21 4.05 0.01
4
75500 575 0.01 4.97 1.24 0.27 3.24 0.01
5
50340 350 0.01 5.8 1.43 0.27 4.05 0.01
6
45300 350 0.01 5.61 1.61 0.22 3.84 0.01
7
Ireo Group housing Panchkula.
Haryana
254898 1585 0.01 3.71 0.64 0.13 2.93 0.01
8
Victoria garden housing,
Azadpur, New Delhi
32145 450 0.01 4.9 0.92 0.26 3.51 0.01
9
Kashish developer, group
housing, sector 111,gurgaon
145893 740 0.01 3.61 0.67 0.11 2.62 0.01
10 Housing, Kathmandu, Nepal 34351 240 0.01 6.04 1.54 0.47 3.37 0.01
11 La Lagune, Gurgaon 71128 420 0.01 5.95 0.99 0.17 4.34 0.01
Total average 85070.4 577.3 0.01 5.1 1.2 0.2 3.5 0.01
Housing

S.
No.
Project Names (Small
scale offices)
Built up
area (m2)
Water
consum
ed (Kl)
Water
consumed/
built up
area
(Kl/m2)
Overall
Energy
Consumption
(KWHR/kl)
Water Supply &
distribution
energy
Consumption
(KWHR/kl)
WTP Energy
Consumptio
n (KWHR/kl)
Recycling (STP)
Energy
Consumption
(KWHR/kl)
Energy consumed
for water per unit
area- Energy
consumed-
water/m2
(KWHR/m2)
1
Arcop office, Nehru
place, New Delhi
12138 20 0.01 10.46 6.45 3.2 1.08 0.01
2
Unesco officve
building,chanakyapuri,
New Delhi
28322 20 0.01 12.95 9.25 2.74 0.99 0.01
3
Corporate office,
Jaypee greens, sector
128, Noida (Common
Plant room)
39037 105 0.01 10.14 8.5 0.52 0.78 0.01
Total average 26499 48.3 0.01 11.2 8.1 2.2 0.95 0.01
S.N
o. Project Names
Built up
area (m2)
Water
consum
ed (Kl)
Water
consumed/
built up
area
(Kl/m2)
Overall
Energy
Consumption
(KWHR/kl)
Water Supply &
distribution
energy
Consumption
(KWHR/kl)
WTP Energy
Consumption
(KWHR/kl)
Recycling (STP)
Energy
Consumption
(KWHR/kl)
Energy consumed
for water per unit
area- Energy
consumed-
water/m2
(KWHR/m2)
1
Indus hotel,paschim
vihar, Delhi
26299 580 0.01 6.89 1.09 0.31 2.69 0.01
2
Manor hotel, New
firiends colony, New
Delhi
22253 35 0.01 6.71 1.95 0.56 3.63 0.01
3
Hotel Broadway,
Srinagar, J& K
20230 35 0.01 6.63 1.87 0.71 3.25 0.01
Total average 22927.3 216. 7 0.01 6.7 1.6 0.5 3.2 0.01
Offices
Hotels

28
72
Water Supply &
distribution energy
Consumption
(WHR/kl)
Recycling (STP)
Energy
Consumption
(WHR/kl)
Offices
26
74
Water Supply &
distribution
energy
Consumption
(WHR/kl)
Recycling (STP)
Energy
Consumption
(WHR/kl)
%
%
%
%
Housing
33
67
Hotels
%
%

Need for the Study
• The trend observed from the data collected as a part of the
earlier study is that almost two thirds of the energy consumed
by water is used up in waste water treatment and only one
third is actually required to treat and distribute the fresh
water supply. This implies that the major portion of energy
consumed by water is embodied by the treated water coming
out of the STP, which is in most cases not reused.
• The absence of proper study and norms indicating the
relationship between energy consumed and the treatment of
waste water gives rise to the need for this study. It is a
requirement of the present building industry to sensitize the
stakeholders involved towards the energy invested in
treatment of waste water and its proper recycling and reuse.

Domestic Water consumption per Capita per Day (in litres)
The Domestic Water Situation in Indian Cities ...
...&Delhi
Source- Water Poverty in Urban India: A Study of Major Cities by
ABDUL SHABAN, Tata Institute of Social Science, Mumbai

• 72.7 % of Delhi’s households get to consume less than
100 LPCD of fresh water.
• There still exists 10.4 % of households that consume
more than 135 LPCD of fresh water.
• Similar pattern can be seen in the other 6 major cities of
India.
Source- Water Poverty in Urban India: A Study of Major
Cities by ABDUL SHABAN, Tata Institute of Social Science,
Mumbai

The Sewage Water Cycle
EnergyEnergy
Sewage Treatment Plant
(Water Recycling Plant)

Water Energy
?
Importance-o-meter

Aim & Objectives
• To check the existing data for validation and authenticity
• To collect realistic data from buildings in operation
• To compare the data collected amongst buildings of same
typology and scale
• To arrive at relationships between size of building and energy
consumed in water recycling
• To arrive at relationships between volume of water consumed
and energy consumed in water recycling
The study aims at establishing a relationship between
the volume of water being treated and energy invested
in this water in the process of recycling.

Scope & Limitations
Amount of water consumed, sewage generated, energy
consumed, amount of treated water generated and utility of
the treated water fall under the scope of the study.
Residential and office occupancies are considered for the
study. Data for the case studies are collected from NBCC and
PWD. Previous years’ work by Rashmi Sharma on Water
Specific Energy Efficiency in Built Environment is treated as a
source of data.
Metering errors and leakages are not audited. Population is
calculated considering the trend prevalent for operational
data. Seasonal variations in water consumption and sewage
generation are not accounted for.

Methodology

Determinants for Data Articulation
v/s
Water
Consume
d
Sewage
Generat
ed
Total
Energy
Consumed
Energy
Consum
ed (STP)
Energy
Consumed
(Supplying)
Energy
Consum
ed (WTP)
Population   
Built up
Area
 
Water
Consumed

Power
Factor
(STP)
Power
Factor
(Supplying)
Power
Factor
(WTP)
Energy
Consumed
(Supplying)
Power
Factor
Ratio

Case Study I : Indira Paryavaran Bhawan
Ministry of Environment and Forests
The cost of the project is projected to be Rs.
201.49 crores. The building is RCC framed
structure with 3 basements and one G + 6
tower and another G+ 7.
Total plot area : 9565.13 Sqm
Basement area : 11826 sqm
Super structure area : 19088 sqm
Total Built up Area : 30914 sqm
Green Area : 5010 sqm
Project is Under
Commissioning
and shall cater
to 900 people
including the
employees and
the floating
population.
Design Data is
considered for
case study.

Water is being supplied to an underground tank of 1 lakh litres capacity by municipal
supply. It is then pumped to four sets of over-head tanks of 50 KL capacity each (15+15+20
KL) thus making it 2 Lakhs litres. It is supplied to the four toilet blocks for drinking, moping,
washing and flushing. The soiled water by gravity reaches the STP in the basement (30 KLD
Capacity). The water treated in the STP is in turn used for Horticulture purposes on site.

Parameters ValueUnit
Total Water Consumption 37KL
Total Sewage Generation 30KL
Total Population 900Persons
Energy consumption in supplying fresh
water 45KWHr
Energy consumption in STP 134KWHr
Energy Factor (Domestic Water supply) 1.22WHr/L
Energy Factor (Recycled Water) 4.47WHr/L
LPCD Water Consumption 41.11LPCD
LPCD Sewage Generation 33.33LPCD
INPUT
Design
Data
OUTPUT
Analysis
Data

Residents Servents Total Units Population
Bunglows Type 8 3 6 9 14 126
Bunglow Type 7 3 3 6 102 612
Type 6A 3 1.5 4.5 376 1692
Total 492 2430
Case Study II : New Moti Bagh
Total site Area : 105 Acres
Green Area : 60 Acres
Built up Area : 35 Acres
Parameters Inlet Water Treated Water
pH 7.5-8.5 6-8.5
TSS 250mg/l <20mg/l
COD 450mg/l <70mg/l
BOD 300mg/l <10mg/l

10% Losses Unaccounted 9% STP losses
87 KL Assumed 221 KL (25%) 50 KL
STP Treated water
560KL Assumed 510 KL (59%)
Horticulture
1088 KL EWS 684 KL
220 KL
Horticulture
Borewell
147 KL
Two supplies
from NDMC
New Moti Bagh Residential Colony : Water Balance Equation on 10
th
Sept'13
Municipal Sewer Line
Bunglows / Apartments
868 KL
10% Losses Unaccounted 10% STP losses
80 KL Assumed 182 KL (23%) 54 KL
STP Treated water
542KL Assumed 488 KL (61%)
Horticulture
1009 KL EWS 638 KL
205 KL
Horticulture
Borewell
150 KL
New Moti Bagh Residential Colony : Water Balance Equation on Average data for a week in Sept'13
Bunglows / Apartments
804 KL
Two supplies
from NDMC
Municipal Sewer Line
TheGreyAreasintheWaterBalanceEquation

• Car Wash
– Each house has 3 car parking units reserved
– No common provision for car wash
– Potable water is being used for houses
• Life style
– A huge number of in-house domestic help/security persons
– Regular moping/cleaning
– Excessive use of water
• Domestic Help
– Awareness regarding water is lacking in the domestic help
• Irrigation
– Irrigation on individual dwelling units level are found to be using
potable water
• Leakages
• Metering errors
List of Unaccounted Water Losses

Parameters ValueUnit
Water consumption 804.14KL
Sewage Generation 542KL
Population 2430Persons
Energy consumption in supplying fresh water 271.43KWHr
Energy consumption in STP 653.66KWHr
Actual water recycled 488.57KL
Percentage Water Recycled 60.76%
Energy Factor (Domestic Water supply) 0.34WHr/L
Energy Factor (Recycled Water supply) 1.34WHr/L
Actual Avg. LPCD Water Consumption 330.92LPCD
Actual Avg. Sewage Generation 223.05LPCD
INPUT
Operation
Data
OUTPUT
Analysis
Data

Data from Previous Works
v/s
Water
Consume
d
Sewage
Generat
ed
Total
Energy
Consumed
Energy
Consum
ed (STP)
Energy
Consumed
(Supplying)
Energy
Consum
ed (WTP)
Population   
Built up
Area
 
Water
Consumed

Power
Factor
(STP)
Power
Factor
(Supplying)
Power
Factor
(WTP)
Energy
Consumed
(Supplying)
Power
Factor
Ratio

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
LPCD Fresh Water Consumption

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Water consumed / Built up area (Kl/m2)

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Energy consumed for water per unit area
(KWHr/m2)

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Energy Consumption per liter water
(KWHR/kl)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Energy Factor for Recycling (KWHR/kl)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Energy Factor for Water Supply
(KWHR/kl)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Energy factor Ratio (Recycling / Fresh
Supply)

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Energy factor for WTP (KWHR/kl)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Energy consumed for water per person
(KWHr/person)

Energy efficiency Codes and green building rating systems such as
GRIHA, IGBC, USGBC, LEED, etc. advocate usage of recycled water for
various purposes. Most of the Green Building Rating systems provide
limited additional points for water recycle and reuse in buildings.
GRIHA provides extra one point for every 25% increase in annual water
reuse. These rating systems consider use of recycled water and rain
water under same head. In India, treated water is not recommended
for drinking or any other purpose where human contact is possible.
The study of energy and water issues in Indian as well as International
green rating system reflect the lack in attention being given to energy
consumed in treating waste water and its reuse.
The data from previous works’ case study indicates a significant
amount of energy being invested in waste water treatment. The study
of research papers shows the rising awareness about embedded
energy in water.
Conclusion

79
21
Indira Paryawaran Bhawan
Energy factor
(Recycling)
Energy factor
(Supplying)
%
%
Power Factor Ratio
80
20
New Moti Bagh
%
%

Conclusion
Water consumption per unit Built up Area Range
Housing 0.01-0.02 KL/m2
Offices 0.001-0.003 KL/m2
Hotels 0.002-0.02 KL/m2
Energy consumption per unit Water Range
Housing 4-6 KWHR/KL
Offices 10-12 KWHR/KL
Hotels 6.6-6.9 KWHR/KL
Energy consumption per unit Built up Area Range
Housing 0.01-0.07 KWHR/m2
Offices 0.01-0.03 KWHR/m2
Hotels 0.01-0.15 KWHR/m2

INDIRA PARYAVARAN BHAWAN
• The proposed usage of recycled water is toilet flushing and horticulture.
– Use of recycled water for toilet flushing is under debate, no provision is made
for the same yet.
• The recycled water is proposed to be used for horticulture purpose on
site. Approximately 30 KL of water is expected to be recycled every day as
per the capacity of the STP. The water to be recycled is more than twice
the requirement of the irrigation. It costs approx. Rs. 1.6 lakhs per year.
• Being an office building, the LPCD Water Consumption (41 LPCD) and LPCD
Sewage Generation is lower. NBC 2005 recommends 45 LPCD for offices.
• There is a relation between water consumption / sewage generation and
the energy factors (fresh water / recycled water)
– Energy factors are high when the water consumption and sewage generation
are lower.
Conclusions & Recommendations
Water Requirement
CPWD standards 3000 Gallons/Acre
Proposed on site 30KL/1.2Acres = 7925 Gallons / 1.2 Acres
=6604 Gallons / Acre

NEW MOTI BAGH
• The fresh water consumption per dwelling for the
bungalows/apartments are too high as compared to the EWS flats.
• The recycled water is being used only for horticulture, the utilities
of recycled water may be increased keeping in view the level of
quality to which the sewage is treated.
• Potable water is being used in large quantities for car wash
– water efficient car wash system may be installed
– recycled water may be used for the purpose in the least
• Per capita domestic water consumption per day is too high, steps
should be taken to reduce the water demand.
– Leakage repairs
– Low flow fixtures
– Awareness programmes

NEW MOTI BAGH
• Unaccounted water losses are too high, only 60% of the fresh water
consumed is being recycled.
– Water audit
– Mitigation measures
• Solar water geysers are in place on each building, however they
were not found to be in use and electric heaters are as well
provided in each residence.
• Even though recycled water is being used for irrigation, a sizable
amount of water (150 KL) is taken from a borewell for irrigation
purposes, which is less than the unaccounted water losses and
could have been avoided with a more efficient system.
Water Requirement
CPWD standards 3000 Gallons/Acre
On site in use 680KL / 60Acres = 2993 Gallons / Acre

• The study concludes that the energy consumed by
water in recycling is a lot more than the energy
consumed by water at other stages in buildings. Thus
modified regulations and norms are recommended so
as to encourage more efficient, justifiable and
innovative utilisation of the recycled water that is high
on invested energy.
• Norms are required for auditing and maintaining STP’s
efficiency.
• Norms are necessary for auditing not just the STP’s
efficiency but also the efficiency of the whole water
cycle from fresh water intake at the site to recycled
water generation for checking water losses.
Recommendations

Addams, L..G.B.M.K.a.M.S. (2009) 'Charting Our Water Future: Economic Frameworks to Inform Decision-
making',
http://www.mckinsey.com/App_Media/Reports/Water/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Full_Report_001.pdf.
Aquastat (2003) 'Information System on water and Agriculture'.
Central Pollution Control Board, [Online], Available: http://www.cpcb.nic.in/Water_Quality_Criteria.php [29 Nov
2013].
Feldman, M. (n.d) 'Aspects of energy efficiency in water supply systems '.
Garg, N.K.a.Q.H. (2007) 'Alarming Scarcity of', Current Science. Vol 93, No 7, 10 Oct, pp. 932-941.
Google Maps, [Online], Available: https://maps.google.co.in/.
indira paryavaran bhawan, [Online], Available: http://www.indiraparyavaranbhawan.com/.
Ministry of Environment and Forests, [Online], Available: http://moef.nic.in/.
Narsimhan, T.N. (2008) 'A note on India's water budget and Evapotrasnpiration, Vol 117. No 3.', Journal of Earth
System Sciences, pp. 237- 240.
Revenga, C. (2000) 'Will there be enough water?', EarthTrends, October.
Shaban, A. (n.d) 'Water Poverty in Urban India: A Study of Major Cities', Tata Institute of Social Science, Mumbai.
Sharma, R. (2013) Water Specific Energy Efficiency in Built Environment, Thesis edition, New Delhi: School of
Planning and Architecture.
UNEP, W.&. (1998) 'Industry, Fresh water and sustainable development'.
UNICEF (n.d) 'Water in India: Situation and Prospects'.
Verma, S.a.S.P. (2007) 'India's Water Future 2050', International Journal of Rural Management, vol. 3, no. I, pp.
149-79
'Water Facts and Trends', Development World Business Council of Sustainable.
World water week, [Online], Available: www.worldwaterweek.org/onthewaterfront3
References

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