This document defines systems and types of systems. It discusses: - Systems have organized parts that work together towards an overall goal, with inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback. - Types of systems include deterministic and probabilistic, open and closed, natural and manufactured, social and machine. - Deterministic systems operate predictably while probabilistic systems have uncertain behavior. Open systems interact with the environment but closed systems do not.

1. UNIT 2 : CONCEPTS OF SYSTEMS
2.1. Definition of system in an organization
2.2. Types of systems
2.2.1. Deterministic probabilistic systems
2.2.2. Open and close systems

2. System in an organization
 A system is an organized collection of
parts (components) that are highly
integrated (interrelated) in order to
accomplish an overall goal.
 The system has various inputs which are
processed to produce certain outputs
that together, accomplish the overall goal
desired by the organization.

3.  There is ongoing feedback among
these various parts to ensure they
remain aligned to accomplish the
overall goal of the organization.
 There are several classes of systems,
ranging from very simple frameworks
all the way to social systems, which
are the most complex. Organizations
are, of course, social systems.

4.  Systems have inputs, processes,
outputs and outcomes.
 Each organization has numerous
subsystems. Common examples of
subsystems are departments,
programs, projects, teams, processes
to produce products or services, etc.

5. Input Processing Output
Feedback
Information System
Suppliers
Environment
Customers
Agenicies Stockholders Competitors

6. System Boundaries
 Systems have boundaries.
 The 'boundaries' of system are the
limits within which system works.
 Boundaries may in the form of
features, areas or constraints.
 System operates within the boundary.

7. Types of Systems
1. Conceptual and Empirical
2. Natural and Manufactured
3. Social, People-Machine and machine
4. Open and Closed
5. Permanent and Temporary
6. Stationary and Non-stationary
7. Sub-system and Non-subsystem
8. Adaptive and non-adaptive
9. Simple and Complex
10.Stable and Dynamic
11.Deterministic and Probabilistic

8. 1. Conceptual and Empirical
 Conceptual Systems are concern with
theoretical structured, which may or
may not have counter part in the
world. Eg. Business Decision Map
 Empirical System is made up of
people, materials, machines, energy
and physical things.

9. 2. Natural and Manufactured
 Natural systems are created by the
nature.
 For example:
 Stellar Systems : Galaxies, solar systems etc.
 Geological Systems: Rivers, mountain ranges, etc.
 Biological Systems : Humans.
 Molecular Systems : Complex organizations of atoms.
 Manufactured System is the man-
made system. For example, Rockets,
dams, trains.

10. 3. Social, People-Machine and
machine
 Social System is made up of people. For
example, social clubs, societies.
 In Human-Machine System, both
human and machines are involved to
perform a particular task. For example,
Computer programming.
 Machine System is where human
interference is neglected. All the tasks are
performed by the machine. For example,
an autonomous robot.

11. 4. Open and Closed
 An open system must interact with
its environment.
 It receives inputs from and delivers
outputs to the outside of the system.
 For example, an information system
which must adapt to the changing
environmental conditions.

12.  A closed system does not interact
with its environment.
 It is isolated from environmental
influences.
 A completely closed system is rare in
reality.

13. 5. Permanent and Temporary
 Permanent System persists for long
time.
 For example, business policies.
 Temporary System is made for
specified time and after that they are
demolished.
 For example, A DJ system is set up for
a program and it is dissembled after
the program.

14. 6. Stationary and Non-stationary
 A Stationary system is one whose
properties and operations either do
not very in repetitive cycle.
 For example: Factory, Super Market
Operation
 An advertising organization, Research
and Development laboratory are non-
stationary systems.

15. 7. Sub-system and Non-subsystem
 Each system is part of a large system.
The business firm is viewed as the
system or total system when focus is
on production, distribution of goal and
sources of profit and income.
 The total system consists of all the
objects, attributes and relationship
necessary to accomplish an objective
given a number of constraints.

16. 7. Sub-system and Non-subsystem
 Sub systems are the smaller systems
within a system.
 Super system denotes extremely large
and complex system.

17. 8. Adaptive and non-adaptive
 A system that reacts to its environment
to such way to improve with
functioning achievement of survival
its called adaptive system,
 Ex :Human beings.
 Those system that do not react or
adapt to the environment are called
non-adaptive system.
 Ex :Machines.

18. 9. Simple and Complex
 Simple system have few component
and the relationship or interaction
between elements is an uncomplicated
and straight.
 Complex system has many
component that are highly related and
inter connected.

19. 10. Stable and Dynamic
 Stable systems undergoes very little
change over time.
 Dynamic systems repeatedly goes over
time.

20. 11. Deterministic and Probabilistic
 Deterministic system operates in a
predictable manner and the
interaction between system
components is known with certainty.
 For example, two molecules of
hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen
makes water.

21. Deterministic System
 A system is deterministic if its outputs are
certain.
 This means that the relationships between
its components are fully known and
certain.
 A deterministic system is one in which the
occurrence of all events is known with
certainty.
 If the description of the system state at a
particular point of time of its operation is
given, the next state can be perfectly
predicted.

22.  A Deterministic System has a single
result or set of results given a set of
input parameters.

23. Probabilistic System
 Probabilistic System shows uncertain
behavior. The exact output is not
known.
 For example, Weather forecasting,
mail delivery.

24.  It is also known as Stochastic Model,
Stochastic Process or Stochastic
System.
 Solved using Monte-Carlo Method.
 A Computer Program uses a pseudo
random number generator to provide
values of the attributes of the system that
vary.
 The alternative to this method is to solve
the problem using mathematics of
probability.

25. Open System
 Open systems are computer systems
that provide some combination of
interoperability, portability and open
software standards.
 Open systems are systems which allow
users to contributes, manipulate, edit,
use, reuse, mashup and in some way
actually create or alter content.

26.  If you modify a software it is probably
an open system.
 If your system is exchange from
environment and is influenced by the
environment then it is called OPEN
SYSTEM.

27.  All real systems are open systems.
 For example:
 For example: Human body and forecasting

28. Closed System
 If a system is functioning in isolation
from the environment, then the
system does not have any exchange
with the environment nor it is
influenced by the environment changes
such systems are CLOSED SYSTEM.
 For example: Accounting System, stock

29.  Closed systems are systems which
allow user to use content as it is,
with minimal to modification to the
actual system or program.

30.  The earth is a closed system. It
receives lots of energy from the sun
but the exchange of matter with the
outside is not possible.
 For example: Accounting System, stock,
solar system.

31. Difference between Deterministic
System and Probabilistic System
Deterministic System Probabilistic System
A deterministic model is meant to
give a single solution describing
the outcome of some experiment
given appropriate inputs.
A probabilistic model is meant to
give a distribution of possible
outcomes.
A deterministic system operates
in a predictable manner.
A probabilistic system behaviour
is not predicted.
A system is deterministic if its
outputs are certain. which means
that the relationships between its
components are fully known and
certain.
A probabilistic system is one
where the output from the
system behaves probabilistically.
Example :- A computer program
which performs exactly to a set of
instructions.
Example :- An inventory system.

32. Difference between Open and Closed
System
Open System Closed System
An open system is one that
interacts with its environment.
A closed system is one that does
not interacts with its
environment.
All systems containing living
organism are obviously open
systems because they are
affected by what is sensed by
the organism.
Whatever environment
surrounds, the closed system
does not change or if it does, a
barrier exists between the
environment and the system
from being affected.
In reality, an open system must
exist.
Whether a closed system never
exists.

33. Open System Closed System
The demand forecasting is an
example of open system.
All kind of accounting system,
case, stock, attendance of
employee is closed system.
Example: Industry is a part of
national economic system, which
is in turn a system, within the
world system is also an open
system.
Example: The scientists who
device a laboratory system to
measure the elastically of a
metal is assuming a closed
system.
Every social organization is an
open system.
For simple operational lower
level functional management is
closed system.