Synthetic biology is an emerging scientific field that combines engineering and biology to design and construct novel biological systems or redesign existing natural biological systems. The document provides a brief history of synthetic biology from 1960 to 2013, highlighting key developments such as the first synthetic genetic circuits in 2000-2003 and the engineering of metabolic pathways. It also discusses topics such as standard biological parts, modeling and design techniques, applications in health, energy and environment, as well as potential risks that need consideration with the further development of the field.
Synthetic biology is the designing of new biological systems or the modification of the existing ones that do not occur naturally. Synthetic or artificial cells organisms with minimal genomes have uses in molecular medicine, vaccines, environmental chemistry and bio-sensors. Creation of synthetic cells involve in-vitro synthesis of unitary DNA fragments of one-kilo base pairs (1kb). These unitary fragments are ligated to make ten kilo base pair (10kb) fragments, followed by tethering 10 fragments to form one hundred kilo base pair (100kb) fragments. Each step involves transformation and sequencing procedures in E. coli host cells. Ultimately, eleven of these hundred kilo base pair fragments are joined to create a “Synthetic Genome” which is maintained in yeast cells, as maximum limit of DNA transplant acceptance of E. coli is 100kb. By this approach, synthetic chromosomes can be maintained, manipulated and transplanted to an acceptor organism to create a synthetic cell. Applications of the technology include semi-synthetic approach of Artemisinic acid, which can be used to chemically synthesize anti-malarial drug Atremisinin and its therapeutically important derivatives. Second application of synthetic biology is production of meningitis vaccine against poorly immunogenic Neisseria meningitidis serogroup-B, by preparing synthetic vesicles. Third application includes disease mechanism identification of a rare-primary immunodeficiency disease “Agamaglobinemia” using reconstruction of mutant B-cell receptor components in synthetic membranes to validate a point mutation. Fourth application include environmental fixation of carbon di-oxide to produce methane by using minimal genome containing synthetic cells of Metahnococcous sp. Fifth application is production of novel biosensors which can be toggled ON and OFF using “Visible Light” as modulator. These “Gene switches” are also able to operate in mammalian cells. With potential applications and wide research domains, synthetic biology is also under ethical and religious criticism. Future of this new dimension of biological science requires scrutiny from regulatory authorities, and monetary input from funding agencies.
Cell culture based vaccine??
Cell cultures involve growing cells in a culture dish, often with a supportive growth medium. A primary cell culture consists of cells taken directly from living tissue, and may contain multiple types of cells such as fibroblasts, epithelial, and endothelial cells.
In the United States, 10 different vaccines for chicken pox, hepatitis A, polio, rabies, and rubella are cultured on aborted tissue from two fetal cell lines known as WI-38 and MRC-5. These vaccines are chicken pox, hep-A, hep-A, hep-A/hep-B, polio, rabies, rubella, measles/rubella, mumps/rubella, and MMR II (measles/mumps/rubella).
synthetic biology says life itself is the canvas. What might we create? we mapping our world, we are mapping every organism, we are mapping organisms that no longer exist, we are connecting all of the information but there is a problem we can’t act on much of this information yet. That is where synthetic biology comes in. so, ideas from engineering have become imposed on biology. We have come from the very basic science trying to discover genes into getting those in a microbe in developing a process, so, what if we could reprogram yeast to make medicines for us. They can be gene therapy they can be anti-cancer, antimalarials, likewise. Humans have always been good at making things. houses, furniture, gadgets of toys. But if there is one thing we have not fully explored it is to build our organisms that is what synthetic biology is all about.
Synthetic biology is the designing of new biological systems or the modification of the existing ones that do not occur naturally. Synthetic or artificial cells organisms with minimal genomes have uses in molecular medicine, vaccines, environmental chemistry and bio-sensors. Creation of synthetic cells involve in-vitro synthesis of unitary DNA fragments of one-kilo base pairs (1kb). These unitary fragments are ligated to make ten kilo base pair (10kb) fragments, followed by tethering 10 fragments to form one hundred kilo base pair (100kb) fragments. Each step involves transformation and sequencing procedures in E. coli host cells. Ultimately, eleven of these hundred kilo base pair fragments are joined to create a “Synthetic Genome” which is maintained in yeast cells, as maximum limit of DNA transplant acceptance of E. coli is 100kb. By this approach, synthetic chromosomes can be maintained, manipulated and transplanted to an acceptor organism to create a synthetic cell. Applications of the technology include semi-synthetic approach of Artemisinic acid, which can be used to chemically synthesize anti-malarial drug Atremisinin and its therapeutically important derivatives. Second application of synthetic biology is production of meningitis vaccine against poorly immunogenic Neisseria meningitidis serogroup-B, by preparing synthetic vesicles. Third application includes disease mechanism identification of a rare-primary immunodeficiency disease “Agamaglobinemia” using reconstruction of mutant B-cell receptor components in synthetic membranes to validate a point mutation. Fourth application include environmental fixation of carbon di-oxide to produce methane by using minimal genome containing synthetic cells of Metahnococcous sp. Fifth application is production of novel biosensors which can be toggled ON and OFF using “Visible Light” as modulator. These “Gene switches” are also able to operate in mammalian cells. With potential applications and wide research domains, synthetic biology is also under ethical and religious criticism. Future of this new dimension of biological science requires scrutiny from regulatory authorities, and monetary input from funding agencies.
Cell culture based vaccine??
Cell cultures involve growing cells in a culture dish, often with a supportive growth medium. A primary cell culture consists of cells taken directly from living tissue, and may contain multiple types of cells such as fibroblasts, epithelial, and endothelial cells.
In the United States, 10 different vaccines for chicken pox, hepatitis A, polio, rabies, and rubella are cultured on aborted tissue from two fetal cell lines known as WI-38 and MRC-5. These vaccines are chicken pox, hep-A, hep-A, hep-A/hep-B, polio, rabies, rubella, measles/rubella, mumps/rubella, and MMR II (measles/mumps/rubella).
synthetic biology says life itself is the canvas. What might we create? we mapping our world, we are mapping every organism, we are mapping organisms that no longer exist, we are connecting all of the information but there is a problem we can’t act on much of this information yet. That is where synthetic biology comes in. so, ideas from engineering have become imposed on biology. We have come from the very basic science trying to discover genes into getting those in a microbe in developing a process, so, what if we could reprogram yeast to make medicines for us. They can be gene therapy they can be anti-cancer, antimalarials, likewise. Humans have always been good at making things. houses, furniture, gadgets of toys. But if there is one thing we have not fully explored it is to build our organisms that is what synthetic biology is all about.
8. Biology and characterization of cultured cellsShailendra shera
Immediate environment and environment of surrounding medium governs the various properties of cell. The in vitro condition markedly affects the cellular property of cultured cells. For e.g. Reduction in Cell–cell and cell-material interaction. Therefore, it is imperative to develop understanding of biology of cells in response to various environmental conditions. Characterization of cells helps to identify the origin, purity and authenticity of cells and cell lines.
Metabolic engineering is a branch of bioengineering where the use of genetic engineering and recombinant technology to modify the metabolism of an organism.
Cell synchronization helps in obtaining distinct sub population of cells representing different stages of cell cycle.It helps in collecting population wide data of cells progressing through various stages of cell cycle. Immortalization, refers to cells having capability of undergoing cell division infinitely. Immortal cells are particularly preferred in cell culture to enable long time storage and use. This presentation teaches about cell synchronization, methods of cell synchronization, cellular transformation, immortalization and mechanism of immortalization.
Stanford Engineering Professor Christina Smolke explains how advances in synthetic biology are revolutionizing medical treatment, prevention and diagnosis of disease. She made this presentation at the school's annual eDay (Engineering Day) event.
Volumetric imaging may be a staple concept in science fiction but this field of imaging, which first appeared in the early part of the twentieth century, is still in its infancy and is only just becoming accessible.
8. Biology and characterization of cultured cellsShailendra shera
Immediate environment and environment of surrounding medium governs the various properties of cell. The in vitro condition markedly affects the cellular property of cultured cells. For e.g. Reduction in Cell–cell and cell-material interaction. Therefore, it is imperative to develop understanding of biology of cells in response to various environmental conditions. Characterization of cells helps to identify the origin, purity and authenticity of cells and cell lines.
Metabolic engineering is a branch of bioengineering where the use of genetic engineering and recombinant technology to modify the metabolism of an organism.
Cell synchronization helps in obtaining distinct sub population of cells representing different stages of cell cycle.It helps in collecting population wide data of cells progressing through various stages of cell cycle. Immortalization, refers to cells having capability of undergoing cell division infinitely. Immortal cells are particularly preferred in cell culture to enable long time storage and use. This presentation teaches about cell synchronization, methods of cell synchronization, cellular transformation, immortalization and mechanism of immortalization.
Stanford Engineering Professor Christina Smolke explains how advances in synthetic biology are revolutionizing medical treatment, prevention and diagnosis of disease. She made this presentation at the school's annual eDay (Engineering Day) event.
Volumetric imaging may be a staple concept in science fiction but this field of imaging, which first appeared in the early part of the twentieth century, is still in its infancy and is only just becoming accessible.
Biologia Sintética: engenharia de sistemas biológicos inovadoresLucasfrib
Biologia Sintética e a programação de sistemas biológicos inovadores: conheça a competição internacional de máquinas geneticamente modificadas do MIT (iGEM) e o projeto da UFMG que representará o Brasil na final.
Introduction to Synthetic Genome
SYNTHETIC GENOMICS Study of Invitro chemical synthesis of genetic material i.e., DNA in the form of oligonucleotides, genes, or genomes with Computational techniques for its design. SYNTHETIC GENOME Artificially synthesised genome (invitro)
biotechnology and its applications
application s of biotechnology, bt.cotton, cloning, dna, dna fingerprinting, dna isolation, gene manipulation, genetic engineering, goldenrice., r dnatechnology, recombinant vaccines, transgenic, vectors
Historically architecture has likened the city as an organism and looked to nature for design inspiration. Until recently the tools that have enabled architects to engage with what R. Buckminster Fuller called the ‘drivers of biology’, have not been available and architects use biological systems in a symbolic way called biological ‘formalism’ where aesthetics are prioritized over function. Recent developments in Synthetic Biology, which were demonstrated at Artificial Life XI suggested it was possible to design and engineer materials that meet the requirements necessary for a new generation of smart materials.
This paper explores the complex field of synthetic biology, including its historical roots, guiding ideas, contemporary uses, and moral dilemmas raised by its groundbreaking discoveries.
Systems biology is the computational and mathematical modeling of complex biological systems. It is a biology-based interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on complex interactions within biological systems, using a holistic approach (holism instead of the more traditional reductionism) to biological research.
Applications of bioinformatics, main by kk sahuKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Goals of Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics & Human Genome
Project
What can we do using bioinformatics ?
Applications of bioinformatics in various fields
1) Medicine
2) Evolutionary studies
3) Agriculture
4) Microbiology
5) Biotechnology
Conclusion
References
I, Alankar an engineering graduate specialized in biotechnology. In my last year I chose this topic "Synthetic Biology" and made this presentation for my project. I gave my 100% on this Presentation.
Bioinformatics and its Applications in Agriculture/Sericulture and in other F...mohd younus wani
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, 2001) defines bioinformatics as the field of science in which biology, computer science, and information technology merge into a single discipline. Fredj Tekaia defines Bioinformatics the mathematical, statistical and computing methods that aim to solve biological problems using DNA and amino acid sequences and related information. Bioinformatics has emerged as an essential field of science that is facilitating biological discoveries since more than a decade. Without the usage of bioinformatics tools it is merely impossible to capture, manage process, analyse and interpret the huge amounts data that is available especially after whole genome sequencing projects. The sequencing of the genomes of plants and animals will have enormous benefits for the agricultural community. Bioinformatics tools can be used to search for the genes within these genomes and to elucidate their functions. This specific genetic knowledge could then be used to produce stronger, drought, disease and insect resistant crops and improve the quality. In agriculture it helps in the insect resistance, improve nutritional quality, rational plant improvement, waste cleanup, climate change studies, and development of drought resistance varieties (Dahiya and Lata, 2017) and in addition to this it also plays an important roles in biotechnology, antibiotic resistance, and forensic analysis of microbes, comparative studies, evolutionary studies and veterinary Sciences.
Seri bioinformatics tools and techniques not only facilitated detection of proteomic and genomic diversity among the species/strains, but also resulted in finding a gap in the silkworm genome sequence of a strain that diverged during the course of domestication. Seri-bioinformatics databases are a valuable seri-bioresource. The available online resources on silkworm and its related organisms, including databases as well as informative websites help to make silkworms healthier, more disease resistant and more productive. These databases provides information on gene, protein sequences and diseases and play crucial roles in conservation of the silkworm species and mulberry plants (Singh et al., 216). Bioinformatics approaches give an insight, uncovering the lineage with gene and protein count of B. mori and Drosophila encompass ~18,000 and ~16,000 (Genes) and ~9,000 and ~22,000 (Proteins) respectively (Somshekar and Borgowda, 2013).
Introduction
Definition
History
Principle
Components of bioinformatics
Bioinformatics databases
Tools of bioinformatics
Applications of bioinformatics
Molecular medicine
Microbial genomics
Plant genomics
Animal genomics
Human genomics
Drug and vaccine designing
Proteomics
For studying biomolecular structures
In- silico testing
Conclusion
References
this presentation is on Synthetic Biology: Engineering Biological Systems for Novel Applications
Content List
Introduction
Timeline
Supporting Tools and Mechanisms
Applications
Outside-the-lab
Growth and Investment
Conflict and Ethical Issues
Future Directions
Conclusion
References
Thank You
Dr. George Poste, Presentation given at the Fourth Annual Conference on Governance of Emerging Technologies: Law, Policy and Ethics at Arizona State University (25 May 2016)
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
3. -is a maturing scientific discipline that
combines science and engineering
(engineering of biology) that can broadly be
described as the design and construction of
novel artificial biological pathways,
organisms or devices, or the redesign of
existing natural biological systems.
3
4. A brief history of synthetic biology (1960-2013)
1960s 1970s
Cellular regulation
by molecular
networks
postulated by Jacob
and Monod
(1970s–1980s)
Development of
molecular cloning
techniques
1980s
(1980s–1990s)
Rise of ‘omics’ era
of high-throughput
biolog
1990s
Widespread use ofautomated
DNA sequencing
Complete genome sequence
of S. cerevisiae
Complete genome sequence
of E. coli
2000
Autoregulatory negative-
feedback circuit
2001
First cell–cell
communication
circuit based on
quorum sensing
First synthetic circuits toggle
switch and repressilator
4
Timeline
5. 2002
5
2003
A brief history of synthetic biology (1960-2013)
(2002–2003) Synthetic circuits
used to study transcriptional
noise during this period
Earliest combinatorial
synthesis of genetic networks
Artemisinin
precursor pathway
engineered in
E. col
2004
RNA devices for modular
regulation of gene
expression
First iGEM competition
held at MIT
SB1.0: the first
international conference for
synthetic biology held at MI
2005
Light-sensing circuit engineered in
E. coli bacterial photography
Programmable ligand-controlled
transcript regulation by RNA
Circuits capable of multicellular
pattern formation are generated
6. 6
2006
A brief history of synthetic biology (1960-2013)
Bacteria engineered
to invade cancer
cells
2007
Engineered bacteriophage
for biofilm dispersal
2008
Construction of a robust and stable
relaxation oscillator
RNA devices for performing
logical operations
Biofuel
production using
amino acid
metabolism in E.
coli
2009
Gibson DNA assembly described
MAGE described
Engineering of an event-counting
circuit
Gibson DNA assembly described
7. 7
2010
Synchronized genetic clock for
population-coupled oscillatory
waves
2011
Complete set of Boolean
logic gates reported for
E. coli
Creation of a bacterial cell with a
synthetic genome
Programmable microbial kill switch
2012
Engineering of synthetic
yeast chromosome arms
Dynamic control of
metabolic flux for
biodiesel production
Engineering of synthetic
yeast chromosome arms
2013
Commercial production
of artemisinin by Amyris
using engineered yeast
strain
A brief history of synthetic biology (1960-2013)
8. 8
build biological system as a way to explain
how principles of engineering apply to the life
science
generates new tools and knowledge to enable
biology-based solution to societal challenges
welcomes participation of communities with
diverse training to foster creativity growth of
the field
is interconnected with human values through
the uses costs,benefits and risks of science
and technology
9. 9
synthetic biology redefines life
broadly the term has been used
with reference to effort to
redesign life.
this use of the term is an
extension of the concept of
biomimetic chemistry in which
organic synthetic is used to creat
artifical molecules .typically
enzymes
10. 10
- is the study of systems of biological
components, which may be molecules,
cells, organisms or entire species.
The systems biology approach allows
the study of multi-scale, multi-level
organisms.
Systems biology involves :
(1) collection of large sets of experimental data
(2) proposal of mathematical models
(3) accurate computer solution of the mathematical equations to
obtain numerical predictions
(4) assessment of the quality of the model by comparing numerical
simulations with the experimental data.
11. 11
Systems biology aims to study
natural biological systems as a
whole, often with a biomedical
focus, and uses simulation and
modelling tools in comparisons
with experimental information.
Synthetic biology aims to build
novel and artificial biological
parts, devices and systems.
The relationship between systems biology and synthetic biology
15. 15
A biopart is a modular biological part
which is designed so that
it can be easily combined with other
parts. Ultimately, the aim is to produce
a range of standard devices which can
be used in standard systems.
The biopart standard provides a
framework where parts can be re-
used in various applications to
achieve the specific function
intended for the device.
16. 16
Fundamental techniques in synthetic biology
Computational modelling
DNA sequencing
DNA synthesis
Yields
①
②
③
④
17. 17
Future trends in modern
synthesis
Large scale DNA
(oligonucleotide)
synthesis
Potential for innovation
and microfluidics
Lab-on-a-chip
Fundamental techniques in synthetic biology
⑤
⑥
⑦
⑧
18. 18
Additional tools in synthetic biology
Chassis
Examples of natural chassis
Escherichia coli
Yeast
Bacillus subtilis
Mycoplasma
Pseudomonas putida
Minimal cells
Cell free
Orthogonal circuits
& new genetic codes
19. 19
Central to the understanding of international
standards is the concept of the biological continuum,
ie the hierarchy of the human organism comprising:
Systems Viscera CellsTissue Proteins Genes
Example for mark-up languages in synthetic biology: -XML
-PDBXL
21. 21
What is SBOL? SBML-the Systems Biology Markup Languageis a
standard for behavioral models of biological
systems at the molecular level
SBOL-the Synthetic Biology Open Language
describes structural and basic qualitative
behavioral aspects of a biological design.
approach of SBOL:
• Facilitates storage of genetic designs in repositories
• Helps synthetic biologists and genetic engineers electronically
exchange designs with each other and with biofabrication centers
• Supports development of Genetic Design Automation (GDA)
software tools for synthetic biologists
• Represents hierarchically assembled genetic compositions
• Represents abstract genetic compositions without an explicit
nucleotide sequence
• Allows expression of genetic designs in publications and thus
22. 22
Biobricks is a programming
standard language for
Synthetic Biology and
standard language for
building and describing the
DNAs for the former type
of modification.
23. 23
Applications of synthetic biology
The ultimate goal of synthetic biology is to develop commercial
applications that will benefit society, ie to design and build
engineered biological systems that process information, manipulate
chemicals, fabricate materials and structures, produce energy,
provide food, and maintain and enhance human health and our
environment.
26. 26
the release into the environment of novel
the possible misuse of synthetic biology
for bioterrorism
the ability to recreate existing, extinct, or
eradicated pathogens of humans, animals,
or plants
the increasingly routine nature of many
synthetic biology procedures, which
makes them more readily accessible to
those without specialized training
trade and global justice issues
raising philosophical and religious concerns
27. 27
five truths for synthetic biology
Many of the parts are undefined
The circuitry is unpredictable
Many parts are incompatible
The complexity is unwieldy
Variability crashes the system
30. 30
What is your forecast about the future of synthetic biology?
In your opinion, what is the most useful and the most devastating
consequences of synthetic biology, and why?
Is synthetic biology can also affect the process of evolution?
Question :