Fecal Sludge Management
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Fecal sludge management involves emptying and transporting septic tank waste. Several countries practice scheduled desludging funded by sanitation taxes. Tariffs in the Philippines, Vietnam, and Indonesia recover operation and maintenance costs within 8 years. Fecal sludge can be used to generate biogas, biochar, and nutrients for soil and fodder. It can also be co-composted with municipal solid waste to produce compost for sale. Septage can be co-treated in existing wastewater treatment plants or via dedicated treatment such as drying beds, mechanical treatment, or lagoons. Case studies show cost recovery from fecal sludge collection and compost sales can offset user charges for emptying
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Fecal Sludge Management
- 2. Typical Public Emptying and Transport
- 3. Typical Private Emptying and Transport
- 5. Why empty septic tanks? Source: USAID, 2010
- 6. Scheduled Desludging with Sanitation Tax Cases: Philippines, Vietnam and Indonesia Dumaguete • Population: 0.12 million - about 75% septic tank coverage) • Service by Municipality • Tariff: 2 pesos (USD 5 cents) per m3 of water consumed • Covers O&M and capital costs in 8 years San Fernando • Population: 115,000 • Service by Private sector • Fees through property tax Hai Phong • Population: 1.8 million • Service by state run utility company • Wastewater fee – 15% surcharge added to the water bill • Water tariff of USD 0.29/m3 and daily consumption of 0.54m3 • Recover O&M costs Cost Recovery • Town size 5,000 to 25,000 households • Tariff of USD 1 per month per family • Full cost recovery of both capital and operations cost
- 8. Fecal Sludge Energy Biogas Bio-char (Solid fuel) Pyrolytic and Syngas Bio-Oil Nutrients Soil conditioner Macronutrients Fodder Fish Protein Production Water Irrigation Other Building Material Reuse of Fecal Sludge
- 9. Co-Composting Case: Balangoda Municipality, Sri Lanka Waste: 12 ton MSW and 10 m3 fecal sludge Capital: INR 2.1 crores O&M: INR 85K/month Revenue: • FS collection: INR 1,800 to 2,000 per trip • Compost: INR 4 per kg • Recyclable & MSW fees
- 10. Septage Co-treatment Co-treatment in existing STP Co-composting with other organic waste Standalone facility for septage handling & Disposal - Sludge Drying Beds - Mechanical - Planted Gravel Filter - DEWATS - Lagoon - Land Application Septage Treatment Technology Options
- 11. Cost Recovery from Reuse Case Example Three neighboring towns in Madhya Pradesh (population of 7,784 households) • Fecal Sludge: about 40 m3 • MSW: 12.8 tons of MSW per day • Compost: 4.4 tons per day • Sale price of compost in India: INR 1,400 to INR 4,000 per ton Cost Recovery • User charges: INR 84 to 122 per household per month • Reduction in user charges from sale of compost: INR 20 to INR 57 per month (depending on the sale price)
- 12. Business Models & Cases IWMI Business Model RRR Catalogue • Waste: MSW, FS, Agro- industry waste and Wastewater • More than 150 business cases and 20 business models • On FSM – 18 business models
- 13. Thank You
Editor's Notes
- Dumaguete - seven trucks of each 3m3. reported receiving 100% of the sludge of the planned desludged septic tanks. capital cost for the collection, transport and treatment borne by the water district and LGU. San Fernando - Only households compliant with their property tax payment received desludging service. The process also resulted in lowered desludging charges from as high as USD 133 to below USD 66 per desludged tank. The private truck operators were in agreement for lowered fees as this process resulted in steady business for them than they were previously able to obtain. The reason to charge desludging fee through property tax over sanitation surcharge on water bills was the city had less than 50% of the population covered by water utility in comparison to a much larger percentage that paid property tax. Hai Phong: Hai Phong city handed over the management of FSM to HP SADCO with the intention of improving service delivery. HP SADCO initiated a scheduled desludging for household septic tanks once every 5 to 6 years and for residential apartments once every 1 to 2 years. The city authority collects the fees and pays HP SADCO based on the approved plan of activities and about 15% of the budget is paid for the scheduled desludging. According to report by Nguyen et. al., 2011 and ADB 2014, the revenue collected (15% on water tariff) was used to cover most of the operations and maintenance of the sewerage and drainage system and scheduled desludging expenses for four inner districts of Hai Phong city.
- Balangoda: The urban council has set up recycling centers in different parts of the town whose key role is to collect recyclable material and deliver it to the plant. To incentivize these centers, the council awards points given to recycling centers (with 1 point = 1 Sri Lankan Rupee) and points are awarded based on type of recyclable material and quantity. The capital cost of the co-compost treatment plant is USD 352,000 with operation costs of USD 1,340 per month and production capacity of 14 tons compost per day, however, annually they produce about 420 tons of compost. Some compost is sold to small farmers (USD 77 to 120 per ton) in the eastern province of Sri Lanka where soil is sandy and chemical fertilizer is ineffective. Majority of compost is sold in bulk at very low prices to tea plantations and government institutions such as Urban Development Authority and Ministry of Agriculture purchase compost in bulk for landscaping.
- The total cost per capita per year (including transportation) for treatment for disposal is about USD 2.88 and 1.84 per capita in Africa and Asia respectively. The net cost per capita per year for treatment for reuse decreases to USD 1.47 and 1.27 in Africa and Asia respectively due to the revenue from sale of compost.