This presentation proposes solutions to improve access to clean drinking water and sanitation in India. It is presented by 5 students from Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar. The presentation discusses current issues regarding water supply and sanitation in both rural and urban areas of India. It then proposes concepts for solutions involving installing water treatment plants, bio-gas generators, and "toilet malls" to provide clean water and sanitation facilities while addressing sustainability and funding challenges. Metrics are provided to measure the impact of the proposed solutions.

1. Presentation Theme:
Towards cleaner India : Providing clean drinking
water and proper sanitation facility to all
PRESENTED BY:
1) JAYDEEP MULCHANDANI
2) MITESH DONDA
3) ABHISHEK SINGH
4) SAGAR PATEL
5) NABEEL GOLWALA
FROM:
SHANKERSINH VAGHELA BAPU INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY, GANDHINAGAR

2. CITY COVERAGE
(%)
AVAILABILITY
(HOURS)
CONSUMPTION
(Ltrs/Cap.)
DEMAND(Mill
. Ltrs per day)
SUPPLY(Mill.
Ltrs per day)
BANGLORE 70 2.5 105 970 680
CALCUTTA 66 10 209 1,125 1,125
CHENNAI 97 4 80 600 400
DELHI 86 4 200 3,600 2,925
MUMBAI 100 5 178 3,200 2,700
One study ranked Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai among the four worst cities
in Asia in terms of water availability.
NATURE OF
QUALITY PROBLEM
No. OF AFFECTED
HABITATIONS
EXCESS IRON 1,38,670
EXCESS FLUORIDE 36,998
EXCESS SALINITY 32,597
EXCESS NITRATE 4,003
EXCESS ARSENIC 3,553
OTHER REASONS 1,400
TOTAL 2,17,211
One can break up the main problems associated with water supply into two categories,
Those of quantity and those of quality. . .
QUANTITY QUALITY
Some major problems related to water supply in rural and urban areas:
The current level of coverage of drinking water supply amongst India’s rural inhabitants is 86% ‘fully covered’, 12% ‘partially
covered’ and 2%‘not covered’.
Hand-pumps and bore-wells are the primary source of drinking water, used by 42 % of the population. The traditional open
well serves about 27 % and 5 % of people still collect drinking water from exposed sources such as rivers, lakes and ponds.
In India it is mostly women or children who are responsible for collecting water and managing its household use which keeps
them far from job or school.
Often a water supply may only be available to the better off or the higher castes in a village who either own the land on
which the supply is based or pay for its upkeep somehow.
A major problem raised where the electrically operated pumps are used to supply water, the very unreliable electricity source
available in rural areas means that water is only sporadically made available.
 During the monsoon, there is a huge amount of rainfall but due to improper rain water harvesting system much water is lost
either in run-off (specially in coastal areas) or in evaporation.
A great deal of the piped water supplies are subject to heavy losses through leakage, beside the fact there is lack of resources
of water.

3.  55% of India’s population has no access to toilets. Most of
these are those people who live in urban slums and rural
areas.
In large places the existing sewerage systems, built to
serve a population of around 3 million people, can’t handle
the wastewater produced by an average of 12-14 million
residents.
75% of India’s surface water resources are polluted and
80% of this is due to sewage alone.
Some major problems due to poor sanitation…
Sewage in open produces mosquitoes which
causes Malaria and Dengue fever responsible for
another 300,000 deaths in our country annually.
Lack of improved sanitation and hygiene
contribute to about 88 per cent of diarrhoeal
deaths. In India, diarrhoea alone causes more than
1,600 deaths daily—the same as if eight 200-
person jumbo-jets crashed to the ground each day.
Percentage of household with proper
sanitation facility

4. Providing carbon credited water treatment system and equal number
of human waste bio-gas generators in rural schools and homes.
CONCEPT OF SOLUTION :
•Install water treatment systems in each home and schools in rural area and government
schools in urban area.
•Revenue generated will subsidize the installations of an equal number of human waste
bio-gas generators.
•Provide safe and clean water to the people.
MERITS OVER EXISTING SYSTEM :
•Economic sustainability and expansion is generated only by the continued use.
•Beneficial to those who can’t afford to buy water purifier plant and who are beyond
the reach of safe drinking water.
•Biogas generators will take human and kitchen waste and capture the waste
methane.
•Bio-gas generators generate waste effluent(methane) ,a very rich fertilizer.
•No fear of increased level and bad effects of fluoride,arsenic,salinity etc.
•No longer is there a disconnect between funding and public health goals.
Safe and clean drinking water will reduce the thousands of children
who die due to diarrhea in India.

5. •Deploy sufficient number of
water treatment plants
throughout the city or village,
targeting most of schools.
•These plants will be gravity and
photovoltaic driven filtration and
ultraviolet disinfection systems.
•It will provide bacterially
decontaminated water for
drinking.
NEED OF STAKEHOLDERS:
• Condition of assets during handback
• Civic society - Tariff implications
• General acceptance by the community
• Technology being prescribed by the government agency
• Payment guarantee
• No business case
• Obtaining applicable permits
HUMAN RESOURCES :
A team or a professional is required to instruct
people, how to use the water treatment plant.
PROPOSED SOURCE OF FUNDING ARE:
1. Manufacturer company making such treatment plants must involve in partnership with
helping organisations,NGOs.
2. Government should provide equipments at low cost and without tax to the manufacturer
company.
•Central and state ministry of water resources for providing financial help
•Along with central and state ministry ,some NGO’s introduce to some economical
support & technology & research support.
3. Allowing private partner to implement a technology of its choice to increase interest in
investment.
4. Invite federal agencies to help in implementing the project financially and economically

6. IMPACT OF THIS PROGRAM
CRITERIA TO MEASURE IMPACT :
•Collect the data and information about
health of people after implementation and
information about life standard also.
•Check quality and quantity of water those
supply to local people.
•Monitoring the production of bio-gas and
proper distribution to local area and used
in water treatment plant.
•Mostly collect data and information to
that area does not get benefits of this
project.
Aware people about sustainable use of water and some good
health habits.
Expanding access to safe drinking water especially the
marginalized rural communities with a view to positively
contribute to improved health and productivity
Child-mortality rates drop.
Women and children spend less time collecting water and have
more time for school, participating in community life, and earning
wages.
Family health is improved.
women borrowers are empowered in their homes and
communities.
No need to transport water and hence no leakage problem.

7. CHALLENGES :
MITIGATION FACTORS :
ECONOMIC CHALLENGES:
 Ability to attract finance for a major scaling-up
 Engaging the Private/Corporate sector
 Scalable finance models for meeting demand have not emerged
SOCIAL CHALLENGES :
 Need for higher degree of efforts and resources for bringing about sustainable
behavioural change
POLITICAL CHALLENGES :
 Governments are often driven by a political agenda and constrained by highly
bureaucratic ways of functioning, which in turn has a slow-down and sometimes
even adverse effect on the program.
TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES:
 The technology of construct and maintenance of water treatment plant &
human waste bio-gas generators.
•Arrange more funding through NGOs and take loan by World Bank to solve the economical problem.
•Govt. and private institute do combine research to develop new technology of water treatment plant
to increasing the efficiency and lowering the cost of construction and maintenance problem.
•A team should be committed and well paid to ensure:
- the quality of water from these plants after specific time interval
-to guide people about usage of water treatment plant
-to look the proper use of generated bio-gas(methane, a rich fertilizer).

8. A B C D of sanitation
A : Architecture
B : Behaviour change
C : Cleanliness
D: Disposal technologies
CONCEPT OF SOLUTION :
•Thinking beyond a toilet i.e. building the concept of toilet mall to focus
on A B C D of sanitation.
•Human waste utilisation is a valued addition due to benefits of biogas
from digesters, urea from harvested urine and compost from the sludge.
BENEFITS OF THIS IDEA :
•Provide a sound revenue stream and thus helping in subsiding the sanitation
aspects.
•Appropriate architecture offers the public image that attracts users into built
space.
•ABCD offers a wide range of innovative features.
•No need to implant sewage system at several places and hence less water usage
and wastage.
•Improved management through franchise mechanism ensures locals are
involved in operations and accrued benefits and also enhances hygiene levels

9. •Sign contracts with local authorities who are providing appropriate space for the
infrastructure.
•Engage main corporates for the sponsorships of these units for branding for the period.
•Engage a local university to develop a week-long module for capacity development of the
franchise (youth and women) four per facility.
•Construct the TOILET-MALL with eminent facilities of sanitation close to schools or locality.
•Make the system to keep record of the people coming there every day and take their
reviews and feedback.
•Make a team to aware people about sanitation and benefits of TOILET-MALL.
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY:
PROPOSED SOURCE OF FUNDING :
•Local authorities - providing appropriate space for the infrastructure.
•Local corporates for financial support.
•Scale up to the global giant corporates, foundations and equity financing bodies and linkages.
•Total Revenues (monthly)
• Revenue from facility usage
 Revenues from monthly plan subscriptions
 Revenues from daily usage
• Revenue from Advertising
• Revenue from rental Space
• Other Revenues

10. IMPACT OF THIS PROGRAM
CRITERIA TO MEASURE IMPACT :
•Collect the data and information about
health of people after implementation and
information about life standard also.
•Check the facilities provided to people in
TOILET MALL.
•Monitoring the production of bio-gas and
proper distribution to local area and used
in water treatment plant.
•Mostly collect data and information to
that area does not get benefits of this
project.
•No. of people taking advantage from this
idea.
•It will continues its mission-saving lives and uplifting
peoples dignity and income through sustainable
innovations on sanitation interventions in slums and
schools.
•Savings in disease costs and biomass consumption will
be a major environmental boost.
•Use of urine and compost will improve soil performance
hence increased food production
•In schools there will be improved retainment of children
especially the girl child, reduced costs of illnesses and
missing lessons and health and dignity of OUR people.
•Replaces the traditional disposal methods of burning and
land filling.
SUSTAINABILITY :
· Social and Economic: Able to strengthen financial resource recovery and also ensured total linkages
between the investments with the users.
· Cultural: Through interactive and innovative social marketing, inclusion of beauty and music stars,
religious and political leadership to break the barriers and open up discussions on toilet.
· Environmental: Urine harvesting for conversion to urea is a major boost of recovery,
use of bio digesters for energy recovery and use of waterless urinals and thus saving

11. CHALLENGES :
ECONOMICAL CHALLENGES :
•Facilities are supposed to be self sustainable as students or pupils cannot be charged.
SOCIAL CHALLENGES :
•People(especially women) will uncomfortable to come to the TOILET MALL for using it.
•People unaware of sanitation will not be in favour to charge for using toilets daily even
if it is too low.
POLITICAL CHALLENGES :
•The sharing of electricity might be the source of serious conflict between domestic
users and industrialist.
MITIGATION FACTORS:
1. Develop power purchase agreement earn money from buyer and fund in
maintenance of project.
2. Social problem of sharing of electricity between domestic users and industry
solved by settlement based on “quantity require” and give subsidy to
domestic users.
3. Run a program to make people aware of benefits and usage of
TOILET MALL and sanitation.

12. APPENDIX
References:
1) Articles by DEPARTMENT OF INERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (DFID)
2) Articles by WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)
3) Research by DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT &
MANAGEMENT (WRD&M)

13. THANK
YOU