The document discusses systems analysis and different types of systems. It provides definitions of key terms like system, organization, interaction, and feedback. It describes different types of systems such as physical, abstract, open, and closed systems. It also discusses information systems like decision support systems, management information systems, and data processing systems. The document outlines the stages of the systems development life cycle including planning, requirements, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance.

1. Presented by
Simran Kaur
MBA 2nd year
IGICM

2.  Systems analysis relates to shaping organizations, increasing performance, and
achieving objectives for profitability and growth.
 Application using computer-based approach.
 Positive consequences: improved performance and feeling of achievement with
quality information.
 Negative consequences: decreased morale of personnel and feeling of intimidation
by users having limited training.

3.  Ludwig Bertalanffy, biologist: arrangement of elements such as cells, people,
societies or even planets.
 Norbert Wiener, mathematician: information theory parallel between the
functioning of human beings and electronic systems.
 Herbert A. Simon, political scientist: study of organizations by viewing a system
as a processor of information for making decisions.
 General systems theory: developing systematic, theoretical framework upon which
to make decisions.
 System involves a set of techniques that helps in solving problems.

4.  The term “system” derived from Greek word ”systema” meaning an organized
relationship among functioning units or components.
 Designed to achieve objectives.
 Orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a
plan to achieve a specific objective.
 3 basic implications:
Designed to achieve pre-determined objective
Interrelationships and interdependencies exist among components.
Objectives of organization has higher priority than objectives of subsystems.

5.  Organization
 Interaction
 Interdependence
 Integration
 Central objective

6.  Outputs and inputs
 Processors(operational component)
 Control
 Feedback(cybernetic procedure; positive or negative, routine or informational)
 Environment
 Boundaries and interface(limits of the elements)

7.  Physical systems
 Abstract systems
 Open systems
 Closed systems
 Man-made information systems

8.  Tangible entities
 Static or dynamic

9.  Conceptual or non physical entities
 Straightforward

10.  Many interfaces with its environment
 Characteristics
Input from outside
Entropy
Process, output and cycles
Differentiation
Equifinality

11.  Isolated from environmental influences
 Rare

12.  Basis for interaction between the user and analyst
 Determines nature of relationships among
decision makers
 Formal, informal and computer-based

13.  Based on the organization represented by organization chart
 Concerned with the pattern of authority, communication and work flow
 Information is formally disseminated in instructions, memos or reports from top
management to the intended user.

14.  Employee-based system
 Designed to meet personnel and vocational needs
 Funnels information upwards through indirect channels
 Works within the framework of business and its stated policies

15.  Relies on computer for handling business applications
 Analyst must be familiar with computer technology

16.  Strategic information, achieved through Decision Support Systems
 Managerial information, achieved through Management Information Systems
 Operational information, achieved through Data Processing Systems

17.  The level of manager determines the kind of information needed.
 Information that is accurate, relevant, complete, concise and timely.
 Person-machine system
 Highly integrated grouping of information processing
functions
 Provide for file definition, file maintenance and database
operations.
 Key element is database
 Problem is obtaining the acceptance and support
of those who will interface with the system

18.  Term coined by Gorry and Morton
 Decision emphasizes on decision making; Support requires computer-aided
decision situations; System relates the integrated nature of problem solving
 Results from adding external data sources, accounting and statistical models and
interactive query capabilities.
 Young and evolving
 Herbert Simon described decision
making as three-phase continuous
process model beginning with intelligence
and moving toward design and choice.

19.  Analyst begins by creation a model of the reality with which the systems is
concerned.
 Types of systems models:
Schematic models
Flow systems models
Static systems models
Dynamic systems models

20.  Two-dimensional chart depicting system elements and their linkages

21.  Shows flow of the material, energy and information that hold the system together.
 Eg: PERT(Program Evaluation and Review Technique)

22.  Exhibits one pair of relationships such as activity-time or cost-quantity
 Eg: Gantt Chart

23.  Approximates the type of organization or applications that analysts deal with.
 Depicts ongoing, constantly changing system

25.  Most fundamental stage in SDLC
 Performed by the senior members of the team
 Plan the basic project approach and to conduct product feasibility study in the
economical, operational, and technical areas
 Planning for the quality assurance requirements and identification of the risks

26.  Clearly define and document the product requirements.
 Get them approved from the customer or the market analysts through SRS.
 Software Requirement Specification document which consists of all the product
requirements to be designed and developed during the project life cycle.

27.  Based on the requirements specified in SRS, usually more than one design
approach for the product architecture is proposed and documented in a DDS -
Design Document Specification.
 DDS is reviewed by all the important stakeholders. The best design approach is
selected for the product.
 The internal design of all the modules of the proposed architecture should be
clearly defined with the minutest of the details in DDS.

28.  The actual development starts and the product is built
 If the design is performed in a detailed and organized manner, code generation
can be accomplished without much hassle.

29.  Usually a subset of all the stages as in the modern SDLC models
 Testing only stage of the product where products defects are reported, tracked,
fixed and retested, until the product reaches the quality standards defined in the
SRS.

30.  Less creative than system design.
 Concerned with user training, site preparation, file conversion.

31.  There is an aging process in a system that requires maintenance of hardware and
software.
 Inconsistent new information needs change in the design specifications of system.