The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes various phases for developing and maintaining systems. The key phases are: system investigation, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. The feasibility study phase evaluates the technical, operational, economic, motivational, and schedule feasibility of a proposed system. The system analysis phase involves studying user requirements and the current system. System design then specifies how the new system will meet requirements through elements like data design, user interface design, and process design. This produces specifications for the system.
The document discusses systems analysis and design (SAD), which refers to the process of examining a business situation with the intent of improving it through better procedures and methods. SAD involves defining problems, requirements, and specifications, as well as designing solutions and implementations. It discusses the various phases of system development like planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. It also describes different approaches to system development like process-oriented, object-oriented, and data-oriented. Finally, it discusses different system development life cycle (SDLC) models like waterfall, spiral, and agile models.
Planning, design and implementation of information systemsOnline
The document outlines the stages in the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), including system investigation, analysis, design, implementation, maintenance and evaluation. It describes the key activities in each phase such as conducting feasibility studies, gathering functional requirements, designing the user interface and data structures, testing the system, and ongoing maintenance. Alternative approaches like prototyping are also covered, which allow for rapid development and user feedback early in the process.
The document describes the six phases of the systems development life cycle: 1) preliminary investigation, 2) systems analysis, 3) systems design, 4) systems development, 5) systems implementation, and 6) systems maintenance. Each phase involves specific activities like gathering requirements, designing system components, developing and acquiring software/hardware, testing, training users, and ongoing maintenance. Traceability matrices are used to map requirements to designs and validate that the life cycle process is followed.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which consists of 6 phases: 1) recognition of need, 2) feasibility study, 3) analysis, 4) design, 5) implementation, and 6) post-implementation and maintenance. It provides details on each phase, including that analysis involves defining system boundaries and collecting data, design determines how the problem will be solved through technical specifications, and implementation includes user training, testing, and file conversion. The overall SDLC process gives a system project meaning and direction by thoroughly understanding user needs from recognition through ongoing maintenance.
The systems approach is a problem solving technique that uses systems thinking to define problems, opportunities, and develop solutions by considering interrelationships and processes of change. The systems development lifecycle includes stages like systems investigation, feasibility study, systems analysis, systems design, implementation, and maintenance. A feasibility study determines if a proposed system is organizationally, economically, technically, and operationally feasible by considering costs, benefits, and resource requirements. Systems analysis studies user information needs and current systems. Systems design develops specifications to meet requirements from the analysis. Implementation activities include acquiring hardware/software, testing, converting data, training, and documentation.
The system development life cycle is a framework consisting of several stages used to develop information systems and software. It includes requirements analysis, design, implementation, and post-implementation maintenance. The key stages are system analysis and design. The stages include recognition of needs, feasibility study, analysis, design, implementation, and post-implementation maintenance. Each stage addresses important questions and lays the foundation for successful completion of subsequent stages.
The document provides an overview of IT project management. It discusses systems development, understanding business needs through business process modeling, the roles of various participants in system development including users and specialists. It also covers the systems analysis and design process, guidelines for systems development including developing accurate cost and benefit information, and maintaining flexibility. Project management tasks like defining, planning, scheduling, monitoring and controlling, and reporting are also summarized.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes various phases for developing and maintaining systems. The key phases are: system investigation, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. The feasibility study phase evaluates the technical, operational, economic, motivational, and schedule feasibility of a proposed system. The system analysis phase involves studying user requirements and the current system. System design then specifies how the new system will meet requirements through elements like data design, user interface design, and process design. This produces specifications for the system.
The document discusses systems analysis and design (SAD), which refers to the process of examining a business situation with the intent of improving it through better procedures and methods. SAD involves defining problems, requirements, and specifications, as well as designing solutions and implementations. It discusses the various phases of system development like planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. It also describes different approaches to system development like process-oriented, object-oriented, and data-oriented. Finally, it discusses different system development life cycle (SDLC) models like waterfall, spiral, and agile models.
Planning, design and implementation of information systemsOnline
The document outlines the stages in the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), including system investigation, analysis, design, implementation, maintenance and evaluation. It describes the key activities in each phase such as conducting feasibility studies, gathering functional requirements, designing the user interface and data structures, testing the system, and ongoing maintenance. Alternative approaches like prototyping are also covered, which allow for rapid development and user feedback early in the process.
The document describes the six phases of the systems development life cycle: 1) preliminary investigation, 2) systems analysis, 3) systems design, 4) systems development, 5) systems implementation, and 6) systems maintenance. Each phase involves specific activities like gathering requirements, designing system components, developing and acquiring software/hardware, testing, training users, and ongoing maintenance. Traceability matrices are used to map requirements to designs and validate that the life cycle process is followed.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which consists of 6 phases: 1) recognition of need, 2) feasibility study, 3) analysis, 4) design, 5) implementation, and 6) post-implementation and maintenance. It provides details on each phase, including that analysis involves defining system boundaries and collecting data, design determines how the problem will be solved through technical specifications, and implementation includes user training, testing, and file conversion. The overall SDLC process gives a system project meaning and direction by thoroughly understanding user needs from recognition through ongoing maintenance.
The systems approach is a problem solving technique that uses systems thinking to define problems, opportunities, and develop solutions by considering interrelationships and processes of change. The systems development lifecycle includes stages like systems investigation, feasibility study, systems analysis, systems design, implementation, and maintenance. A feasibility study determines if a proposed system is organizationally, economically, technically, and operationally feasible by considering costs, benefits, and resource requirements. Systems analysis studies user information needs and current systems. Systems design develops specifications to meet requirements from the analysis. Implementation activities include acquiring hardware/software, testing, converting data, training, and documentation.
The system development life cycle is a framework consisting of several stages used to develop information systems and software. It includes requirements analysis, design, implementation, and post-implementation maintenance. The key stages are system analysis and design. The stages include recognition of needs, feasibility study, analysis, design, implementation, and post-implementation maintenance. Each stage addresses important questions and lays the foundation for successful completion of subsequent stages.
The document provides an overview of IT project management. It discusses systems development, understanding business needs through business process modeling, the roles of various participants in system development including users and specialists. It also covers the systems analysis and design process, guidelines for systems development including developing accurate cost and benefit information, and maintaining flexibility. Project management tasks like defining, planning, scheduling, monitoring and controlling, and reporting are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of system development and information systems. It discusses reasons for creating or modifying systems, such as to correct problems or improve existing systems. It then describes the system development life cycle process, which involves six phases: preliminary investigation, system analysis, system design, system development, system implementation, and system operation and maintenance. It also discusses topics such as the roles of systems analysts, feasibility analysis, different approaches to system development, and implementation considerations.
· Choose an information system for an individual project. During .docxLynellBull52
· Choose an information system for an individual project. During the course your project will be developing a hypothetical system. Each week you will develop parts of the plan. Weekly assignments include a system description, needs analysis, feasibility analysis, data analysis, process analysis, and financial analysis. The final assignment will be to consolidate all previous assignments into one document.
· The role of the facilitator will be to function as the business leader or stake holder who will use the proposed system for competitive advantage. Each student will interview the facilitator as well as the balance of the class duringproject description and needs analysisphase.
· Write and submit a detailed description of the information system chosen for the Information Systems Plan. Include the system name, type of system, key system benefits, along with interrelations and interdependencies with other systems. If there is an existing system to be replaced or upgraded, provide a description of the replacement or upgrade and the associated supporting technology.
·
1
1. Project Initiation Phase
Validation Master Plan (VP)
2. Requirement Phase
Traceability Matrix
3. Analysis Phase Phaseition Phase
Traceability Matrix
(update solution column)
5. Development Phase and Testing
6. Implementation Phase
Planned
Site SOPs
Technology Architecture
Project Definition
PPQ
Traceability Matrix
(update test column)
System Design Specification (SDS)
4. Design Phase
Technical System Design
Validation Report (VR)
Traceability Matrix
(update solution column)
Test Plan (TP)
Updated or created
IT SOPs
System and software IQ’s
(Production)
Testing
System/OQ, Integration, User
Acceptance Test cases (TC)
(pre-approved and executed)
Post Live
Deliverable archiving
Change Control procedure
User and System
manuals, training, guidelines
System Retirement Strategy
Transition Plan
System and software IQ’s
Test Report (TR)
Requirements
(System and Functional)
Site Q review of each deliverable will occur as a consequence of project milestones.
Delivered
2
Validation Packet How is it done?
Each packet is organized based on the uniqueness of the project. The basic deliverables really don’t change that much. Remember – Validation packet is based on a proven model based on an evolving IO/IA viewpoint years of expertise has gone into this. . .
The basic 6-phase SDLC approach is the structure. Makes little difference if SDLC or something else is the structure – project methodologies are basically the same . . .
E-room and/or any team-accessed file structure solution is the working repository of documentation activity – that occur as a function of milestone project. A key element of validation packet is the fact that quality review is an active function - “Green Light”.
Project team members are assigned key deliverables and off we go . . .
The tracking of deliverables becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy of validated d.
The document summarizes the key steps and considerations in conducting a feasibility study for a proposed system. It discusses the three main feasibility factors - economic, technical, and behavioral. It outlines the 8 steps in a feasibility study: forming a project team, preparing flowcharts, enumerating candidate systems, describing system characteristics, evaluating performance and costs, weighting systems, selecting the best system, and reporting findings. The economic, technical, and behavioral aspects of each candidate system are evaluated before a recommendation is made.
The document discusses various methods for determining requirements in the system analysis phase of the system development life cycle (SDLC). It describes traditional methods like interviews, observations, and document analysis to gather requirements information. It also discusses modern techniques like joint application design (JAD) sessions and prototyping to structure requirements. JAD involves key stakeholders collaboratively identifying and documenting requirements. Prototyping can be useful when requirements are unclear but has potential drawbacks like becoming too focused on initial user needs or bypassing other SDLC checks. The primary deliverables of requirements determination are the various documents and notes produced to capture what the new system should do.
The document discusses different approaches to systems building, including the traditional systems lifecycle model consisting of definition, feasibility, design, development, testing, implementation, evaluation and maintenance phases. It also covers prototyping, using application software packages, end-user development, outsourcing, structured methodologies, object-oriented development, computer-aided software engineering and software reengineering.
The document discusses end user computing (EUC) and its management within organizations. It defines EUC as application development done by end users rather than trained IT professionals. Key points include motivations for EUC like fast changing requirements, tools used like spreadsheets and databases, the role of information centers in providing support, and both pros and cons like relieving developer shortages but also risks to requirements and quality.
This document provides an overview of system analysis and design. It discusses key concepts like information, information systems, and information system components. It also describes different types of information systems and system development methods like structured analysis, object oriented analysis, and agile methods. The document then discusses the system development life cycle and provides a detailed example of the SDLC for a clinic management system. It concludes with describing various life cycle models for software development projects.
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC).pptxsandhyakiran10
The document describes the system development life cycle (SDLC) process. It involves several key phases: problem definition, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, system development, implementation, and maintenance. In the system analysis phase, requirements are gathered through interviews, documentation review, and other techniques. System design then specifies how the system will meet requirements through elements like the user interface, data design, and process design. The system is built during development, tested, and then implemented, which may involve training, file conversion, and evaluation. Maintenance keeps the system meeting needs with ongoing support. Accountants can be involved throughout by specifying needs, testing, and using the new system.
BUILDING A CUSTOMER FOCUSED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (QMS).pdfAkshay Naigaonkar
The document provides steps for developing a process matrix to build a customer-focused quality management system. It involves brainstorming all major processes, trimming the list to around 20 processes, and creating a matrix template with the processes listed in the left column. For each process, the matrix identifies the owner, activities, inputs, outputs, customers, documentation, monitoring, and effectiveness criteria. The completed process matrix becomes a roadmap for the entire management system by clearly showing how processes are interrelated and managed.
The document describes steps for developing a process matrix to build a customer-focused quality management system. It involves brainstorming all major processes, trimming the list to around 20 processes, and creating a matrix template. For each process, the matrix identifies the owner, activities, inputs, outputs, customers, documentation, monitoring, and effectiveness criteria. Completing the process matrix provides a roadmap for understanding how processes fit together and are managed to create a customer-focused system with benefits like improved understanding, decision-making, and teamwork. An example process matrix is also provided.
The document provides an overview of system planning and requirements analysis. It discusses identifying a system development project through top-down or bottom-up planning. It also covers planning the system development project, which involves preliminary investigation and fact-finding techniques like interviews. Requirements analysis is then explained as determining user needs through communication with stakeholders. The requirements analysis process, modeling, and an example are described. System planning and requirements analysis are important initial phases in the system development life cycle.
The document outlines the steps of the Problem Solving Methodology (PSM), which includes analysis, design, development, testing, documentation, and evaluation. It provides details about each step, such as analyzing the problem to determine if it is worth solving, designing the solution requirements, developing the system, testing it, and finally evaluating if the system meets its objectives.
The document discusses various approaches to system analysis including waterfall, prototyping, rapid application development, and agile methods. It describes the typical phases of system analysis as planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support/maintenance. Key aspects of requirements analysis are covered such as information discovery techniques like interviews, questionnaires, and joint application design sessions. The benefits and shortcomings of different system analysis methodologies are also summarized.
The document discusses planning for systems analysis. It emphasizes the importance of carefully planning the approach to ensure adequate understanding of requirements. The analyst should understand project objectives and constraints. Face-to-face meetings with clients help build rapport and gather key information. Time management is also important, as there are many tasks to complete within limited time. The feasibility study determines if a project is possible and beneficial, considering operational, technical, economic and schedule feasibility.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which is a conceptual model for developing or altering systems throughout their lifecycle. The SDLC includes planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance phases. It is a systematic approach that breaks the work into required phases to implement new or modified information systems. The system analyst guides the system development project by defining requirements, designing logical system structures, and ensuring the system meets user needs.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design. It discusses traditional software development approaches versus object-oriented approaches. The key aspects of object-oriented development covered include objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. Software development life cycle stages like planning, analysis, design, implementation and testing are also summarized. The document compares structured and object-oriented approaches and provides examples of object-oriented programming and design methodologies.
Software is a set of instructions and data structures that enable computer programs to provide desired functions and manipulate information. Software engineering is the systematic development and maintenance of software. It differs from software programming in that engineering involves teams developing complex, long-lasting systems through roles like architect and manager, while programming involves single developers building small, short-term applications. A software development life cycle like waterfall or spiral model provides structure to a project through phases from requirements to maintenance. Rapid application development emphasizes short cycles through business, data, and process modeling to create reusable components and reduce testing time.
This chapter discusses the systems analysis phase of the SDLC. The objectives are to understand the proposed project, ensure it supports business needs, and provide a foundation for design. Key activities include requirements modeling using tools like use case diagrams, data and process modeling, and considering development strategies. The chapter also covers fact-finding techniques like interviews, documentation review and questionnaires to understand requirements and system stakeholders.
This document provides an overview of system analysis and design. It discusses the initial investigation process, which includes problem definition, background analysis, fact finding, fact analysis, and determining feasibility. The goal of the initial investigation is to determine if a user's request to change an existing system is valid and feasible. It outlines gathering information about the existing system through documentation review, observations, and interviews to understand requirements and issues. Diagrams and charts are used to analyze facts collected. The investigation aims to summarize data and provide an understanding of the system to determine feasibility of the proposed changes.
This document provides an overview of system development and information systems. It discusses reasons for creating or modifying systems, such as to correct problems or improve existing systems. It then describes the system development life cycle process, which involves six phases: preliminary investigation, system analysis, system design, system development, system implementation, and system operation and maintenance. It also discusses topics such as the roles of systems analysts, feasibility analysis, different approaches to system development, and implementation considerations.
· Choose an information system for an individual project. During .docxLynellBull52
· Choose an information system for an individual project. During the course your project will be developing a hypothetical system. Each week you will develop parts of the plan. Weekly assignments include a system description, needs analysis, feasibility analysis, data analysis, process analysis, and financial analysis. The final assignment will be to consolidate all previous assignments into one document.
· The role of the facilitator will be to function as the business leader or stake holder who will use the proposed system for competitive advantage. Each student will interview the facilitator as well as the balance of the class duringproject description and needs analysisphase.
· Write and submit a detailed description of the information system chosen for the Information Systems Plan. Include the system name, type of system, key system benefits, along with interrelations and interdependencies with other systems. If there is an existing system to be replaced or upgraded, provide a description of the replacement or upgrade and the associated supporting technology.
·
1
1. Project Initiation Phase
Validation Master Plan (VP)
2. Requirement Phase
Traceability Matrix
3. Analysis Phase Phaseition Phase
Traceability Matrix
(update solution column)
5. Development Phase and Testing
6. Implementation Phase
Planned
Site SOPs
Technology Architecture
Project Definition
PPQ
Traceability Matrix
(update test column)
System Design Specification (SDS)
4. Design Phase
Technical System Design
Validation Report (VR)
Traceability Matrix
(update solution column)
Test Plan (TP)
Updated or created
IT SOPs
System and software IQ’s
(Production)
Testing
System/OQ, Integration, User
Acceptance Test cases (TC)
(pre-approved and executed)
Post Live
Deliverable archiving
Change Control procedure
User and System
manuals, training, guidelines
System Retirement Strategy
Transition Plan
System and software IQ’s
Test Report (TR)
Requirements
(System and Functional)
Site Q review of each deliverable will occur as a consequence of project milestones.
Delivered
2
Validation Packet How is it done?
Each packet is organized based on the uniqueness of the project. The basic deliverables really don’t change that much. Remember – Validation packet is based on a proven model based on an evolving IO/IA viewpoint years of expertise has gone into this. . .
The basic 6-phase SDLC approach is the structure. Makes little difference if SDLC or something else is the structure – project methodologies are basically the same . . .
E-room and/or any team-accessed file structure solution is the working repository of documentation activity – that occur as a function of milestone project. A key element of validation packet is the fact that quality review is an active function - “Green Light”.
Project team members are assigned key deliverables and off we go . . .
The tracking of deliverables becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy of validated d.
The document summarizes the key steps and considerations in conducting a feasibility study for a proposed system. It discusses the three main feasibility factors - economic, technical, and behavioral. It outlines the 8 steps in a feasibility study: forming a project team, preparing flowcharts, enumerating candidate systems, describing system characteristics, evaluating performance and costs, weighting systems, selecting the best system, and reporting findings. The economic, technical, and behavioral aspects of each candidate system are evaluated before a recommendation is made.
The document discusses various methods for determining requirements in the system analysis phase of the system development life cycle (SDLC). It describes traditional methods like interviews, observations, and document analysis to gather requirements information. It also discusses modern techniques like joint application design (JAD) sessions and prototyping to structure requirements. JAD involves key stakeholders collaboratively identifying and documenting requirements. Prototyping can be useful when requirements are unclear but has potential drawbacks like becoming too focused on initial user needs or bypassing other SDLC checks. The primary deliverables of requirements determination are the various documents and notes produced to capture what the new system should do.
The document discusses different approaches to systems building, including the traditional systems lifecycle model consisting of definition, feasibility, design, development, testing, implementation, evaluation and maintenance phases. It also covers prototyping, using application software packages, end-user development, outsourcing, structured methodologies, object-oriented development, computer-aided software engineering and software reengineering.
The document discusses end user computing (EUC) and its management within organizations. It defines EUC as application development done by end users rather than trained IT professionals. Key points include motivations for EUC like fast changing requirements, tools used like spreadsheets and databases, the role of information centers in providing support, and both pros and cons like relieving developer shortages but also risks to requirements and quality.
This document provides an overview of system analysis and design. It discusses key concepts like information, information systems, and information system components. It also describes different types of information systems and system development methods like structured analysis, object oriented analysis, and agile methods. The document then discusses the system development life cycle and provides a detailed example of the SDLC for a clinic management system. It concludes with describing various life cycle models for software development projects.
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC).pptxsandhyakiran10
The document describes the system development life cycle (SDLC) process. It involves several key phases: problem definition, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, system development, implementation, and maintenance. In the system analysis phase, requirements are gathered through interviews, documentation review, and other techniques. System design then specifies how the system will meet requirements through elements like the user interface, data design, and process design. The system is built during development, tested, and then implemented, which may involve training, file conversion, and evaluation. Maintenance keeps the system meeting needs with ongoing support. Accountants can be involved throughout by specifying needs, testing, and using the new system.
BUILDING A CUSTOMER FOCUSED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (QMS).pdfAkshay Naigaonkar
The document provides steps for developing a process matrix to build a customer-focused quality management system. It involves brainstorming all major processes, trimming the list to around 20 processes, and creating a matrix template with the processes listed in the left column. For each process, the matrix identifies the owner, activities, inputs, outputs, customers, documentation, monitoring, and effectiveness criteria. The completed process matrix becomes a roadmap for the entire management system by clearly showing how processes are interrelated and managed.
The document describes steps for developing a process matrix to build a customer-focused quality management system. It involves brainstorming all major processes, trimming the list to around 20 processes, and creating a matrix template. For each process, the matrix identifies the owner, activities, inputs, outputs, customers, documentation, monitoring, and effectiveness criteria. Completing the process matrix provides a roadmap for understanding how processes fit together and are managed to create a customer-focused system with benefits like improved understanding, decision-making, and teamwork. An example process matrix is also provided.
The document provides an overview of system planning and requirements analysis. It discusses identifying a system development project through top-down or bottom-up planning. It also covers planning the system development project, which involves preliminary investigation and fact-finding techniques like interviews. Requirements analysis is then explained as determining user needs through communication with stakeholders. The requirements analysis process, modeling, and an example are described. System planning and requirements analysis are important initial phases in the system development life cycle.
The document outlines the steps of the Problem Solving Methodology (PSM), which includes analysis, design, development, testing, documentation, and evaluation. It provides details about each step, such as analyzing the problem to determine if it is worth solving, designing the solution requirements, developing the system, testing it, and finally evaluating if the system meets its objectives.
The document discusses various approaches to system analysis including waterfall, prototyping, rapid application development, and agile methods. It describes the typical phases of system analysis as planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support/maintenance. Key aspects of requirements analysis are covered such as information discovery techniques like interviews, questionnaires, and joint application design sessions. The benefits and shortcomings of different system analysis methodologies are also summarized.
The document discusses planning for systems analysis. It emphasizes the importance of carefully planning the approach to ensure adequate understanding of requirements. The analyst should understand project objectives and constraints. Face-to-face meetings with clients help build rapport and gather key information. Time management is also important, as there are many tasks to complete within limited time. The feasibility study determines if a project is possible and beneficial, considering operational, technical, economic and schedule feasibility.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which is a conceptual model for developing or altering systems throughout their lifecycle. The SDLC includes planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance phases. It is a systematic approach that breaks the work into required phases to implement new or modified information systems. The system analyst guides the system development project by defining requirements, designing logical system structures, and ensuring the system meets user needs.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design. It discusses traditional software development approaches versus object-oriented approaches. The key aspects of object-oriented development covered include objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. Software development life cycle stages like planning, analysis, design, implementation and testing are also summarized. The document compares structured and object-oriented approaches and provides examples of object-oriented programming and design methodologies.
Software is a set of instructions and data structures that enable computer programs to provide desired functions and manipulate information. Software engineering is the systematic development and maintenance of software. It differs from software programming in that engineering involves teams developing complex, long-lasting systems through roles like architect and manager, while programming involves single developers building small, short-term applications. A software development life cycle like waterfall or spiral model provides structure to a project through phases from requirements to maintenance. Rapid application development emphasizes short cycles through business, data, and process modeling to create reusable components and reduce testing time.
This chapter discusses the systems analysis phase of the SDLC. The objectives are to understand the proposed project, ensure it supports business needs, and provide a foundation for design. Key activities include requirements modeling using tools like use case diagrams, data and process modeling, and considering development strategies. The chapter also covers fact-finding techniques like interviews, documentation review and questionnaires to understand requirements and system stakeholders.
This document provides an overview of system analysis and design. It discusses the initial investigation process, which includes problem definition, background analysis, fact finding, fact analysis, and determining feasibility. The goal of the initial investigation is to determine if a user's request to change an existing system is valid and feasible. It outlines gathering information about the existing system through documentation review, observations, and interviews to understand requirements and issues. Diagrams and charts are used to analyze facts collected. The investigation aims to summarize data and provide an understanding of the system to determine feasibility of the proposed changes.
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This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
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Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
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19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
20. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
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1. 1
Introduction to Information Technology – Notes on the SDLC (Dr R.K. Singla)
THE ROLE OF THE SYSTEMS ANALYST.
To analyze business systems with problems and to design new or modify systems to solve the problems.
To develop systems to meet new needs.
To prepare and maintain manuals to communicate company policies and procedures.
To design business forms for collecting and distributing information.
To perform records management. (distribution and use of reports.)
To participate in the selection of information processing equipment and to establish standards for
equipment selection.
To prepare and maintain business organization charts.
Organization charts are a tool for the systems analyst to use to increase their knowledge of operational
processes, job responsibilities, and information flow.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR SYSTEMS ANALYSTS.
There are many requirements for systems analysts within companies. Even as users take over more
responsibility for their own programming, the systems analyst is still needed.
It is a highly paid position and a high position on an organization chart. The MIS department management
usually report to a V.P.
Qualifications.
technical specialist
a leader
able to secure cooperation
non-threatening to others - ie. human relations
creative - designers
good speaker and writer (good communication skills)
The analyst must be able to give good presentations to explain and sell ideas.
Background.
Bachelors or D.E.C + working experience.
Work experience is essential for on the job experience, expertise and management confidence.
Career Path vs Life Cycle
analysis design implementation operation
systems analyst increased
creativity
programmer/analyst
Salary
increased programmer
responsibility
technician
Life Cycle Phases
2. 2
SYSTEMS & SUB-SYSTEMS
A system is a combination of resources working together to convert input into output.
A business information system is a system that uses resources to convert data into information needed to
accomplish the purposes of a business.
Types of business information systems and sub-systems.
Accounting or Finance | Administration | Marketing
- General Ledger | - Payroll | - Sales
- Accounts Payable | - Personnel | - Inventory
- Accounts Receivable | - Pensions | - Distribution
More systems and sub-systems.
A business can be referred to as a system. Within a business there are several sub-systems. In a product-
oriented business the functional activities could be :
Purchasing - raw material from suppliers
Receiving - goods from suppliers
Inventory - storing
Production - designing and manufacturing
Sales - sales to customers
Distribution - of product
Billing - to customers
Collection - from customers
Disbursing - to suppliers
These activities are integrated through management and administration to make a "system of systems" to
meet its objectives and goals.
Product Flow
The physical flow of goods.
ex. raw materials go to assembly and then to finished goods.
Information flow
The flow of support documents through a system.
ex. purchase order prepared in Purchasing, sent to receiving, then to inventory ....
ex. payroll receives time cards then prepares paychecks
INFORMATION SYSTEM LEVELS.
Top Management - Strategic, goals, long-range planning, new products.
Middle Managment - Tactical - allocating and controlling resources, planning.
Lower Managment - Supervisory, short term, day to day scheduling.
Functional - the information for day to day operation.
A management information system spans at least on vertical level, and has feedback and control.
Feedback is comparing output to desired input.
Control is action taken to bring the difference within acceptable range.
THE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Life cycle of a Business Information System
a) Analysis Phase b) Design Phase c) Implementation Phase d) Operation Phase
As a system evolves through these phases there is both forward and backward movement.
Accompanying each phase are:
- performance of tasks - documentation - management reviews
As a result of the reviews, there is feedback where the system may not meet an objective. This will cause a
backward or cycling back of the system.
Systems analysis is the performance, management, and documentation of the activities related to the four
phases. A systems analyst is the individual responsible for the performance of the systems analysis.
3. 3
SUMMARY OF THE ACTIVIES IN EACH STEP OF THE LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)
The Analysis Phase.
The problem is defined.
Alternate solutions are studied.
Recommendations are made to commit resources to the design of the system.
The Design Phase.
A detail design of the system is accomplished.
Technical specifications are prepared for equipment allocation, personnel, and computer programming.
The Implementation Phase.
The computer-based system is constructed from the specifications.
Procedures, manuals, software specifications, and other documentation is completed.
Staff is trained.
System is tested.
The Operation Phase.
The new system is installed, operated, and maintained.
The performance is reviewed.
Changes are managed.
Each phase is documented and reviewed before moving forward. At each phase there can also be a step
back to repeat part or all of a preceding phase.
Reviews of the Life-Cycle Activities.
Management reviews may occur at any time during the life-cycle activities, however a major review at the
conclusion of each step is needed so that a phase can be considered complete. The reviews are an
interaction between the systems analyst and the user.
Decisions that may occur at any review are
- proceed to the next phase
- cancel project
- redo certain parts.
Each successful review is a renewal of management commitment to the project.
DOCUMENTATION.
It is not a task done to "wind-up" an activity.
It is the product and it is continuous and cumulative throughout the project.
The most essential documents are called the base-line specifications.
Performance specification
Design specification
System specification.
It is the visible and measurable end product and is the key to the successful management of the life-cycle.
4. 4
The SDLC first step.
A problem or user need.
A written request originating from the user either on a memo or a standard document is received by the
MIS department. This request serves as an authorization for an initial investigation.
The manager initiating the request informs staff and superiors of the investigation and requests their
cooperation.
The result of the initial investigation or information gathering is a document which serves as the project
directive requesting approval for the system design. Other names for this document - business
specification, performance specification.
Steps involved in this analysis.
1) Define the problem.
2) Data collection - On the organization, the employees, the work, and the work environment.
Start with existing information - company library, existing systems documentation.
Interviews. - be prepared, write down objectives, make appointments, be punctual.
- avoid interruptions, be a good listener, understand what is said.
- be non-committal, take brief notes
Advantages - face to face, flexible, adaptive, informative.
Disadvantages - time-consuming.
Questionnaires. - Types- open, fill in blanks, multiple choice.
Advantage - Economical
Disadvantages - Difficult to prepare, not everyone responds, will results be reliable and valid?
Observation. - Study the flow of work through the office.
Experience needed to know when and what to look for, and to prepare data flow diagrams.
Advantages - highly valid, first hand information.
Disadvantage - inconvenient, certain tasks are not daily.
Research. - external – trade magazines, vendors.
3) Prepare report consisting of: Statement of scope and objectives,
data flow diagrams, identification of system inputs and outputs.
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
1) Technical Feasibility?
Can it be done with existing technology?
2) Economic Feasibility?
Will the cost be offset by the benefits?
3) Operational Feasibility?
Will it work in the organization?
Economic feasibility or cost justification. At what point will the system become profitable.
Methods. Break-even analysis and ROI - Return on Investment
Note: Economic feasibility cannot be the only factor in a feasibility study as many benefits are
intangible and hard to quantify.
TANGIBLE BENEFITS INTANGIBLE BENEFITS
Increased sales Improved customer goodwill
Reduced expenses Improved employee morale
Reduced credit losses Better decision making
5. 5
Steps in the Feasibility Analysis
1) Form the system team. Users, management, technical staff.
2) Develop overview flowcharts. DFD from initial investigation.
3) Determine candidate systems. Hardware, processing, software.
4) Eliminate obvious candidates which:
- are too costly
- overkill the task
- beyond the technical knowledge
of the company
5) Detail the remaining candidates.
Input, output, processing, and storage requirements, and constraints.
6) Identify criteria for evaluation.
Performance criteria:
-reliability, accuracy, control, growth, flexibility, response time, usability
Costs:
-equipment, training, development, operation
7) Use a matrix to evaluate candidates with respect to the criteria. Assign a weight to each criteria.
- Rate each candidate (1 to 5)
- Multiply by the weight
- Add the scores for each candidate
8) The analyst should look at the closest highest scores, select the "best" system, and prepare a
recommendation.
DESIGN PHASE
INPUT DESIGN
Equipment
KEY-ENTRY - keyboard
DOCUMENT SCANNERS
- OCR - optical character reader (grocery checkout - bar codes)
- MICR - magnetic ink character reader (bank cheques)
- OMR - optical mark reader (exam scoring)
APPLICATION DEPENDENT TERMINALS
- ATM - automated teller machines
OTHER
- voice - touch-screen - light-pen
Evaluation
EVALUATE USER - application dependent terminal for general public
EVALUATE APPLICATION - speed considerations, volume of data, accuracy, control
EVALUATE COST
SCREEN DESIGN
Design considerations
- sequence must match input form
- place related items together
- field length and format must be known (MM/DD/YY)
- be consistent with field identifiers, messages, screen headers, and footers
- place data in same location on similar screens
- do not overcrowd the screen
- for columns of data, note that the cursor usually moves from left to right before top to bottom
- left justify text and alphanumeric data, right justify numeric data, line-up the decimal points
FORMS DESIGN AND OUTPUT DESIGN
6. 6
FILE DESIGN or DATABASE DESIGN
Steps involved in file design:
1) Establish the application support files, adding any required intermediate files needed to pass data
between the processing steps. Establish controls - backup files.
For each file,
2) Specify the access method required for each processing step.
3) Specify the organization required.
4) Specify the equipment needed to store the file. (disk, tape)
5) Determine the contents.
6) Determine the size.
Characteristics evaluated during file design.
- processing method
- required response time
- activity rate (number of transactions per processing run)
- volatility (number of adds, deletions)
- backup requirements
- device capacity
- costs (storage, maintenance, processing)
Some design considerations for placement of elements within a file:
- group keys at the beginning
- group related items together
- group most frequently used elements at the beginning
Types of files:
MASTER FILES Basic information about identified entities. Fairly static.
TRANSACTION FILES Records of source transactions used to update master files.
REFERENCE FILES Constant data used in an application run.
Tables not coded in programs since they can require updates occasionally. Tax tables.
ARCHIVAL OR HISTORY FILES Files kept for statistical or research purposes.
Transaction files that have been processed.
BACKUP FILES Copies of master or transaction files for the purpose of recovering lost
or damaged files. Several generations may be kept.
TRANSACTION LOG FILES Electronic journals kept for an audit trail on on-line systems.
Used for recovery during an on-line update.
Access Methods
PHYSICAL SEQUENTIAL OR SERIAL
Records are read in the same order in which they were recorded.
LOGICAL SEQUENTIAL OR KEY SEQUENCE
Records are read in a logical order according to a key field.
DIRECT Records are accessed by a value or key.
File Organizations
SEQUENTIAL Records are written one after the other. The file must always be read in the same order
and always from the beginning. To update, a new file must be created.
INDEXED Records can be accessed both sequentially or randomly by a key. Index files are maintained
to support the random access.
DIRECT Records are stored and located according to an address calculated by a mathematical formula
applied to a key. Fastest access. Does not handle large quantities of additions and deletions well.
DBMS - DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM A group of logically related files. A method used to
reduce redundant data between files and systems. Allows sequential and direct access.
Requires a data base administrator to control application usage of data, to synchronize backup
procedures and to maintain the data base. The design of a database includes data modeling
(normalization and entity-relationship diagrams).
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION
7. 7
DECISION TABLES
A decision table is a tabular representation of:
1) Conditions: factors to consider in making a decision.
2) Actions: steps to be taken when a certain combination of conditions exist.
3) Rules: specific combinations of conditions and the actions to be taken
DESIGN OF CONTROLS
System controls are defined as "a plan to ensure that only valid data is accepted and processed
completely and accurately."
Controls must be built into the system and become an integrated part of the design of the system.
Controls are needed to:
1) ensure accuracy of data and reports
2) ensure integrity of files
3) ensure confidentiality of data
4) prevent fraud.
Types of controls: Methods:
- access controls - passwords
- source document controls - prenumbering
- data entry controls - batch totals
- processing controls - edit programs
- output controls - balance totals
- file controls - backup files
- documentation controls - up-to-date documentation
- organizational controls - separate duties
The user has a major responsibility towards defining adequate controls. Walk-throughs provide an
effective means of evaluating controls. Controls must be documented in the design specifications for the
system.
STEPS INVOLVED IN THE IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
1) Implementation plan
-Formal test plan The formal test plan describes the stages of testing:
- program or module tests
- system test done in stages - sample data, test file, pilot test, simulated live test,
- user acceptance test
- Training plan An outline describing the methods for training users and operation staff.
- Conversion plan A plan describing the conversion requirements of the system
2) Equipment aquisition and installation.
- Site preparation, equipment installation, and hardware and software checking.
- The equipment availability and check must be done in time for system tests.
3) Computer program development
- Computer program design
- Coding and debugging
- Program tests
4) Reference manual preparation
- Programmer's manual, Operation's manual, User's manual
5) Personnel training
6) System tests
7) Conversion
8) System specification
8. 8
TEST LOG
PROGRAM: ________________
TEST OR | | EXPECTED | ACTUAL | DATE | DATE |
CONDITION | DATA | RESULTS | RESULTS | TESTED | CORRECTED|
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
------------- OR --------------
TEST LOG # ____
PROGRAM: ________________
TEST: _________________________________________
_________________________________________
ERROR: _________________________________________
_________________________________________
TESTED BY: _________________
----------------------------------------------------------------
CORRECTION: ____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
DATE COMPLETED: _____________________ BY: _____________________
RE-TESTED ____________________ BY: _____________________
9. 9
CONVERSION
To implement a system there are different methods which are referred to as conversion methods. This is
the process of converting from the old system to the new system.
Conversion methods:
1) Parallel conversion. Both the new system and the old system are run in parallel. It is time
consuming, may require additional personnel or effort, is expensive, errors may be
difficult to detect, and may delay the adoption of the new system. It has the least risk.
2) Immediate cut-over Also known as crash conversion. The old system is no longer used and
the new system takes over. It is the most risky. May be used when other methods are
not possible, if the system is not critical, or if a fallback to another procedure is available.
Sometimes may be used because of user pressure.
3) Pilot conversion The new system is used for a select group of transactions (example: one
department or one product line) and the old system is used for the majority of the
transactions. The volume on the new system can then be increased.
4) Phased conversion The system is phased-in by running some programs in the new system
with the rest of the processing on the old system. Gradually all phases of the new
system are in place. (example: orders entered on the new system and the invoicing
done on the old system.)
MAINTAINANCE OF THE SYSTEM
Performance Review
Change Requests