Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Coping with Water Scarcity in Near East and North Africa: Shifting GearFAO
Plenary Session # 1: Coping with Water Scarcity in Near East and North Africa: Shifting Gear, ByProf. Mahmoud Abu-Zeid President, AWC, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
The quality groundwater for irrigation in Fetzara basin, northeast AlgeriaInnspub Net
The Fetzara basin occupying an area of about 515 km2 is a part of the alluvial deposits of the Annaba plain. The main source of irrigation water in Fetzara basin is groundwater, hence its quality needs to be controlled; otherwise it can damage soil and reduce crop production. The aim of this study was to review hydro chemical processes that control the groundwater chemistry and to determine the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Hydro chemical analysis has been carried out based on concentrations of Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4–, CO3– and HCO3-. Different irrigation quality parameters viz, salinity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Hazards (MH), Kelly’s index (KI) and Permeability Index (PI) are calculated for the evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes. The evaluation of SAR (2.127-9.021) and EC (1240-6390 µS/cm) resulted in classification category ‘C3S1 and C4S1’, indicating high salinity and low sodium water which can be used for irrigation in most soils and crops with little to medium danger of development of exchangeable sodium and salinity. However, samples with doubtful Na% (56%), unsuitable KI and MH (88%, 64% respectively), and high salinity hazard (60%) values restrict the suitability of the groundwater for agricultural purposes, and plants with good salt tolerance should be selected for such ground waters.
Coping with Water Scarcity in Near East and North Africa: Shifting GearFAO
Plenary Session # 1: Coping with Water Scarcity in Near East and North Africa: Shifting Gear, ByProf. Mahmoud Abu-Zeid President, AWC, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
The quality groundwater for irrigation in Fetzara basin, northeast AlgeriaInnspub Net
The Fetzara basin occupying an area of about 515 km2 is a part of the alluvial deposits of the Annaba plain. The main source of irrigation water in Fetzara basin is groundwater, hence its quality needs to be controlled; otherwise it can damage soil and reduce crop production. The aim of this study was to review hydro chemical processes that control the groundwater chemistry and to determine the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Hydro chemical analysis has been carried out based on concentrations of Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4–, CO3– and HCO3-. Different irrigation quality parameters viz, salinity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Hazards (MH), Kelly’s index (KI) and Permeability Index (PI) are calculated for the evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes. The evaluation of SAR (2.127-9.021) and EC (1240-6390 µS/cm) resulted in classification category ‘C3S1 and C4S1’, indicating high salinity and low sodium water which can be used for irrigation in most soils and crops with little to medium danger of development of exchangeable sodium and salinity. However, samples with doubtful Na% (56%), unsuitable KI and MH (88%, 64% respectively), and high salinity hazard (60%) values restrict the suitability of the groundwater for agricultural purposes, and plants with good salt tolerance should be selected for such ground waters.
Water Consumption (Evapo-Transpiration- ET), B. Taheri, S.M. Nabavi & MousaviMr.NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
The Northern Lakes and Surrounding Plains in the Nile Delta, Egypt How Are Th...ijtsrd
In addition to the consensus of scientists, environmental experts, fisheries and beach research in Egypt about the pollution of the northern lakes in the Egyptian delta and the collapse of its ecosystem as a result of using these lakes as a permanent drain for agricultural, health and industrial wastewater untreated for the delta governorates surrounding the lakes the continuous drying processes in the Manzala lakes Burullus, Mariout and Idku, which the government undertakes on the one hand, and individuals on the other hand, have caused a change in the morphology of the lakes and a reduction in their areas, ranging between 46 and 83 of their original areas. Drying and filling works are still going on for these lakes, without taking into account the new climatic conditions that have hit the world, which in turn will lead to a rise in the global sea level MGSL during this century by an amount that may reach a maximum of one meter. This will result in the invasion of all the northern lakes of the Nile Delta, in addition to the surrounding dry low plains along the northern coast of the delta, and then the invasion of all the areas that were previously deducted and drained from the lakes with their urban, agricultural and industrial projects, as well as the remaining submerged areas of these lakes, which in turn will lose their characteristics to become part of the Mediterranean. This study aims to determine the quantitative and qualitative size of the certain risks that will face the northern lakes and the plains surrounding them in the Nile delta as a result of the global rise in sea level during this century, the coastal threat sources and the traditional defensive policies that must be followed to avoid all these risks. Khaled Abdel-Kader Ouda "The Northern Lakes and Surrounding Plains in the Nile Delta, Egypt: How Are They Now and How Will They Are in Light of Climate Changes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52183.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/geology/52183/the-northern-lakes-and-surrounding-plains-in-the-nile-delta-egypt-how-are-they-now-and-how-will-they-are-in-light-of-climate-changes/khaled-abdelkader-ouda
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
IRJET-Towards Conservation of World Famous Dal Lake – A Need of HourIRJET Journal
Mudasir Ahmad Wani, Ashit Dutta, M. Ashraf Wani, Umer Jan Wani, "Towards Conservation of World Famous Dal Lake – A Need of Hour", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol2,issue-01 March 2015. e-ISSN:2395-0056,p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net,published by Fast Track Publications
Abstract
Lakes play an important role in the economy of a region. Dal Lake has historically been the centre of Kashmiri civilization and has played a major role in the economy of Kashmir through its attraction of tourists as well as its utilization as a source of food and water. Preservation of world famous Dal Lake hence, is need of hour. The aim of this study is identification and monitoring of effluent discharge and to suggest strategies for prevention of water pollution of Dal Lake. A descriptive methodology utilizing observational site survey, study of relevant records and interview technique for identification and monitoring of effluent discharge taking place into Dal Lake was carried out. Accordingly, Strategies for treatment of effluents discharged are suggested for prevention of water pollution of Dal Lake. The study revealed that effluent discharge taking place into the Dal Lake pollutes its water on daily basis. Pollutants that enter in Dal Lake are sewage and sullage, agriculture runoff, detergents and soaps, soil erosion from catchment areas, animal waste, solid wastes and wastes from houseboats, hotels and business establishments. The study is unique in that it reports on important issue of environmental degradation of world famous Dal Lake. Various measures proposed for conservation of lake including afforestation and control of grazing animals in the catchment area, removal of house boats and hotels and rehabilitation of their owners and inhabitants living in and around Dal at a suitable place, removal of excess weeds on continuous basis, construction of sanitation latrines for villagers, reducing use of chemical pesticides, avoiding use of commercial fertilizers, installation of STPs, restoring “Nallah Mar” and continuous monitoring of lake environment are expected to reduce the pollution and hence, preservation of the lake.
This conference was presented in the faculty of applied sciences on 03rd March 2023, on occasion of the opening ceremony of a new option entitled "water Desalination" which gives an overview about the saharan groundwater. It describes the salinity of water. Also, an overview about the desalination plants of Algeria. The conference also discusses the different methods used for water desalination. It also presents the issues and drawbacks in the field of water desalination.
Session II: Crop Water Productivity Case Study Tunisia, Nabil SghaierNENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
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Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
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Lakes play an important role in the economy of a region. Dal Lake has historically been the centre of Kashmiri civilization and has played a major role in the economy of Kashmir through its attraction of tourists as well as its utilization as a source of food and water. Preservation of world famous Dal Lake hence, is need of hour. The aim of this study is identification and monitoring of effluent discharge and to suggest strategies for prevention of water pollution of Dal Lake. A descriptive methodology utilizing observational site survey, study of relevant records and interview technique for identification and monitoring of effluent discharge taking place into Dal Lake was carried out. Accordingly, Strategies for treatment of effluents discharged are suggested for prevention of water pollution of Dal Lake. The study revealed that effluent discharge taking place into the Dal Lake pollutes its water on daily basis. Pollutants that enter in Dal Lake are sewage and sullage, agriculture runoff, detergents and soaps, soil erosion from catchment areas, animal waste, solid wastes and wastes from houseboats, hotels and business establishments. The study is unique in that it reports on important issue of environmental degradation of world famous Dal Lake. Various measures proposed for conservation of lake including afforestation and control of grazing animals in the catchment area, removal of house boats and hotels and rehabilitation of their owners and inhabitants living in and around Dal at a suitable place, removal of excess weeds on continuous basis, construction of sanitation latrines for villagers, reducing use of chemical pesticides, avoiding use of commercial fertilizers, installation of STPs, restoring “Nallah Mar” and continuous monitoring of lake environment are expected to reduce the pollution and hence, preservation of the lake.
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Why do we need a nexus approach in addressing?, Bahram Taheri
1. Bahram Taheri
Senior Environment, Health and Safety Advisor
To the Minister of Energy (and Water Resources)
Islamic Republic of Iran
bahramtaheri1011@yhoo.com
Operatioalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address
“Water Consumption”, “Water Productivity” and “Drought Management”
In Agriculture
NENA Stakeholder Workshop
27-29 October, Cairo, Egypt
4. All water on the planet (sphere over western U.S., 1384 Km in diameter)
Fresh liquid water in the ground, lakes, swamps, and rivers
(sphere over Kentucky, 273 Km in diameter), and
Fresh-water lakes and rivers (the Tiny sphere over Georgia, 56 Km in
diameter).
7. Layers of Water
Approx.
in m
Km V in Km3 A in Km2 Layer Thickness
R of Earth 6371 1.083E+12 510064041
Spread Over
Earth
R of Water Globe 692 1.388E+09 2721.33
R of Freah Water Globe 136.5 10653350 20.89
R of Fresh Surface W Globe 28 91952.245 0.18
8. Let Me Define A New Layer!
Let’s Check its Thickness
And Then
Teach it His Scale!?
World Population 7.5E+09
Avg. Weight in Kg 68
Total Weight in Kg 5.1E+11
Approx. Density 1
Human Volume in Liters 5.1E+11
Human Volume in Km3 0.51
Human Layer in Meters 9.999E-07
Human Layer in Microns 0.9998744
Human Layer, Defined By: Bahram Taheri, 2014
44. Restoration of the Ecological Level
Vision for 2023
ارومیه
May 2014
Level=1270.53
ارویه
May 2002
Level=1274.5019th Reform Group Meeting, Salzburg - September
1-5, 2014
46. Location of
major dams in
operation
Tajyar
sarab
Kordkand
y
Sarogh
Sharchi
Ghaleh
chi
Alaviyan
Nahand
Zola
Mahaba
d
Hasanl
o
Bokan
Salmas
Kordestan Province
E. Azarbaijan
W. Az. Province
47. 19th Reform Group Meeting, Salzburg - September
1-5, 2014
More than 16,000 pumps are pumping water from
the surface and groundwater resources, mostly unauthorized.
2000 mobile pumps extract more then 100 MCM/Year alone.
One critical effect of Energy Consumption on Water Resources
49. Remarkable similarity Between the Sister
Lakes
50 km
Feb
1970
July
2000
4300 km2 Area 5100 km2
4.4 m Mean Depth 6 m
1280 m Elevation 1275 m
Both have causeways dividing them;
both have watersheds in 3 states
41°N 37°N
51. 51
آبي كم
خشك
تكامل روند
شورابه
Changing of major Ions of brine to 3 new stages in wet, semi arid
and arid conditions from 2007 to 2011
During the time, sodium concentrations have decreased compared to Mg
concentration, which indicates huge amounts of Halite have been deposited on
Lake’s periphery and bed. That is, sodium has passed from solution phase to solid
phase
52. $1,946
$651
Aquaculture
(brine shrimp)
Mining/Industrial
- magnesium
- potash
- titanium
Recreation
- hunting
- bird watching
- boating, swimming
$6800
Economic Value of the Great Salt Lake – $9.4 Billion (US)
8% of the gross economic product of the State of Utah
(Makes people interested in the lake)
(Bioeconomics 2012)
(72%)
(21%)
(7%)
65. Water Withdrawals/year in MCM
Deep
Wells
Semi-
Deep
ElectricDieselTotal
MCM829119489711242022
# of
Wells
6,43880,80427,86359,37887,242
19th Reform Group Meeting, Salzburg - September
1-5, 2014, Bahram Taheri
66. 2006 Economic Statistics of the Basin
Sector
%
Basin
Gross Product
%
Employment
% Water
Consumption
Service5836.51
Industry2734.21.4
Agriculture1529.389
19th Reform Group Meeting, Salzburg - September
1-5, 2014, Bahram Taheri
67. Land Ownership in the Basin
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
زیراضیرا1تارهک اضیرا1تا5تارهک اضیرا5تا20تارهک اضیرا20تا50تارهک ازبیشاضیرا50تارهک
%Ownershipoflands
Urmia
Iran
< 1 ha 1-5 ha 5-20ha 20-50 > 50 ha
19th Reform Group Meeting, Salzburg - September
1-5, 2014 (Bahram Taheri)
72. Where and When Did We Lose Our
Sight on the
Scope and Scale of Things?
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83. Tabriz 700 Years Ago
The Largest City Within the LU Basin
Farmers pay a tax for using the water from artificial reservoirs and
Qanats, usually 1/3 of their yield.
I think, this city is the best trade center in the world. Merchants
would pay a transit fee as well as a tax on the merchandize they
trade.
24 trade offices by people of Genoa alone are operating in Tabriz.
The tax collected by the governor of Tabriz from the European
merchants who were crossing the safe transport roads
constructed and operated by the Empire, is more than the
entire tax the king of France collects from all of France.
Ref. Harold Lamb:
The Last Great
Conqueror
84. GDP Comparison of Iran and others
in the Top 25 (Source, Wikipedia)
Rank Country Nominal GDP Agr. %
Industry
% Services% Agr. Net Ind. Net
Services
Net
0 World 71,707,302 5.90% 30.50% 63.60% 4,230,731 21,870,727 45,605,844
1 United States 15,684,750 1.12% 19.10% 79.70% 188,217 2,995,787 12,500,746
2 China 9,181,377 10.00% 43.90% 46.10% 918,138 3,611,671 3,792,665
3 Japan 5,963,969 1.20% 27.50% 71.40% 71,568 1,640,091 4,258,274
4 Germany 3,400,579 0.80% 28.10% 71.10% 27,205 955,563 2,417,812
5 France 2,608,699 1.90% 18.30% 79.80% 49,565 477,392 2,081,742
6 United Kingdom 2,440,505 0.70% 21% 78.30% 17,084 512,506 1,910,915
7 Brazil 2,395,968 5.40% 27.40% 67.20% 129,382 656,495 1,610,090
8 Russia 2,021,960 3.90% 36% 60.10% 78,856 727,906 1,215,198
25 Iran 482,445 11.20% 40.60% 48.20% 54,034 195,873 232,538
85. The Share of Agriculture in GDP
Rank Country Nominal GDP Agr. % Industry % Services% Agr. Net Ind. Net Services Net
1 India 1,841,710 17.40% 25.80% 56.90% 320,458 475,161 1,047,933
2 Indonesia 894,854 14.30% 46.90% 38.80% 127,964 419,687 347,203
3 Iran 482,445 11.20% 40.60% 48.20% 54,034 195,873 232,538
4 China 9,181,377 10.00% 43.90% 46.10% 918,138 3,611,671 3,792,665
5 Turkey 783,064 8.90% 28.10% 63% 69,693 220,041 493,330
6 World 71,707,302 5.90% 30.50% 63.60% 4,230,731 21,870,727 45,605,844
21 Switzerland 622,855 1.30% 27.70% 71% 8,097 172,531 442,227
22 Japan 5,963,969 1.20% 27.50% 71.40% 71,568 1,640,091 4,258,274
23 United States 15,684,750 1.12% 19.10% 79.70% 188,217 2,995,787 12,500,746
24 Germany 3,400,579 0.80% 28.10% 71.10% 27,205 955,563 2,417,812
25 United Kingdom 2,440,505 0.70% 21% 78.30% 17,084 512,506 1,910,915
26 Belgium 513,396 0.70% 21.60% 77.70% 3,594 110,894 398,909
86. The Share of Industry in GDP
Rank Country Nominal GDP Agr. %
Industry
% Services% Agr. Net Ind. Net
Services
Net
1 Saudi Arabia 657,049 2% 66.90% 31.10% 13,141 439,566 204,342
2 Indonesia 894,854 14.30% 46.90% 38.80% 127,964 419,687 347,203
3 China 9,181,377 10.00% 43.90% 46.10% 918,138 3,611,671 3,792,665
4 Iran 482,445 11.20% 40.60% 48.20% 54,034 195,873 232,538
5 South Korea 1,151,271 2.70% 39.80% 57.50% 31,084 458,206 661,981
22 Netherlands 770,224 2.80% 24.10% 73.20% 21,566 185,624 563,804
23 Belgium 513,396 0.70% 21.60% 77.70% 3,594 110,894 398,909
24 United Kingdom 2,440,505 0.70% 21% 78.30% 17,084 512,506 1,910,915
25 United States 15,684,750 1.12% 19.10% 79.70% 188,217 2,995,787 12,500,746
26 France 2,608,699 1.90% 18.30% 79.80% 49,565 477,392 2,081,742
87. The Share of Service Sector in the GDP
Rank Country Nominal GDP Agr. %
Industry
%
Services
% Agr. Net Ind. Net
Services
Net
1 France 2,608,699 1.90% 18.30% 79.80% 49,565 477,392 2,081,742
2 United States 15,684,750 1.12% 19.10% 79.70% 188,217 2,995,787 12,500,746
3 United Kingdom 2,440,505 0.70% 21% 78.30% 17,084 512,506 1,910,915
4 Belgium 513,396 0.70% 21.60% 77.70% 3,594 110,894 398,909
21 South Korea 1,151,271 2.70% 39.80% 57.50% 31,084 458,206 661,981
22 India 1,841,710 17.40% 25.80% 56.90% 320,458 475,161 1,047,933
23 Iran 482,445 11.20% 40.60% 48.20% 54,034 195,873 232,538
24 China 9,181,377 10.00% 43.90% 46.10% 918,138 3,611,671 3,792,665
25 Indonesia 894,854 14.30% 46.90% 38.80% 127,964 419,687 347,203
26 Saudi Arabia 657,049 2% 66.90% 31.10% 13,141 439,566 204,342
88. Large Inter Basin Water Transfers
name
Year of
construction
Length
Capacity (Million cubic
meters/year)
Costs (US$
bn)
California State Water
Project (USA)
Early 1960s-1990s 715 km 25 (10,300 cubic feet/sec) 5.2
Colorado River
Aqueduct (USA)
1933–1941 392 km 1603.5 (1.3m acre-feet/year) ?
Central Arizona
Project (USA)
1973-93 541 km 1850.2 (1.5m acre-feet/year) 3.6
National Water
Carrier (Israel)
1953-64 130 km 1.7 ?
Cutzamala System
(Mexico)
Late 1970s-late 1990s 154 km 2.1 (24 m3
/s) 1.3
All-American
Canal (USA)
1930s 132 km 64 (740 m3
/s) ?
Periyar Project
(India)
Commissioned in
1895
? 3.5 (41 m3
/s) ?
Indira Gandhi
Canal (India)
Since 1958 650 km ? ?
Telugu Ganga
project (India)
1977–2004 406 km 10.1 (3.7 bn m3/year) ?
Irtysh-
Karaganda scheme
(Kazakhstan)
1962–1974 450 km 6.5 (75 m3
/s) ?
91. The Salt Balance
For Conserved
Area 3500 km2
Estimated Net Evap m/y 0.85 m
Total Evap/yr Needed water 2.975 B C M
Transferred
water/year Salt/Liter Salt Content/Year SG Volume
Average
Thickness
In iters in Grams In Tons tons/m3 m3/year mm/year
2.975E+12 13 38,675,000 2.17 17,822,581 5.09
total initial Vol.
Salt Salt Content Age in yrs Salt Entry
Salt Entry
Ratio
m3 gr/lit tons Estimated
per year in
Tons Casp/Naural
30000000000 100 3000000000 20000 150000 258