1. Manthan
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F U T U R E C I T I E S
E n s u r i n g W o r l d C l a s s C i v i c
A m e n i t i e s i n U r b a n C i t i e s
TEA M IN C EN D IA
S i m p l e K u m a r
J . Vi j a y P r a s a d
A s h a y M a k i m
K i s h a n J a n i
C h i t r a k G a n g r a d e
( U n d erg ra dua te St udent s, IIT M a dra s)
Water Scarcity
Big Data Analytics to Cut Down Network Transmission Losses

2. As of 2011, 498 Class-I cities (population above 1 lakh) have been identified which have the
potential to shape country’s economy to great extent.
They contribute to more than 40% of GDP and are a source of livelihood and work for many
individuals
Considering the amount of capital spent on resolving water supply and the present
scenario of pipeline networks in urban cities, there is a
GREAT NEED TO IMPROVISE ON THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF URBAN CITIES.
Impact of cities and urbanization on nation’s development
Space utilization by organized infrastructure.
Basic civic amenities for urban poor and slum dwellers.
Efficient transportation
Public facilities (healthcare, education, consumables) at affordable prices
Efficient water supply and sewage system
24X7 gas, electricity and potable water
Solid waste management
MAJOR
SECTORS
that
determine
the
efficiency
of a city

3. The existing water supply systems of major cities isn’t well organized, maintained,
and leads to a general fresh water loss of 25% to 50% EVERY YEAR
• Population growth – expected to increase by 47.7 crores
by 2050.
• Urbanization – Urban population increased by 75% from
1991-2011, which increases water supply demand over
small area.
• Heavy transmission losses – due to old pipelines,
ignorance and lack of skilled labour, large amount of water
is lost during transmission itself! (Approx 25% due to
leakage in Ahmedabad)
• Industrialization – Industrialization requires ample water
supply, and by 2030, the demand is projected to become
quadruple.
• Growing water scarcity – ALL OVER WORLD, the
availability of water is decreasing. (Per capita average
annual availability (m3/year) is expected to decrease
from present 1545 (2011) to 1140 (by 2050).
• Lack of knowledge of existing network – the water
supply network set decades ago in cities is still unaltered,
and the workers are unaware of the entire piepline
network, thus unable to report water leakages.
Challenges/drawbacks in the present water supply systems:

4. Proposal
Implementation
model
Advantages
Using Big Data Analysis for leakage detection in an
Urban Water Distribution Network (WDN)
Synopsis of the Proposed Solution
• Flow and Pressure Sensors placement for effective coverage and surveillance of the WDN
• Each sensor uniquely tagged and fitted with a GPS (Global Positioning System)
• Re-construction of Water Distribution Network from historical flow measurements data
• A network model build from data obtained from the sensors using Big Data algorithms
• On-line processing of the sensor data used to detect and triangulate leaks and monitor
health of the pipelines from a dedicated control room
• Dedicated team to quickly rectify the issue
• Contractor to install and maintain the Flow and Pressure Sensors for one year
• Choose the most efficient algorithm from an ocean of feasible algorithms in literature
with help from academia
• Developing an interactive and user friendly software as a front end for these algorithms
allowing easy and intuitive operability
• Set up a new division in charge of the monitoring within the present hierarchy
• Conducting Workshops/Training for the staff currently handling Water Distribution
Systems
• Currently a leak is detected and rectified only after the water surfaces
• Allows timely detection of transmission losses and deterioration of pipe health, resulting
in saving up to 25% of water annually
• Leak detection and monitoring from an office environment to triangulate the location of
the fault
• Reduction in search space for ailing pipes resulting in easy maintenance

5. • Flow sensors measure the flow rate of water through the pipe and pressure sensors the hydraulic energy content of
the flowing water
• The WDN topography is not entirely known. As much information as possible about the network is obtained. The
network blueprint is prepared with various network details
• Perform the joint optimization of sensor placement and transmission structure for data gathering, where a given
number of nodes need to be placed in the above blueprint such that the sensed data can be reconstructed at a sink
within specified distortion bounds while minimizing the energy consumed for communication. This leads to optimal
locations for sensor placements to capture most of the network behavior with minimum cost
• The above optimization problem has been solved by many academicians[1] and roughly comes to one flow sensor
every km and one pressure sensor every 2 km.
• Tag each sensor with a GPS
• The WDN with sensors placed are allowed to run for a time of two to three months and the data is stored
• The network model is constructed by applying Principal Component Analysis to the Flow-matrix
• Each node is associated with a geographical area based on the GPS location of the flow streams
Network Modeling Online Monitoring and Rectification
Actual Network
A
B
C
D
E
A+B C+D
E
Reconstructed Network
• Red lines represent pipes without
flow meters and blue lines those with
flow meters
Proposal Implementation model Advantages
Sensor Plantation
Network Modeling

6. Identifying linear relationships using Principal Component Analysis [PCA]
De-noising
Raw Flow
Sensor data
Constructing
the flow
Matrix at
different
time
instants
Find those
linear
combinations
with minimum
explained
variance
Reconstruct
the linear
model for
each node
On-line
monitoring of
each node
using the
linear model
obtained
Standard
algorithms like
reduced PCA
and One Class
Support Vector
Machine can be
used for De –
noising.
ARIMA based
two time-scale
forecasting
models can be
used to generate
the missing
intermediate
data if any
 First we characterize the Health of the pipe from its friction factor
 Efficient state and parameter estimation techniques to characterize “Friction factor” of the pipes from flow
and pressure sensor measurements.
 Done on a period basis offline to find the pipes of poor condition.
 Leak detection using electronic or mechanical equipments like Echo phones, Geo phones etc.
 Modern methods include leak noise correlation, tracer gas technique, thermography, RADAR etc.
The measured flow
are checked for
linear consistency
using the linear
model for each
node obtained
from PCA.
Apply
Principal
Component
Analysis
Network Modeling
No. of nodes in the
system (Scree Plot)

7. • On-line monitoring of each node using the linear WDN model
• Check for a break in the correlation of any node
• Triangulate the approximate position as that corresponding to node
• Search for the leak in the reduced region given by the GPS and rectify
Various Leak Detection Techniques
Infrared Radiometric Pipeline Testing:
• Water leakage forms a plume near pipeline, which has thermal conductance different from soil
• High – resolution infrared radiometer records the thermal sensitivity and presents the different temperature zones via
colored images
Acoustic emission detectors
• Water leakage can create an acoustic signal as it passes through a hole in the pipe.
• Acoustic sensors affixed to the outside of the pipeline create a baseline acoustic “fingerprint” of the
line from the internal noise of the pipeline in its undamaged state.
• When a leak occurs, a resulting low frequency acoustic signal is detected and analysed. Deviations from
the baseline “fingerprint” signal an alarm
Other Listening Devices :
• Listening rods, aquaphones, and geophones or ground microphones use sensitive mechanisms or
materials such as piezoelectric elements to sense leak-induced sound or vibration.
• Modern electronic devices have signal amplifiers and noise filters to make the leak signal stand out.
• The operation of listening devices is usually straight forward, but their effectiveness depends on the
experience of the user.
Network Modeling Online Monitoring and Rectification
Proposal Implementation model Advantages
Sensor Plantation

8. A basic overview of the implementation
process for a model city (Ahmedabad)
Installing Sensors with AMC
Developing back end and front
end for the software
Reinventing the Hierarchy of
AMC
Training of employees
Associating with AMC and
contractors to install and
maintain flow and pressure
sensors
• Identifying parts of the
water supply system and
employing the most
efficient algorithm to
reconstruct the network.
• Obtain a blueprint of the
network and identify points
of intersection.
•Outsourcing the software
development to obtain a
interactive and user-friendly
front end to allow intuitive
operability
• Introduce a dedicated group
of people in the planning and
design dept. and the
operations and maintenance
dept.
•Recruit new employees with
expertise to maintain the back
end of the system.
• Identify and train employees in the P&D
and O&M dept.
• Organise workshops and training sessions
to familiarize them with the operations and
capability of the software developed
Estimated time: 8 months
Proposal Implementation model Advantages

9. • Installation and maintenance
– Length of pipeline in an average city = 2000 km
– Average cost of each sensor = Rs. 5000 2k
– Installation charges = 50% of the cost of the sensor = Rs 2500
– Inventory Costs (one sensor every 1 to 2km = 5k*2.5K+ 50%*(5k*2.5k)
=1.875 Crore
• Back end system
– Analyzing the data obtained by the sensors employed
– Test runs to triangulate on the combination of best algorithms
– Collaboration with research groups and academia to run the sophisticated statistical analysis.
• Front end development
– Outsourcing software development to obtain a state of the art, easy to use front end facility
– Updating the present infrastructure to accommodate the high processing requirements
• Reinventing the administrative hierarchy
– New branch dedicated for running this system
– Group members mainly from the O&M and P&D department as the proposal has the highest impact in that
region
– Developing a structure to encourage inter-departmental utilization of the new facility
– Upgrading the inventory with leak detection tools (gas detection, radar etc).
• Workshops and training sessions
– To bring workers on terms with the present state of technology
– Enabling them to operate the software and detection tools to reduce reaction time
– Training of the on ground staff on interpreting the new sensors applied and the tools acquired
Proposal Implementation model Advantages
Steps of implementation:

10. Cost and funding analysis
Organizational
•No new Human Resource cost, since we draw the employees
from the Water department
•Cost to conduct Training and workshops for the employees
Logistics
• Set up of a State-of-the-art Control room
• Sensor installation charges
• Conveyance Cost
• Replacement charges
Technology
•GPS services and integration costs
•Software Development and maintenance
•Leak detector charges
•Hardware cost (Work stations to run the software)
Rs 2 crores
Sources of funding:
• Government CDPs
• Corporate giants who are well established in the cities ( TATA in Jamshedpur, Vijay Mallya in Bengaluru)
• BOT (Build Operate Transfer) model with private contractors
Proposal Implementation model Advantages

11. Government leniency in implementation of the
plan
Many of the older engineers involved in network
design have not had the opportunity to study formal
optimization techniques.
The older installations are so damaged that
even after implementing leak detection and system repair,
they are unable to function in the planned way.
Advertising this method/plan to various corporate giants
and persuading them to take this up as a CSR project
Collaborating with the professionals to handle
the software and detectors for the first few months.
Confronting the government about the risks
of older and rusted installation and how these can
bring serious challenges in the future.
Reduction of investment needed to answer the
water supply problems.( currently each city development
plan has an average investment estimate of 300 crores,
which can be brought down significantly)
Increased firefighting capability
More efficient use of existing supplies and
delayed capacity expansion
Improved knowledge of the distribution
system; can be used to prioritize for replacement and
rehabilitation program
Reduced property damage and water system liability.
Reduced contamination and extended life of facilities
Benefits Risks and Challenges
Mitigation Factors
Proposal Implementation model Advantages
The managerial team may not be comfortable with the
overall optimization approach: The models are almost
invariably developed in academic environments, where
the algorithm rather than the I/O interface is the most
important issue.
Reduced gap between the demand and supply of
water. (general difference is around 20-25%of the
demand, but with the incorporation of this plan, we can
recover at least 50 % of this gap)

12. References:
1. Water in India: Situations and Prospects, UNICEF 2013 report
2. Osama Hunaidi, Detecting Leaks in Water-Distribution Pipes, Construction Technology
Update No. 40
3. Wolfgang Marwan, A mathematical approach to solve the network reconstruction
problem, Math Meth Oper Res (2008) 67:117–132
4. J. Quevedo , Validation and reconstruction of flow meter data in the Barcelona water
distribution network, Control Engineering Practice 18 (2010) 640–651
5. I. C. Goulter, SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN WATER-DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
DESIGN: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE
6. City Development Plan, Chennai
7. City Development Plan, Ahmedabad
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