I, Alankar an engineering graduate specialized in biotechnology. In my last year I chose this topic "Synthetic Biology" and made this presentation for my project. I gave my 100% on this Presentation.

1. SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
Presented By –
Alankar Haikerwal
(1700454004)
Submitted to:-
Arti Gautam

2. Table Of Contents :-
• Introduction
• History of synthetic biology
• SB (New Field of research)
• Fundamentals of Synthetic Biology
• Importance
• How synthetic biology redefines life
• Application

3. • Present Example
• Synthetic biology Future
• Negative outcomes
• Conclusion
• References

4. Introduction
Synthetic biology broadly refers to the use of
computer-assisted, biological engineering to
design and construct new synthetic
biological parts, devices and systems that do
not exist in nature and the redesign of
existing biological organisms. [1]

5. • Synthetic biology incorporates the
techniques of molecular biology.
• It differs from recombinant DNA
technology.
• In synthetic biology the living organisms
are not just modified or genetically
engineered.
• It is associated with the synthetically
constructed parts which is not limited to
the modification of natural organisms.[2]

6. Classes of Synthetic biology
• Synthetic biologists come in two
broad classes.
• One uses unnatural molecules to
reproduce emergent behaviors from
natural biology, with the goal of creating
artificial life.
• The other seeks interchangeable parts
from natural biology to assemble into
systems that function unnaturally.[3]

7. History
• The title ‘Synthetic Biology’ appeared in the
literature in 1980, when it was used by
“Barbara Habom” to describe bacteria that
had been genetically engineered using
recombinant DNA technology.
• These bacteria are living systems that have
been altered by human intervention i.e.,
“synthetically”.
• In this respect, synthetic biology was largely
synonymous with ‘bioengineering’.[4]

8. Synthetic Biology
(New field of research)
• Synthetic biology is a new area of biological
research that combines science and
engineering.
• Synthetic biology encompasses a variety of
different approaches, methodologies and
disciplines, and many different exist. What
they all have in common, however, is that
they see synthetic biology as the design and
construction of new biological functions and
systems not found in nature.[5]

9. Fundamentals of Synthetic Biology
• Reading the DNA code.
• Copying existing DNA sequences.
• Inserting specific DNA sequences into
existing DNA strands.

10. Importance
• Acc. To the recent research, We’ve
destroyed the tenth part of our planet and
our world is just few steps behind from its
worst phase .
• SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY can help in
improving the quality of bio-fuels,
medicines, agriculture , food, plants,
animals, space, biotechnology,
transportation etc.

11. How synthetic biology redefines life
• Environment Protection
• Information storage
• Medication
• Novel Materials
• Agriculture
• Lifestyle

12. Environment Protection
• Synthetic biology can also be used to
preserve biodiversity by strengthening
organisms' resilience to external threats.
• Genetic modifications to living organisms
and the use of 'gene drives' and can help us
preserve biodiversity caused by threats to the
ecosystems.
• Also, SB can help to fabricate novel species
that can help in improving the quality of
nature and can help in fabricating machines
that are made up of such matter which is not
hazardous to nature.[6]

13. Information Storage
• DNA is the future for data storage.
• DNA stores all of the information required to
make a human or a plant in an incredibly tiny
package. A small but growing group of scientists is
now working to replicate that storage strategy to
preserve digital data.
• “It’s all based on translating bits into bases,” said
Karin Strauss, Principal Research Manager at
Microsoft. Every two bits of information translates
into one of the four DNA nucleotides. Once the
sequences are mapped out in software, the DNA is
synthesized. [7]

14. Medication (AI Drug)
Synthetic Biology Speeds Up Drug Target
Discovery
• synthetic biology intends to realize precise
regulations of cellular network by
constructing artificial synthetic circuits, and
it brings great opportunities to treat diseases
and discover novel drug targets.
• It is becoming available to construct drug-
responsive gene circuits for experimentally
treating various disease models, including
metabolic disease, immunity disease, cancer
and bacterial infection. [8]

15. Novel Materials
Synthetic biology meets materials science
Synthetic biology allows synthesis of
new materials that mimic natural tissues
and materials with no natural analog. One of
the first examples is the use of metabolic
engineering to synthesize new cellulose
chitin heteropolysaccharides in bacteria. [9]

16. Agriculture
Teaching plants new tricks
• Plants to improve the efficiency of carbon-
fixation. The problem with most plants is the
enzyme rubisco, which suffers from
competitive inhibition of carboxylation by
oxygen, and is often reported to be slow.
When rubisco accepts O2 rather than CO2 it
produces a toxic byproduct that is recycled
through a set of reactions known as
photorespiration. [10]

17. Lifestyle

18. Application
• Automated Biological Design
• Bio-prospecting and pathway Design
• Metabolic Engineering
• Phenotype Engineering
• Xenobiology
• Human Modulation
• Horizontal Transfer and Transmissibility

19. Present Example
1. Singapore’s super tree :-
They act as cooling ducts for nearby
conservatories, collect rainwater, and 11 of
them have solar photovoltaic systems to
convert sunlight into energy. Bridges and
"skywalks," which connect the
taller SUPER-TREE, allow park visitors to
see the mammoth green space from a
spectacular height.

20. Yeast Synthetic Biology
• Yeast Synthetic Biology Shifts
Biopharmaceutical Production Capabilities
into High Gear.
• Among various potential cell
factories, yeast has attracted great attention
in pharmaceutical protein synthesis due to its
unicellular and eukaryotic properties, easy
genetic manipulation, fast growth, as well as
capability of post-translational modifications.

21. • Synthetic biology that aims to standardize,
modularize, and innovate cellular functions, has
achieved vast progress. Here we review key
advances in synthetic biology of the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which serves as an
important eukaryal model organism and widely
applied cell factory. This covers the development
of new building blocks, i.e., promoters,
terminators and enzymes, pathway engineering,
tools developments, and gene circuits utilization.
We will also summarize impacts of synthetic
biology on both basic and applied biology, and end
with further directions for advancing synthetic
biology in yeast.

22. Synthetic Biology Future
Fungi Skyscraper Submaray

23. Negative outcomes of SB
There are three major negative outcomes the
research in synthetic biology may result in:
• The accidental release of a harmful organism or
system that was designed to be benign
• The purposeful release of a harmful organism or
system that was designed as such
• The over-use of synthetically developed and
designed organisms and machines in a world
otherwise mostly natural. [21]

24. Conclusion
Synthetic biology is an emerging discipline
that can be viewed as the endpoint or the
prescriptive, intentional phase of biology. As
such, it raises many of the same ethical
questions as traditional genetic engineering.

25. References
• [1][2][4][5] https://www.slideshare.net/doctorrao/synthetic-biology-7962454
• [3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680885/
• [6] https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2019-012-En-
Syn.pdf
• [7] https://synbiobeta.com/dna-is-the-future-for-data-storage-that-future-is-
coming-very-soon/
• [8]
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339507806_Synthetic_Biology_Spe
eds_Up_Drug_Target_Discovery
• [9]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211339818300856#:~:tex
t=derived%20structural%20materials.-
,Novel%20materials,heteropolysaccharides%20in%20bacteria%20%5B68%5D.
• [10] https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2019/08/21/teaching-plants-new-tricks-
how-synthetic-biology-is-reshaping-agriculture/
• [20] Melkikh, Alexey, and Maria Sutormina. Developing synthetic transport
systems. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
• [21] http://web.mit.edu/demoscience/SynthBio/history.html