This document discusses business cycles and their phases. It defines a business cycle as recurring fluctuations in economic activity across various macroeconomic variables. Business cycles have four phases: peak, recession, trough, and recovery. The peak phase sees high economic activity and growth, while the recession phase is a period of declining output and rising unemployment. Trough is when economic activity hits its lowest point, then the recovery phase begins as activity increases again. The document also outlines several theories for what causes business cycles, such as monetary, overinvestment, psychological, and innovation-based theories.

1. BUSINESS CYCLE
PRESENTED BY
SIMRAN kAUR

2. INTRODUCTION
• Business cycle can be defined as a periodically recurring wave like movements
in aggregate economic activity reflected in simultaneous fluctuations in major
macro-economic variables.
• R.A.Gordon: “recurring alteration of expansion and contraction in aggregate
economic activity, the alternating movements in each direction being self-
reinforcing and prevailing virtually all parts of economy.”

3. FEATURES OF BUSINESS CYCLE
• Occurs periodically
• International in character
• Wave like
• Cumulative
• Cycle will be similar but not identical

4. PHASES OF BUSINESS CYCLE
PHASE 1: Peak
PHASE 2: Recession
PHASE 3: Trough
PHASE 4: Recovery

5. PEAK PHASE
• Economy is booming
• National income of the country is high
• Full employment
• Consumption and investment is high
• Tax revenue is high
• Wages and profit will increase
• Inflationary pressure in economy

6. RECESSION PHASE
• Output and income fall
• Reduction in consumption and investment
• Tax revenue begins to fall
• Government expenditure begins to benefit society
• Wages demands moderate
• Unemployment rises
• Import and inflationary pressure declines

7. TROUGH PHASE
• Economic activities are low
• Mass unemployment exists
• Consumption, investment and imports will be low
• Pricing may be falling

8. RECOVERY PHASE
• National income and output begins to increase
• Unemployment falls
• Consumption, investment and import begin to rise
• Workers demand more wages
• Inflationary pressure begins to mount

9. THEORIES ON BUSINESS CYCLE
1. Sunspot theory
2. Psychological theory
3. Monetary theory
4. Overinvestment theory
5. Oversavings theory
6. Innovative theory

10. SUNSPOT THEORY
Depending on climatic changes, agricultural products are produced.

11. PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY
During depression or crisis of any business organization, it is completely based
on the psychology of the entrepreneur as to whether the organization can be
revived or shut down.

12. MONETARY THEORY
Demand and supply of money is the primary reason for economic fluctuations
of a country.

13. OVERINVESTMENT THEORY
If the organizations and individuals save more and invest a huge amount then
their expectations on increase in their returns.

14. OVERSAVINGS THEORY
Increase in savings and investment will bring down the consumption which will
reduce the demand for the goods in the market.

15. INNOVATIVE THEORY
More innovations lead to new technology and new business that leads to
prosperity in the economy

16. THANK YOU!!!