Food, Water, Climate, People and Land - Carol Presley, Santa Clara Valley Wat...OpenSpaceCouncil
On November 22, 2013 the Open Space Council convened a Gathering on the importance of protected land to so many issues facing our region today. More about the Gathering can be seen here: http://openspacecouncil.org/upload/page.php?pageid=62
Awareness lecture series conducted in Anuradhapura (31.01.2019) and Trincomalee (05.02.2019) organized by Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project - UNDP
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the collection and storage of rain, rather than allowing it to run off. The harvested water can also be committed to longer-term storage or groundwater recharge.
The water balanced of a place, whether it be an agricultural field, watershed, or continent, can be determined by calculating the input, output, and storage changes of water at the Earth's surface. The major input of water is from precipitation and output is evapotranspiration. The water balance is intended for use as a screening tool to further evaluates water resources allocations within the watershed and to identify water balance components that may require further analysis during the next levels of watersheds planning. The study area chosen for the present study area is Doddavalabhi sub watershed which falls in Kolar taluk of Kolar district. The study areas geographically lies between 760 8’ 0” E and 760 23’ 0” E longitude and 120 20’ 0” N and 120 28’ 0” N latitudes with an area 15.20 sq.km. For the determination of crop water requirement for Kolar major crops considered are ragi and groundnut with the crop period of 120 days and 140 days respectively. The year and monthly wise potential evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration is calculated by using penman method, blaney-criddle method, pan evaporation and radiation methods. The year wise potential evapotranspiration calculated by Blaney-criddle is maximum 645.66 mm during 2014, in this year monthly PET is maximum in July month ie 150.4mm. The year wise potential evapotranspiration calculated by Pan Evaporation is maximum 236.43 mm during 2014, in this year monthly PET is maximum in July month ie 56.67mm. The Year wise actual evapotranspiration is also maximum during 2014 for both ragi and groundnut. Hence Blaney criddle method is best suitable since it provides the most satisfactory results compared to other methods because this method is suggested for areas where available climatic data cover air temperature data only.
Concept of Water Management for Crops in PakistanGhulam Asghar
"Water Management is the integrated process of intake, conveyance, regulation, measurement, distribution, application and use of irrigation water and drainage of excess water with proper amount and at right time for the purpose of increasing crop production and water economy in conjunction with improved agricultural practices."
How can rainwater management help support food production and smallholder farmers’ ability to adapt to climate variability and change? Presentation from the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food Security (CPWF) from learning event number 9, session 2, Room G. How can Rainwater management help support smallholder farmers' ability to adapt to climate variability and change
Regional Water Scarcity Initiative: Towards a Collaborative StrategyNENAwaterscarcity
This paper summarizes the main themes and recommendations of the document Regional Water
Scarcity Initiative: Towards a Collaborative Strategy prepared as part of FAO’s ‘Regional Initiative
on Water Scarcity’ in Near East and North Africa (NENA). The Regional Collaborative Strategy will
complement and complete existing initiatives, will seek structured mechanisms to address water
scarcity beyond the national level and will provide an agricultural water lens to the ‘Arab Water
Security Strategy’ (2010-30). After discussing the challenges and responses for a sustainable water
resources management and related food security in NENA, the document puts forward an agenda for
a comprehensive reform, including a number of options, and indicates innovative implementation
modalities, including: evidence-based decision-making processes through benchmarking, monitoring,
evaluation and reporting; sound governance and institutions, including decentralization of agriculture
water management and empowerment of farmers and farmers groups as full partners, food producers
and ultimate managers of soil and water resources; synergies in innovation and learning based on
exchange of solutions amongst practitioners within and outside the Region; and all-inclusive multistakeholder
approach to changes. The collaborative regional strategy will be implanted through
regional and national action plans, supported by FAO and Partners.
Food, Water, Climate, People and Land - Carol Presley, Santa Clara Valley Wat...OpenSpaceCouncil
On November 22, 2013 the Open Space Council convened a Gathering on the importance of protected land to so many issues facing our region today. More about the Gathering can be seen here: http://openspacecouncil.org/upload/page.php?pageid=62
Awareness lecture series conducted in Anuradhapura (31.01.2019) and Trincomalee (05.02.2019) organized by Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project - UNDP
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the collection and storage of rain, rather than allowing it to run off. The harvested water can also be committed to longer-term storage or groundwater recharge.
The water balanced of a place, whether it be an agricultural field, watershed, or continent, can be determined by calculating the input, output, and storage changes of water at the Earth's surface. The major input of water is from precipitation and output is evapotranspiration. The water balance is intended for use as a screening tool to further evaluates water resources allocations within the watershed and to identify water balance components that may require further analysis during the next levels of watersheds planning. The study area chosen for the present study area is Doddavalabhi sub watershed which falls in Kolar taluk of Kolar district. The study areas geographically lies between 760 8’ 0” E and 760 23’ 0” E longitude and 120 20’ 0” N and 120 28’ 0” N latitudes with an area 15.20 sq.km. For the determination of crop water requirement for Kolar major crops considered are ragi and groundnut with the crop period of 120 days and 140 days respectively. The year and monthly wise potential evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration is calculated by using penman method, blaney-criddle method, pan evaporation and radiation methods. The year wise potential evapotranspiration calculated by Blaney-criddle is maximum 645.66 mm during 2014, in this year monthly PET is maximum in July month ie 150.4mm. The year wise potential evapotranspiration calculated by Pan Evaporation is maximum 236.43 mm during 2014, in this year monthly PET is maximum in July month ie 56.67mm. The Year wise actual evapotranspiration is also maximum during 2014 for both ragi and groundnut. Hence Blaney criddle method is best suitable since it provides the most satisfactory results compared to other methods because this method is suggested for areas where available climatic data cover air temperature data only.
Concept of Water Management for Crops in PakistanGhulam Asghar
"Water Management is the integrated process of intake, conveyance, regulation, measurement, distribution, application and use of irrigation water and drainage of excess water with proper amount and at right time for the purpose of increasing crop production and water economy in conjunction with improved agricultural practices."
How can rainwater management help support food production and smallholder farmers’ ability to adapt to climate variability and change? Presentation from the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food Security (CPWF) from learning event number 9, session 2, Room G. How can Rainwater management help support smallholder farmers' ability to adapt to climate variability and change
Regional Water Scarcity Initiative: Towards a Collaborative StrategyNENAwaterscarcity
This paper summarizes the main themes and recommendations of the document Regional Water
Scarcity Initiative: Towards a Collaborative Strategy prepared as part of FAO’s ‘Regional Initiative
on Water Scarcity’ in Near East and North Africa (NENA). The Regional Collaborative Strategy will
complement and complete existing initiatives, will seek structured mechanisms to address water
scarcity beyond the national level and will provide an agricultural water lens to the ‘Arab Water
Security Strategy’ (2010-30). After discussing the challenges and responses for a sustainable water
resources management and related food security in NENA, the document puts forward an agenda for
a comprehensive reform, including a number of options, and indicates innovative implementation
modalities, including: evidence-based decision-making processes through benchmarking, monitoring,
evaluation and reporting; sound governance and institutions, including decentralization of agriculture
water management and empowerment of farmers and farmers groups as full partners, food producers
and ultimate managers of soil and water resources; synergies in innovation and learning based on
exchange of solutions amongst practitioners within and outside the Region; and all-inclusive multistakeholder
approach to changes. The collaborative regional strategy will be implanted through
regional and national action plans, supported by FAO and Partners.
Monitoring Water Use and Drought at Field to Global Scales, Chris HainNENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Can we able to enhance water productivity under Water scarcity?, Dr. Alaa. Z....NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
National Water Accounting: Setting the limits of consumptive water use in the...NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Monitoring cropland areas using Remote sensing, Murali Krishna GummaNENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo,Egypt
Crop water productivity: briefing on concepts, definitions and goals, Andrew ...NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Setting the Scene: Introducing the Workshop Objectives and its Expected Resul...NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
CPWF Program Director , Dr Alain Vidal, shows how interdisciplinary research supports the productivity and resilience of social and ecological systems of the world's poorest communities. Specifically how Multiple water uses (MUS), techniques and sources, and its resulting community organization, increase resilience in poor agricultural areas. The ability to adapt and mitigate change - such as economic or climatic change - enables people a better chance to climb out of poverty.
Dr Vidal says the green-to-blue water continuum in water-for-food management for agriculture contributes to this resilience, and should not be overlooked by institutions and groups managing water.
Maximizing Water Productivity of Maize using Alternate Furrow Irrigation at C...Premier Publishers
Nowadays, water availability is a major limiting factor for development of agriculture in arid and semiarid areas. Under conditions of scarce water supply and drought, irrigation practices demand the maximum use of every drop of water to maximize water productivity for irrigated crops. A field experiment with a split-plot design was carried out to evaluate the combined effect of three furrow irrigation techniques and three irrigation levels treatments on maize grain yield and water productivity at Mekhoni Agricultural Research center (MeARC), Raya valley district. Irrigation was applied through furrows in three ways as the main plots: conventional furrow irrigation (CFI), alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), and fixed furrow irrigation (FFI). In CFI, irrigation was applied to every furrow at each irrigation event; in AFI irrigation was applied to alternate furrows which were dry in the preceding irrigation cycle, while in FFI, irrigation was applied to fixed furrows throughout the growing season. Each irrigation technique was further divided into three sub-irrigation treatments: two deficit irrigation levels 75% and 50% ETc and a control of 100% ETc as sub-plot were investigated. Results showed that maximum water productivity was obtained under the AFI system without a trade-off in grain yield and considerably save water. Hence, it is recommended as efficient irrigation technique in areas with limited water resources.
This presentation focuses on putting social-ecological resilience theory into practice. It examines three case studies from the Nile, Andes and Mekong Basins. It concludes by s
Aquaponics is a farming technology that combines the advantages of intensive aquaculture and hydroponics in a recirculating aquaculture system. This depends on WATER. No soil is used.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Aspects for Agricultural Water Management in Water Stress Conditions: Case St...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The major aim of the study was to propose sustainable agro-water management strategies, particularly for water poor-ecologies. In current work, information was obtained from worldwide previous findings of studies relevant to the water management. In order to maximize water productivity in those environments exposing climate changes following applicable suggestions were presented: changing crop pattern in accordance of available current water resources, increasing utilization areas in favor of modern irrigation systems, if possible converting of water delivery networks to pipe systems, improving share of low water consuming crops in current crop patterns, practicing deficit irrigation program, collecting water charges based on volumetric basis, more uses of rainwater harvesting systems, training of farmers about irrigated agriculture, and if possible transferring some water from neighbor basins to irrigation farms.
Session II: Crop Water Productivity Case Study Tunisia, Nabil SghaierNENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Session I: Water Consumption – Evapotranspiration (ET) Case Study TunisiaNENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Agriculture and Irrigation at the Ministry of Agriculture, Saleh AlluhaydanNENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Use of Remote Sensing to Investigate Striking Challenges on W R in Lebanon, A...NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Drought Management in Iran, Masoud Bagherzadeh KarimiNENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Why do we need a nexus approach in addressing?, Bahram TaheriNENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Water Consumption (Evapo-Transpiration- ET), B. Taheri, S.M. Nabavi & MousaviMr.NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Advanced Irrigation Scheduling Model Utilizing Remote Sensing and Low Cost Fi...NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Drought monitoring and early warning in the MENA region: The ICBA contributio...NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egyp
Overview of Drought Indicators and their application in the context of a Drou...NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Ground Validation of Crop Water Productivity: Developing a protocol, Christop...NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo,Egypt
Crop productivity assessment through Remote Sensing: Radiation-driven and Wat...NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
T10 azzam saleh improving water av and manag fo agr fao wbgs
1. Improving water availability and management for agriculture in the West Bank and Gaza Strip
FAO coordination office for the WBGS
Presented by: Azzam Saleh, Head of Programme
Currently, water scarcity in the West Bank and Gaza Strip is characterized by challenges
both of an environmental and human-made nature. Declining levels of water access,
resulting from the combined effects of drought, dropping water tables and Israel-imposed
restrictions on the construction and rehabilitation of wells and water resources; has
greatly impacted Palestinian water use. As water is an integral component of the
agriculture sector, its availability at an acceptable and consistent level is a prerequisite for
building sustainable and resilient livelihoods.
Under these conditions, though challenges are substantial, there are options for both
improving and better managing available water resources to enhance agricultural
development. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in
partnership with the Ministry of Agriculture and the Palestinian Water Authority, has
undertaken various interventions focused on improving the accessibility and management
of water resources. This includes: increasing water harvesting and storage capacities at
the community and household levels; ground water well rehabilitation; improving
irrigation efficiency; range land development with drought tolerant fodder crops and
shrubs; aquaculture unit construction; provision of technical support to improve water
supply and management; and support to policy development and coordination across the
agriculture sector.
Increasing the efficiency of water resources
Ground water well rehabilitation
Rehabilitation of underground wells increases water availability while decreasing its
pumping costs. Due to restrictions and lack of maintenance, many wells in the WBGS do
not operate at their full pumping capacities and yield amounts of water below their
authorized /licensed quota, reducing water availability and accessibility for farmers.
Since 2006, FAO has been engaged in the rehabilitation of ground water wells in areas of
intensive agriculture (mainly the Jordan Valley, northern West Bank and the Gaza Strip).
These efforts have made a major impact by boosting agricultural production and
sustaining and/or creating new jobs for farmers and their families. Based on that
experience, FAO estimates that for every USD 1 invested in well rehabilitation an extra
11 kg of vegetables can be produced every year, for 40 years.
Community level water reservoirs
Community level reservoirs play a major role in the management and fair distribution of
water for irrigable lands. They also give opportunities to ration and optimize water used
in irrigation, thus decreasing water costs per cubic metre up to 50 percent and in turn
increasing farmers’ profits up to 100 percent per unit area. For example, the insufficient
and irregular agricultural water supply in the West Bank village of Tamoun forced
farmers to purchase water transported by tractors to fill their individual water storage
pools. These high maintenance and operating costs – and reduced productivity due to
2. irregular water supply – made their crop growing activities less profitable. FAO
constructed four large water reservoirs, connected to ground water wells. The new “by
gravity irrigation scheme” that was introduced to Tamoun’s community is used by 80
households in the village, who now pay only half of the price they used to for irrigation
water. In the meantime, a more reliable water supply increased their fields’ productivity,
doubling their profit margin.
Water reservoirs in the West Bank village of Tamoun
Facilitating climate-smart agriculture
Rainwater harvesting activities
Conservative estimations show that for every USD 1 invested in household cistern
construction, at least USD 17.5 worth of water is saved1. Limited access to water
networks and reoccurring periods of drought pose a threat to food security in several
areas of the West Bank. In these vulnerable areas, FAO has been enabling thousands of
families to construct their own cisterns, allowing them to meet their water needs for both
civil and agricultural purposes. With a reliable and cost-effective water source,
beneficiaries are able to establish backyard gardens, supplying them with fresh produce
either for their own consumption or to be sold at market. Further, a buffer of water
storage capacity is created, allowing households to buy water in greater quantities and at
significantly cheaper prices per cubic metre. At the community level, most herder
communities’ – particularly in the eastern and southern parts of the West Bank – receive
very low amounts of rainfall which can also be difficult for tanker trucks to reach. In such
vulnerable and drought-prone areas, water for household use is a vital but expensive
commodity. Not surprisingly, many of these communities already have cisterns that are
shared by several families but have not been properly maintained due to access
restrictions and declining standards of living. This lack of maintenance has caused many
cisterns to degrade, making access to water a recurrent and serious issue. Therefore, FAO
invested in the rehabilitation of rainwater cisterns to improve access to water on a
community level. The large storage capacity and subsequent cheaper access to water
strongly lowers households’ water costs, thus increasing their resilience in these drought-
prone and highly vulnerable areas. Since the actual structures are already in place and
only need repairing, rehabilitation of community rainwater cisterns is one of FAO’s most
cost effective activities targeting water resource development. For every USD 1 invested
in community cisterns, USD 77 is saved in water costs.
3. Drought tolerant crops
Herders endure decreasing access to grazing land due to drought and overgrazing, thus
increasing their dependency on purchased fodder. Alternatively, herders can plant their
surrounding lands with fodder crops to meet part of their animals’ needs. FAO supports
herders through distributing seeds of drought tolerant fodder crop varieties to ensure good
productivity under the prevailing environmental and water scarcity conditions. With an
initial investment of USD 23, a household can grow fodder to continuously sustain a
sheep all year round (and save USD 167 per year) by using drought tolerant crops.
Herders can also re-use part of their production for replanting the next year. Under the
situation of high and volatile fodder prices on the international market, decreasing
herders’ dependence on purchased fodder strongly increases their resilience.
Optimizing space and water in urban areas
Aquaculture ponds
Due to restrictions on access to land and sea, small scale fishers and farmers are some of
the most affected by food insecurity in the Gaza Strip. It is therefore crucial to maximize
their use of available resources. Through the use of integrated irrigation/aquaculture
units, water that is rich with nutrients from fish farming ponds is used to irrigate crops. In
this manner water is used to raise fish (thus producing an additional source of protein and
cash income) before it is used for irrigation, allowing it to become a powerful fertilizer.
One fish pond allows the beneficiary to produce an extra 400 kg of animal proteins per
year while improving their irrigation water quality.
Small-scale aquaponics
Water and high quality soil are scarce resources in urban and peri-urban areas of the Gaza
Strip, where food and nutrition insecurity is high. FAO builds small scale aquaponic
systems for households in Gaza City, a very densely populated area where the community
has limited access to land and water. In this innovative intervention, water is re-circulated
between a fish tank and growing beds for plant production (figure 1 and 2 below). The
added value of this system is that fish by-products are actually used by the plants as
nutritive elements while filtering the water for re-use in the fish tank. This constant
circulation of water between the fish tank and the grow bed allows for maximize water
efficiency. As in the above intervention, fish feed is the only recurring input required in
this intervention, yielding outputs: animal protein and vegetables. For every USD 1
invested in a small-scale aquaponic unit, USD 2 worth of highly nutritious fish and
vegetables can be produced.
Small-scale aquaponic unit