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Systematic plant anatomy with special reference of various

This document discusses the use of anatomical features of plants for resolving taxonomic problems and elucidating phylogenetic relationships. It describes various anatomical features that have been studied, including trichomes, stomata, leaf anatomy, nodal anatomy, cellular contents, wood anatomy, and flower anatomy. Specific examples are given of how studies of these anatomical features have helped classify plants and solve taxonomic controversies by distinguishing between genera, species, and sometimes families. The document advocates that anatomical studies provide important evidence that can be used alongside other data for systematic and phylogenetic studies of plants.

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Presented by… Patel Hasti G. M.Sc. Sem 2 Botany CBO 405 Roll No 207 Department of Life Sciences H.N.G.U. Patan
Content :  Introduction  Vegetative organ: 1] Trichomes as criteria and it’s types 2] Stomata as criteria and it’s types 3] Leaf anatomy 4] Nodal anatomy 5] Cellular content 6] Wood anatomy • Reproductive organ : 1] flower anatomy
Introduction  Anatomical feature of vegetative as well as reproductive organs have been studied to help in studies on particularly for resolving controversial taxonomic problems.  In fact, such studies have been successfully employed for the solution of taxonomic problem and to the elucidation of phylogenetic relationship.  In several cases, anatomical studies have helped in identifying the fragmetary material which lacked flowers and fruits in the herbarium specimen.
Cont…  Several internal feature of the plants have been found important in systematic studies.  A few are discussed here after dividing them into two broad categories, 1. Anatomy of vegetative organ 2.Anatomy of reproductive organ
1.Vegetative organ : A] Tricomes as criteria  Heintzelman and Howard (1944) supported the segregation of two genera ottoschulzia and poraqueiba of Icacinaceae on the basis of the evidence from trichomes.  Controversy about the link between typheceae and sparganiaceae could be resolved on the basis of presence of sessile or glandular trichomes.  Inamdar (1967)confirms the position of Nyctanthes within family oliaceae on the basis of structure and ontogeny of trichomes.
Types of Trichomes: A B C D E Sr no Types of trichomes examples A Star shape Goccypium herbaceum (malvaceae) B Unicellular Raphanus sativus C Multicellular Helianthus anus (asteraceae) D Multicellular branched Withania somnifera ( solanaceae) E Glandular Ocimum sentcum (lamiaceae)
B] Stomata as criteria:  Vesque (1889) classified stomata into four categories which he named after in which these were found.  Von cotthem (1970) proposed a detailed account of classification of stomata based on the number and position of subsidiaries  Krisnamurthy and Kannabiran (1970)have successfully used structure of stomata for identification of fragmentary material in the pharmacognostical studies.  Pant and Mehra (1965) and Bir and coworker (1971) supported the division of Rubiaceae into three subfamilies Rubioideae, cinchonoideae and Guettaroideae.
Cont…  Kothari and Sah ( 1974,75 ) while studying taxonomic and phylogenetic significance of stomata in the Papilionaceae proposed that tribes like Sophoreae Podalyrieae and Gensteae should be considered more primitive due to presence of anomoperigenous and anisomesoperigenous stomata then Dalbergieae and Phaseoleae.  The ontogenic studies on stomata of Caricaceae and Cucurbitaceae suggest close relationship between them due to presence of anisomesoperigenous and aperiginous stomata in both these family.
Types of stomata:
C] Leaf Anatomy :  Carlquist (1961) has rightly stated that “The leaf is perhaps anatomically most varied organ of angiosperms and its anatomical variations often concur closely with generic and specific and occasionally familial lines.”  the leaf anatomy is one of the most reliable characters useful in grass systematics .  govindrajalu (1969) was able to formulate a key to distinguish various species of cyperus on the basis of leaf anatomy.  Ayensu (1974) has shown the Vellozia and Barbacenia of velloziaceae can be distinguished from each other by the form of sclerenchyma in the leaves.
Cont…  A considerable amount of studies on leaf anatomy in relation to taxonomy have been made by Wunderlich (1950), Hagerup (1953), Fahn (1954), tomlinson (1959) Culter ( 1965) and Metcalf (1968). Cyperus brevifolius cyperus rotendus Cyperus pepyrus
D] Nodal Anatomy :  Sinnott (1914) recognised three fundamental types of nodal anatomy in Dicotylelons A] unilacunar, B] trilacunar and C] multilacunar.  Morsden and Bailey (1955) discovered to fourth type of nodal anatomy unilacunar two trace.  A comparative study of nodal anatomy may also be valuable for showing relationships of genera or even species.  Bailey and Howard (1941) proposed that on the basis of nodal structure the subfamily Icacinoideae of Icacinaceae may be divided into two difference sections, one section characterized by having trilacunar nodes and other by having unilacunar nodes.
E] Cellular Contents :  Many types of chemical deposits such as plastids, starches, proteins, tannins and crystals and other mineral deposits occur in plant tissues.  The distribution pattern of the cells containing chloroplast and other types of plastids is of systematic value.  Reichert (1913) has shown that a care study of starch grains of particular groups may reveal generic species and even variable criteria.  Deposition of silica, calcium oxalate, calcium carbonate and other chemical substances is characteristic of certain taxa and they have been found of systematic value.
Cont…  Epidermal cells containing large silica bodies are of systematic use both at generic and specific level in Zingiberaceae, Musaceae , and areceae .  Robarth (1900) found calcium oxalate cryctals is useful in comparing species of Eichhornia. In some cases crystoliths are also helpful in linking related families e.g. Mpraceae, Urticaceae, and canmabinaceae. • The presence and absence of tanninifarous cells in the cells in the root cortex of related families respectively is useful systematic criterion.
F] Wood Anatomy :  Carlqueist(1961) stated that the well established trends of xylem evolution should be taken into account by any systematist interested in formulating relationships or evolutionary status of angiosperm taxa.  The various features which have been used as follows: i] Vessels :  Vessels found solitary are considered as primitive than those aggregated in groups such as pore multipales, pore clusters and pore chains.
Cont…  Similarly non porous wood is no more primitive in which vessels are not found than porous wood and diffuse porous wood is more primitive than ring porous wood.
ii]Wood Parenchayma Apotracheal Paratracheal Diffuse Banded Terminal Vasicentric Abaxial Aliform Confluent
iii] Rays :  Feature like rays abundance, ray dimension, width and cellular composition, degree of wall thickness of ray cells, pitting in ray parenchyma and homogenous and heterogenous nature have been variously used for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies.  It is believed that heterogenous rays are primitive than homogenous rays.
iv] Storied Structured:  The term refers to the arrangement of cells or tissues in horizontal series as seen in tangential section.  Storied structures are considered advanced over the ones with non stratified cells. Wood anatomy has also played an important role in solving certain taxonomic problem. A few them are mentioned here : 1] Engler and Prantl(1889) proposed amintiferae as least specialised group but Hutchinson(1959), Cronquist (1968), and Takhtajan(1969) consider Magnoliales as most primitive group.
Cont… 2] Hutchison(1959) placed Annonaceae in separate order Annonales whereas Takhtajan (1969) placed it under order Magnoliales. Purkayastha (1980) studied wood anatomy of the family and found that annonaceae have much advanced type of wood than magnoliales and thus he supported Hutchinson in this respect. 3] Studies of Purkayastha (1980) on calcium oxalate crystals found in wood of family Sapotaceae reveal that the two genera of the family, Manilkara and Mimusops cannot be morphologically distinguished but they can be separated on the basis of chembered crystalliferous strands of calcium oxalate.
2] Reproductive organ 7] flower anatomy: A flower has typical vascular ground plan, i.e. sepals receive three distinct vascular traces , petals and stamens received a single traces and carpels three traces each. During the course of evolution and specialization of flower, the vascular plan has undergone reduction, amplification cohesion and adnation of vascular bundles. Floral anatomy has played important role in solving taxonomic problem may be the cases of Trapa and Ruppia.
cont…  Role of floral anatomy in phylogenetic problems has also been found valuable and hence advocated e.g. the fact that families like menispermaceae , calycanthaceae, and anonaceae have originated from ranunculaceae is supported by the organization of floral vasculature.  Similarly, the general vascular plan of flower and the course of placental bundles particularly in caryophyllaceae and the polimoniaceae suggest that the latter have been derived from the caryophyllaceous stock.  Studies have floral anatomy of family solanaceae and scrophulariaceae suggest that the two families show great affinity in the presence of anatomically pariatel placentation and in the uniformity of vasculature of the gynoecium
References : A Text Book f Botany – Plant Anatomy and Economic Botany Volume-III By: S N Pandey A Chadha Anatomy of Seed Plants By : V Singh P C Pande D K Jain www. Systematic plant anatomy .com
Systematic plant anatomy with special reference of various