This document provides an introduction to biological products and pharmaceutical biotechnology. It defines biological products and describes some key types including proteins, blood factors, hormones, monoclonal antibodies, enzymes, and cytokines. The document outlines several technologies used in biotechnology including recombinant DNA, polymerase chain reaction, gene therapy, and monoclonal antibody production. It also summarizes the historical development of biotechnology from ancient uses of fermentation to modern discoveries of DNA and genetic coding.
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY: Putting engineering into biology | Presented by Pranjali ...pranjali bhadane
This document provides an overview of synthetic biology. It defines synthetic biology as designing and constructing new biological parts, devices, and systems, such as genes and cells. The key principles of synthetic biology are abstraction, modularity, standardization, and design/modeling. Case studies describe engineering maize plants to produce higher levels of carotenoids to combat vitamin A deficiency and using transgenic corn to deliver carotenoids to chickens to reduce the impacts of coccidiosis. While synthetic biology has potential applications, it also carries risks such as the accidental release of harmful organisms.
Applications of bioinformatics, main by kk sahuKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Goals of Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics & Human Genome
Project
What can we do using bioinformatics ?
Applications of bioinformatics in various fields
1) Medicine
2) Evolutionary studies
3) Agriculture
4) Microbiology
5) Biotechnology
Conclusion
References
Synthetic biology is an emerging scientific field that combines engineering and biology to design and construct novel biological systems or redesign existing natural biological systems. The document provides a brief history of synthetic biology from 1960 to 2013, highlighting key developments such as the first synthetic genetic circuits in 2000-2003 and the engineering of metabolic pathways. It also discusses topics such as standard biological parts, modeling and design techniques, applications in health, energy and environment, as well as potential risks that need consideration with the further development of the field.
The document discusses future trends in synthetic biology. It begins by defining synthetic biology as the application of engineering principles to biology to redesign biological systems. Some potential future trends discussed include using synthetic biology for regenerative medicine like producing personalized stem cells, making xenotransplantation a reality through CRISPR-edited pigs, and 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Other trends include using nanobots and RNA/DNA vaccines to treat diseases, synthesizing human chromosomes, and developing edible vaccines. While synthetic biology holds promise, risks also exist and regulations are needed to ensure safety and ethical development.
B sc biotech i fob unit 3 genetic engineeringRai University
Genetic engineering techniques allow for the precise manipulation of genes. Recombinant DNA techniques can create new combinations of genes that do not exist in nature. These techniques involve isolating, cutting, and splicing DNA molecules, and inserting genes into vectors to introduce them into host cells. While challenges remain, genetic engineering holds promise for applications in industry, agriculture, medicine, and more.
nanobiotechnology, achievements and development prospectsYULIU384426
Nanobiotechnology has significant applications in fields like medicine, imaging, and drug delivery. It has been used to develop tools for intelligent drug delivery, gene therapy, biosensors, diagnostics, and biomaterials. Some key achievements include using nanoparticles for more precise disease detection, developing techniques to detect genetic sequences, creating protein chips to study proteomics, and developing systems to sort rare cells. Nanobiotechnology also shows promise for targeted drug delivery, gene delivery without viruses, using liposomes to cross cell membranes, engineering surfaces at the nanoscale, and streamlining the drug development process. Its future applications could include more precise diagnosis and regenerative medicine through technologies like nanosensors and nanomedicine. Continued development may help improve
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY: Putting engineering into biology | Presented by Pranjali ...pranjali bhadane
This document provides an overview of synthetic biology. It defines synthetic biology as designing and constructing new biological parts, devices, and systems, such as genes and cells. The key principles of synthetic biology are abstraction, modularity, standardization, and design/modeling. Case studies describe engineering maize plants to produce higher levels of carotenoids to combat vitamin A deficiency and using transgenic corn to deliver carotenoids to chickens to reduce the impacts of coccidiosis. While synthetic biology has potential applications, it also carries risks such as the accidental release of harmful organisms.
Applications of bioinformatics, main by kk sahuKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Goals of Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics & Human Genome
Project
What can we do using bioinformatics ?
Applications of bioinformatics in various fields
1) Medicine
2) Evolutionary studies
3) Agriculture
4) Microbiology
5) Biotechnology
Conclusion
References
Synthetic biology is an emerging scientific field that combines engineering and biology to design and construct novel biological systems or redesign existing natural biological systems. The document provides a brief history of synthetic biology from 1960 to 2013, highlighting key developments such as the first synthetic genetic circuits in 2000-2003 and the engineering of metabolic pathways. It also discusses topics such as standard biological parts, modeling and design techniques, applications in health, energy and environment, as well as potential risks that need consideration with the further development of the field.
The document discusses future trends in synthetic biology. It begins by defining synthetic biology as the application of engineering principles to biology to redesign biological systems. Some potential future trends discussed include using synthetic biology for regenerative medicine like producing personalized stem cells, making xenotransplantation a reality through CRISPR-edited pigs, and 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Other trends include using nanobots and RNA/DNA vaccines to treat diseases, synthesizing human chromosomes, and developing edible vaccines. While synthetic biology holds promise, risks also exist and regulations are needed to ensure safety and ethical development.
B sc biotech i fob unit 3 genetic engineeringRai University
Genetic engineering techniques allow for the precise manipulation of genes. Recombinant DNA techniques can create new combinations of genes that do not exist in nature. These techniques involve isolating, cutting, and splicing DNA molecules, and inserting genes into vectors to introduce them into host cells. While challenges remain, genetic engineering holds promise for applications in industry, agriculture, medicine, and more.
nanobiotechnology, achievements and development prospectsYULIU384426
Nanobiotechnology has significant applications in fields like medicine, imaging, and drug delivery. It has been used to develop tools for intelligent drug delivery, gene therapy, biosensors, diagnostics, and biomaterials. Some key achievements include using nanoparticles for more precise disease detection, developing techniques to detect genetic sequences, creating protein chips to study proteomics, and developing systems to sort rare cells. Nanobiotechnology also shows promise for targeted drug delivery, gene delivery without viruses, using liposomes to cross cell membranes, engineering surfaces at the nanoscale, and streamlining the drug development process. Its future applications could include more precise diagnosis and regenerative medicine through technologies like nanosensors and nanomedicine. Continued development may help improve
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Pharmaceutical biotechnology is the application of biotechnology principles to develop drugs. It aims to design drugs tailored to an individual's genetics for maximum therapeutic effect. Key applications include recombinant DNA vaccines, drugs, and proteins. Advantages include pharmacogenomics to customize medicine based on genetics. Recombinant DNA and monoclonal antibodies also provide opportunities for new drug development and delivery approaches. Common biotechnology products are antibodies, proteins, and recombinant DNA products. Therapeutic uses include detecting and treating genetic diseases, cancer, AIDS, and autoimmune diseases.
This document discusses various applications of biotechnology across different fields including food, medical, environmental, and industrial biotechnology. In food biotechnology, genetically modified foods are discussed that have extended shelf life like tomatoes or more efficient food processing using bacterial rennin production. Medical applications include monoclonal antibodies for cancer treatment, bioprocessing insulin, stem cells for tissue regeneration, and tissue engineering. Environmental biotechnology aims to use bioremediation and biosensors to eliminate hazardous waste and monitor pollution. Industrial biotechnology produces chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biofuels and other products using microbes.
New pharmaceuticals derived from biotechnologyPranav Ambast
This document provides an overview of biotechnology and biopharmaceuticals derived from biotechnology. It discusses the history of biotechnology from ancient uses of fermentation to modern developments like recombinant DNA technology. It then describes various techniques used to produce biopharmaceuticals, including recombinant DNA technology, hybridoma technology, fermentation, and cell culture. The document concludes by discussing specific pharmaceuticals derived from biotechnology, such as antibiotics, recombinant blood clotting factors, hormones, and monoclonal antibodies.
This document discusses biochips and their development. It begins with an introduction to biochips, noting they are miniaturized laboratories that can perform hundreds or thousands of biochemical reactions simultaneously. This enables rapid screening of biological analytes for various purposes. The document then provides history on the development of biosensor technologies and microarray fabrication techniques. It also discusses various types of microarrays beyond DNA, including protein, antibody, and chemical compound microarrays. Ethics regarding biotechnology development are briefly covered.
This document provides an introduction to nanobiotechnology. It discusses how nanotechnology involves working at the nanoscale of 1-100 nanometers to develop applications in areas like biotechnology. Nanobiotechnology uses nanotechnology techniques to develop and improve biotechnological processes and products like lab-on-a-chip devices and biosensors. The document outlines the differences between classical biotechnology, modern biotechnology, and how biotechnology is evolving into bionanotechnology through the integration of nanoscale techniques. Examples of current nanobiotechnology applications are given in areas like drug delivery, disease diagnostics, and food packaging.
introduction to Nanobiotechnology
what is nanotechnology
bionanotechnology
classical biotechnology industrial production using biological system
modern biotechnology from industrial processes to noval therapeutics
modern biotechnology immunological enzymatic and neucleic acid based technology
Dna based technology
self assembly and supramolecular chemistry
formation of ordered structure at nano scale
Designing of drug delivery system for biotechnology products considering stab...Smaranika Rahman
This document discusses drug delivery systems for biotechnology products, focusing on stability aspects and monitoring methods to improve stability. It provides background on biotechnology and its history, then describes various routes for delivering biotech products, including orally, nasally, transdermally, parenterally, and rectally. For each route, it discusses technologies being investigated or developed to enhance stability and absorption of biotech drugs, such as using polymers, absorption enhancers, and targeted delivery methods. The goal is to develop delivery systems that can safely and reliably deliver biotech medications at therapeutic levels.
This course covers principles of plant biotechnology and techniques of plant tissue culture. It aims to impart knowledge on various plant tissue culture techniques, fundamentals of genetic engineering, and their role in crop improvement. Specific objectives include understanding plant tissue culture techniques, genetic engineering fundamentals, and molecular markers. The course will cover topics such as the history of plant tissue culture and genetic engineering, tissue culture techniques, micropropagation, somaclonal variation, anther and embryo culture, genetic engineering methods, transgenic plants, and applications of biotechnology in crop improvement.
This document discusses various methods for improving microbial strains, including selecting naturally occurring variants, manipulating existing genetics, and introducing new genetics. It focuses on mutation and selection techniques like chemical or UV mutagenesis followed by selection on selective media. Genetic engineering techniques are also summarized, including restriction digestion, ligation into vectors, transformation, and screening of recombinants. Common vectors like pBR322, pUC18, phages like M13, and cosmids are described. The overall goal is to outline strategies for isolating industrially useful microbial mutants.
The document discusses the scope of modern biology. It states that molecular cell biology now blends advanced cytology, molecular nature, genetics, biochemistry, computation, and engineering. Technological advances like automation, DNA sequencing, mass spectroscopy and microarrays allow large-scale genomic and proteomic analyses. Techniques such as PCR, FRET and RNAi have led to more sophisticated experiments. The document also discusses various topics in modern biology like bioinformatics, genetics, phytochemistry, structural biology, and synthetic biology. It notes both the potential applications and ethical risks of synthetic biology.
Cell Engineering and Molecular Pharming in Biopharmaceuticals.pptxAngela Abraham
Biopharmaceuticals are often produced by recombinant E. coli or mammalian cell lines. This is usually
achieved by the introduction of a gene or cDNA coding for the protein of interest into a well-characterized strain of producer
cells. Naturally, each recombinant production system has its own unique advantages and disadvantages. This paper
examines the current practices, developments, and future trends in the production of biopharmaceuticals. Platform technologies
for rapid screening and analyses of biosystems are reviewed. Strategies to improve productivity via metabolic
and integrated engineering are also highlighted.
This document provides an introduction to biotechnology. It defines biotechnology as the use of living cells, including microorganisms, plant cells, and animal cells, for the benefit of humanity. Key areas of biotechnology discussed include agriculture, food, industry, biofuels, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and waste utilization. The document outlines several important techniques in biotechnology such as genetic engineering, gene therapy, bioinformatics, restriction enzymes, reverse transcriptase, polymerase chain reaction, genetic fingerprinting, cloning, and genetically modified plants.
China Medical University Student ePaper2Isabelle Chiu
Microarray and bio-chips provide a new technology for analyzing samples in an instant, automatic, and high-efficiency way. Microarray biochips can be divided into DNA chips and protein chips. DNA chips use nucleic acids as probes to examine thousands of genes simultaneously, while protein chips use proteins, antibodies, or microorganisms as probes to detect factors like hormones. Microarray biochips allow many samples, reagents, and biological materials to react on a small, miniaturized device, generating data immediately after quantitative analysis. This technology is being developed for uses in medical diagnostics and drug development.
Nano biotechnology, often referred to as nanobiotechnology, is a multidiscipl...ItsJimmy
It is a presentation related to nanobiotechnology which covered it's aspects including it's introduction, scope , uses , application and also includes nanofibers and nanotechnology.
Overcoming the challenges of molecular diagnostics in government health insti...Yakubu Sunday Bot
overcoming the challenges of molecular diagnostics in government owned health institution in nigeria.Several challenges abound in the Nigerian health sector ranging from financial,political and lack of commitment.Its obvious and no wonder the state of health care deliveryy, vis a vis its quality of care to its citizenry.
Biotechnology is technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products. Brewing and baking bread are examples of processes that fall within the concept of biotechnology (use of yeast (= living organism) to produce the desired product).
Bionanotechnology utilizes biological systems optimized through evolution like cells, proteins, and nucleic acids to create nanostructured materials. It combines nanotechnology and biotechnology. Recombinant DNA technology is a core technique that allows for manipulation of genes and mass production of proteins. Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced from a single clone that can be used as targeted delivery systems. Nanomaterials like silver nanoparticles show promise as antiviral agents due to their antibacterial properties. Nanowire biosensors could provide improved sensitivity, specificity, and parallelism by exploiting nanoscale properties and using techniques like field-effect transistors. Natural bionanomachinery provides examples of nanoscale functional applications that involve processes like self-assembly, energy conversion, and
Biotechnology uses microorganisms and cell culture techniques to produce medicines, industrial chemicals, and other useful products. Key applications include using monoclonal antibodies for diagnostics and therapeutics, producing crops with desirable traits through plant cell culture, and generating vaccines and biopharmaceuticals through insect and mammalian cell culture. Emerging technologies like recombinant DNA, cloning, protein engineering, biosensors, nanobiotechnology, and microarrays further expand biotechnology's possibilities in fields like medicine, agriculture, and environmental remediation.
This document discusses various drug-induced pulmonary diseases. It notes that drug-induced pulmonary diseases can affect any part of the respiratory system and have non-specific pathological findings. Several drugs are known to cause apnea by depressing the central nervous system or blocking respiratory muscles. Bronchospasm is usually only induced in patients with pre-existing lung conditions and is caused by drugs like beta blockers and aspirin. ACE inhibitors are a common cause of persistent cough. Narcotic analgesics frequently cause non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Many cancer chemotherapy drugs and other medications have been associated with pulmonary fibrosis.
This document provides an introduction to clinical pharmacokinetics. It defines key terms like absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and steady state. It discusses the applications of pharmacokinetics in optimizing drug therapy. The document also introduces pharmacokinetic models including compartmental models with central and peripheral compartments. Rate constants and reaction orders like zero-order and first-order kinetics are explained.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Pharmaceutical biotechnology is the application of biotechnology principles to develop drugs. It aims to design drugs tailored to an individual's genetics for maximum therapeutic effect. Key applications include recombinant DNA vaccines, drugs, and proteins. Advantages include pharmacogenomics to customize medicine based on genetics. Recombinant DNA and monoclonal antibodies also provide opportunities for new drug development and delivery approaches. Common biotechnology products are antibodies, proteins, and recombinant DNA products. Therapeutic uses include detecting and treating genetic diseases, cancer, AIDS, and autoimmune diseases.
This document discusses various applications of biotechnology across different fields including food, medical, environmental, and industrial biotechnology. In food biotechnology, genetically modified foods are discussed that have extended shelf life like tomatoes or more efficient food processing using bacterial rennin production. Medical applications include monoclonal antibodies for cancer treatment, bioprocessing insulin, stem cells for tissue regeneration, and tissue engineering. Environmental biotechnology aims to use bioremediation and biosensors to eliminate hazardous waste and monitor pollution. Industrial biotechnology produces chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biofuels and other products using microbes.
New pharmaceuticals derived from biotechnologyPranav Ambast
This document provides an overview of biotechnology and biopharmaceuticals derived from biotechnology. It discusses the history of biotechnology from ancient uses of fermentation to modern developments like recombinant DNA technology. It then describes various techniques used to produce biopharmaceuticals, including recombinant DNA technology, hybridoma technology, fermentation, and cell culture. The document concludes by discussing specific pharmaceuticals derived from biotechnology, such as antibiotics, recombinant blood clotting factors, hormones, and monoclonal antibodies.
This document discusses biochips and their development. It begins with an introduction to biochips, noting they are miniaturized laboratories that can perform hundreds or thousands of biochemical reactions simultaneously. This enables rapid screening of biological analytes for various purposes. The document then provides history on the development of biosensor technologies and microarray fabrication techniques. It also discusses various types of microarrays beyond DNA, including protein, antibody, and chemical compound microarrays. Ethics regarding biotechnology development are briefly covered.
This document provides an introduction to nanobiotechnology. It discusses how nanotechnology involves working at the nanoscale of 1-100 nanometers to develop applications in areas like biotechnology. Nanobiotechnology uses nanotechnology techniques to develop and improve biotechnological processes and products like lab-on-a-chip devices and biosensors. The document outlines the differences between classical biotechnology, modern biotechnology, and how biotechnology is evolving into bionanotechnology through the integration of nanoscale techniques. Examples of current nanobiotechnology applications are given in areas like drug delivery, disease diagnostics, and food packaging.
introduction to Nanobiotechnology
what is nanotechnology
bionanotechnology
classical biotechnology industrial production using biological system
modern biotechnology from industrial processes to noval therapeutics
modern biotechnology immunological enzymatic and neucleic acid based technology
Dna based technology
self assembly and supramolecular chemistry
formation of ordered structure at nano scale
Designing of drug delivery system for biotechnology products considering stab...Smaranika Rahman
This document discusses drug delivery systems for biotechnology products, focusing on stability aspects and monitoring methods to improve stability. It provides background on biotechnology and its history, then describes various routes for delivering biotech products, including orally, nasally, transdermally, parenterally, and rectally. For each route, it discusses technologies being investigated or developed to enhance stability and absorption of biotech drugs, such as using polymers, absorption enhancers, and targeted delivery methods. The goal is to develop delivery systems that can safely and reliably deliver biotech medications at therapeutic levels.
This course covers principles of plant biotechnology and techniques of plant tissue culture. It aims to impart knowledge on various plant tissue culture techniques, fundamentals of genetic engineering, and their role in crop improvement. Specific objectives include understanding plant tissue culture techniques, genetic engineering fundamentals, and molecular markers. The course will cover topics such as the history of plant tissue culture and genetic engineering, tissue culture techniques, micropropagation, somaclonal variation, anther and embryo culture, genetic engineering methods, transgenic plants, and applications of biotechnology in crop improvement.
This document discusses various methods for improving microbial strains, including selecting naturally occurring variants, manipulating existing genetics, and introducing new genetics. It focuses on mutation and selection techniques like chemical or UV mutagenesis followed by selection on selective media. Genetic engineering techniques are also summarized, including restriction digestion, ligation into vectors, transformation, and screening of recombinants. Common vectors like pBR322, pUC18, phages like M13, and cosmids are described. The overall goal is to outline strategies for isolating industrially useful microbial mutants.
The document discusses the scope of modern biology. It states that molecular cell biology now blends advanced cytology, molecular nature, genetics, biochemistry, computation, and engineering. Technological advances like automation, DNA sequencing, mass spectroscopy and microarrays allow large-scale genomic and proteomic analyses. Techniques such as PCR, FRET and RNAi have led to more sophisticated experiments. The document also discusses various topics in modern biology like bioinformatics, genetics, phytochemistry, structural biology, and synthetic biology. It notes both the potential applications and ethical risks of synthetic biology.
Cell Engineering and Molecular Pharming in Biopharmaceuticals.pptxAngela Abraham
Biopharmaceuticals are often produced by recombinant E. coli or mammalian cell lines. This is usually
achieved by the introduction of a gene or cDNA coding for the protein of interest into a well-characterized strain of producer
cells. Naturally, each recombinant production system has its own unique advantages and disadvantages. This paper
examines the current practices, developments, and future trends in the production of biopharmaceuticals. Platform technologies
for rapid screening and analyses of biosystems are reviewed. Strategies to improve productivity via metabolic
and integrated engineering are also highlighted.
This document provides an introduction to biotechnology. It defines biotechnology as the use of living cells, including microorganisms, plant cells, and animal cells, for the benefit of humanity. Key areas of biotechnology discussed include agriculture, food, industry, biofuels, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and waste utilization. The document outlines several important techniques in biotechnology such as genetic engineering, gene therapy, bioinformatics, restriction enzymes, reverse transcriptase, polymerase chain reaction, genetic fingerprinting, cloning, and genetically modified plants.
China Medical University Student ePaper2Isabelle Chiu
Microarray and bio-chips provide a new technology for analyzing samples in an instant, automatic, and high-efficiency way. Microarray biochips can be divided into DNA chips and protein chips. DNA chips use nucleic acids as probes to examine thousands of genes simultaneously, while protein chips use proteins, antibodies, or microorganisms as probes to detect factors like hormones. Microarray biochips allow many samples, reagents, and biological materials to react on a small, miniaturized device, generating data immediately after quantitative analysis. This technology is being developed for uses in medical diagnostics and drug development.
Nano biotechnology, often referred to as nanobiotechnology, is a multidiscipl...ItsJimmy
It is a presentation related to nanobiotechnology which covered it's aspects including it's introduction, scope , uses , application and also includes nanofibers and nanotechnology.
Overcoming the challenges of molecular diagnostics in government health insti...Yakubu Sunday Bot
overcoming the challenges of molecular diagnostics in government owned health institution in nigeria.Several challenges abound in the Nigerian health sector ranging from financial,political and lack of commitment.Its obvious and no wonder the state of health care deliveryy, vis a vis its quality of care to its citizenry.
Biotechnology is technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products. Brewing and baking bread are examples of processes that fall within the concept of biotechnology (use of yeast (= living organism) to produce the desired product).
Bionanotechnology utilizes biological systems optimized through evolution like cells, proteins, and nucleic acids to create nanostructured materials. It combines nanotechnology and biotechnology. Recombinant DNA technology is a core technique that allows for manipulation of genes and mass production of proteins. Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced from a single clone that can be used as targeted delivery systems. Nanomaterials like silver nanoparticles show promise as antiviral agents due to their antibacterial properties. Nanowire biosensors could provide improved sensitivity, specificity, and parallelism by exploiting nanoscale properties and using techniques like field-effect transistors. Natural bionanomachinery provides examples of nanoscale functional applications that involve processes like self-assembly, energy conversion, and
Biotechnology uses microorganisms and cell culture techniques to produce medicines, industrial chemicals, and other useful products. Key applications include using monoclonal antibodies for diagnostics and therapeutics, producing crops with desirable traits through plant cell culture, and generating vaccines and biopharmaceuticals through insect and mammalian cell culture. Emerging technologies like recombinant DNA, cloning, protein engineering, biosensors, nanobiotechnology, and microarrays further expand biotechnology's possibilities in fields like medicine, agriculture, and environmental remediation.
Similar to Immunological and biological pro.pptx (20)
This document discusses various drug-induced pulmonary diseases. It notes that drug-induced pulmonary diseases can affect any part of the respiratory system and have non-specific pathological findings. Several drugs are known to cause apnea by depressing the central nervous system or blocking respiratory muscles. Bronchospasm is usually only induced in patients with pre-existing lung conditions and is caused by drugs like beta blockers and aspirin. ACE inhibitors are a common cause of persistent cough. Narcotic analgesics frequently cause non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Many cancer chemotherapy drugs and other medications have been associated with pulmonary fibrosis.
This document provides an introduction to clinical pharmacokinetics. It defines key terms like absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and steady state. It discusses the applications of pharmacokinetics in optimizing drug therapy. The document also introduces pharmacokinetic models including compartmental models with central and peripheral compartments. Rate constants and reaction orders like zero-order and first-order kinetics are explained.
The document discusses the importance of evaluating exposure-response relationships during Phase 2-3 clinical trials in order to select optimal doses, understand safety and efficacy results, and inform dosing recommendations for different patient populations. Conducting pharmacokinetic assessments and exposure-response analyses can help overcome barriers like late study design and data collection, and ensure patients receive the right drug, dose, and dosing instructions.
This document discusses approaches to designing dosage regimens and individualizing dosage regimens for patients. It covers topics like dose size and frequency, drug accumulation during multiple dosing, loading and maintenance doses, sources of variability between patients, and dosing considerations for specific patient populations like neonates/children, elderly patients, and patients with renal or hepatic impairment. The key approaches discussed are empirical dosage regimens, individualized regimens based on pharmacokinetics, and regimens based on population averages using fixed or adaptive models.
-ROLE OF PHARMACIST IN HOSPITAL PHARMACY.pptxGeletaGalataa
The role of pharmacists in hospital pharmacy can be categorized into four major areas: general responsibilities, dispensing responsibilities, clinical pharmacy services, and research. Pharmacists ensure policies and procedures are followed, maintain competence through continuing education, and provide drug information to patients and other healthcare professionals. They are responsible for dispensing medications properly, providing clinical services like patient reviews and therapeutic drug monitoring, and conducting research in areas like policies, drug distribution, and clinical studies.
The House of Delegates approved 40 new policies and 3 statements at its 2021 meetings. Key topics included direct-to-consumer genetic tests, antimicrobial stewardship, leadership development, interprofessional education, patient experience, and pharmacist roles in public health and pharmacogenomics. The House of Delegates acts as the ultimate authority over ASHP professional policies and meets annually to review and approve new policy proposals.
This document provides an outline and overview of a seminar presentation on pneumonia. It discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, etiology, classification, clinical manifestations, laboratory/diagnostic investigations, treatment approaches, and complications of pneumonia. Pneumonia remains a common cause of severe sepsis and a leading infectious cause of death. Treatment involves antibiotics targeting the likely causative pathogens, with choices dependent on patient age, location of infection (community-acquired, hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated), and risk of drug-resistant organisms. Patient education on prevention, symptom management, and completing antibiotic courses is also emphasized.
This document discusses nausea and vomiting, including its definition, causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment. It describes the epidemiology of nausea and vomiting, noting it is most common in those aged 15-24 and less common in other ages. Treatment involves both non-pharmacological approaches like rest and rehydration as well as a variety of antiemetic drugs depending on the underlying cause, including 5-HT3 antagonists, D2 antagonists, antihistamines, and corticosteroids. The choice of antiemetic considers factors like the situation of motion sickness, pregnancy, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and cytotoxic chemotherapy.
1. Liquid pharmaceuticals encountered in pilot plants can be solutions, suspensions, or emulsions. The pilot plant process aims to facilitate the transition of formulations from the laboratory to full-scale production.
2. Key steps in the pilot plant process for liquid orals include reviewing the formula, evaluating raw materials and equipment, setting production rates, optimizing the manufacturing process, and ensuring compliance with good manufacturing practices.
3. Stability testing of the liquid formulations evaluates physical and chemical stability over time to confirm the appropriate preservation and packaging.
Cost-utility analysis (CUA) is a type of economic analysis that compares treatment alternatives by integrating measures of patient preferences and health-related quality of life. CUA uses quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) as the measure of health outcome, which combines both quantity and quality of life into a single metric. The preferred treatment is the one with the lowest cost per QALY gained. QALYs are calculated by multiplying the expected survival time in a health state by a weight representing the quality of life in that health state on a scale of 0 to 1, with 0 being death and 1 being perfect health. CUA allows for comparison of interventions that impact both mortality and morbidity.
This document provides an outline and overview of vaccines. It discusses various topics related to vaccines including introduction to vaccines, modes of immunization, traditional vaccine types (killed pathogens, attenuated, purified antigens/toxoids), limitations of traditional vaccines, and biotech vaccines produced using recombinant DNA techniques (rDNA vaccines, recombinant proteins, recombinant vectors, virus-like particles). Production of vaccines using rDNA allows deletion of virulence genes while still stimulating immunity. The document is authored by Tsegaab Y. and covers these vaccine-related topics in detail across multiple pages.
The document describes three types of mass analyzers: quadrupole analyzer, ion trap analyzer, and time-of-flight analyzer. The quadrupole analyzer uses four parallel metal rods and applied voltages to filter ions by their m/z ratio. The ion trap analyzer applies RF frequencies to trap ions by m/z, which are then scanned out over time. The time-of-flight analyzer uses an electric field to accelerate ions through a drift region, separating them by m/z and detecting them at different times.
The immune system functions to protect the body from pathogens. It consists of organs like the spleen, thymus, and bone marrow as well as white blood cells. Pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists can cause disease by disrupting homeostasis. Germ theory established that many diseases are caused by biological agents. Infectious diseases spread through physical contact, exchange of fluids, indirect contact, or vectors. The immune system uses nonspecific defenses like skin and stomach acid along with specific defenses of white blood cells. When pathogens invade, the body responds with fever, inflammation, and production of antibodies by B cells. Immunity develops from exposure to pathogens, and can be active from infection or vaccination, or passive
Biosimilars are biological products that are highly similar to and have no clinically meaningful differences from an existing FDA-approved biological product, known as the reference product. An interchangeable biosimilar is expected to produce the same clinical result as the reference product. Biosimilars work in the same way as the reference product through the same mechanism of action. Unlike generics, biosimilars are not necessarily identical due to differences in living organisms used to produce them. As biosimilars gain approval, they have the potential to increase treatment options for patients and lower healthcare costs.
Mass spectrometry is a technique that uses the deflection of charged particles by a magnetic field to determine the relative masses of molecular ions and fragments. It provides a great deal of information from small samples and can be used to determine molecular mass, structure, and purity. Various ionization sources like electron ionization, chemical ionization, fast atom bombardment, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization are used to vaporize and ionize samples for analysis in mass analyzers such as quadrupoles, ion traps, and time-of-flight instruments. Mass spectra provide the abundance of ions as a function of their mass-to-charge ratio and can reveal molecular structure through characteristic fragmentation patterns.
This document appears to be discussing a study comparing the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) vs warfarin in treating patients with atrial fibrillation. The study found that DOACs were as effective as warfarin in reducing stroke and systemic embolism risks while causing fewer bleeding issues. DOACs may be a safer alternative for patients with atrial fibrillation compared to long-term warfarin treatment.
The document discusses health planning. It defines planning and health planning, and describes the benefits of planning which include providing direction, reducing uncertainty, and helping efficiently utilize resources. It differentiates types of planning such as strategic, tactical, and operational planning. The basic steps of health planning are also discussed, including situational analysis, priority setting, objective setting, strategy design, action planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. Outcomes of planning include developing an organization's mission, vision, objectives, and strategies.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Contents
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Introduction to Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Introduction to genetic engineering/ rDNA technology
Concepts in rDNA technology
Tools of genetic engineering (enzymes,cloning vectors,cloning hosts)
Basic techniques(gene cloning, protein expression)
Application of rDNA technology
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other techniquesof modern biotechnology
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What is biotechnology?
A science that uses living organisms or the products from living organisms to benefit
humans and their surroundings.
The term “biotechnology” is used interchangeably with “genetic engineering.”
Introduction
4. Introduction…
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Biological product is defined as
“A virus, therapeutic serum, proteins and peptides, nucleic acids, antitoxin,
vaccine, blood, blood component or derivative, allergenic product, or
analogous product, or any other trivalent organic arsenic compound,
applicable to the prevention, treatment or cure of a disease or condition of
human beings”.
6. Introduction….
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New biologicals are expanded to include:
DNA/RNA derivatives, such as 1 m-RNA analogue
Peptides
Tissue or cell therapies
Biologic drug carriers, such as 5 liposomes
Natural derivatives
7. Introduction….
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Biotechnology further encompasses biological products that have agricultural uses
and industrial applications
In industry, naturally occurring Mos are being studied and used to consume substances
harmful to the environment, such as hydrocarbons (oil), mercury and sulfuric acid
8. Introduction….
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Biotechnology is also a collection of biologic techniques and drug development
technologies that permit the discovery and developments of new biologic products
Several of techniques now exist starting with the three cornerstone technologies:
1. Recombinant DNA (r-DNA) technology: is the manufacture of human proteins
in non-human living systems
9. Introduction….
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2. Monoclonal antibodies (mabs) technologies:
Mabs are complex proteins that have a uniform basic structure, comprising four
subunits that are divided into two matched pairs of protein material—two heavy
chains and two light chains, linked by disulfide bridges:
Produced in a mouse
Murine hybridoma cell (hybrid of myeloma cell and mouse plasma cell)
technology
10. Introduction….
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3. Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs):
It is a critical core process in biotechnology, which permits the expansion of the
amount of genetic material (DNA), starting from minute amounts.
11. Introduction…
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In product development, technologies also include genetics-related technologies such
as:
Antisense
Genomics
Gene therapy
Pharmacogenomics
Ribozymes
12. Introduction….
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Antisense: Antisense is a RNA molecule that is complementary to or a mirror image
of, a segment of mutated m-RNA molecule, involved in the pathogenesis of a disease;
The antisense RNA molecule will bind to the noxious m-RNA molecule,
preventing the disease from manifesting
E.g. Fornivirsen, used to treat cytomegalovirus associated retinitis that can
occur in AIDS Pts
13. Introduction….
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Gene therapy: is a technology employing a gene as a therapeutic agent to treat a
disease
Pharmacogenomics: is the study of genetic phenotypes of patient groups and their
impact on drug actions, changing drug pharmacokinetics and/or activity
14. Introduction….
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Genetic change can change action of metabolic enzymes, receptor activity, or drug
transport;
Can lead to more adverse events, dosing changes up or down to achieve the same
effect, and disease subtypes with different drug responses
15. Introduction….
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Ribozymes technology: are molecules comprising sequences of nucleic acids that
possess enzymatic catalytic properties to bind to specific sites in DNA or RNA and
cleave the chain;
Ribozyme will have subunits responsible for the binding function and subunits
responsible for enzyme function
16. Introduction…
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Have the following desirable traits:
Specificity in targeting cleavage of RNA
Small size amenable to formulation and dosing
Multiple turnover i.e. One molecule binds and acts and then moves on to next
molecule and repeats its function
17. Introduction….
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Further processes or technologies are:
Combinatorial chemistry: involves the use of the basic building blocks in
biochemistry, either the 20 amino acids or 4 nucleic acids, to build new molecules
18. Introduction…
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All the different combinations of a set of number of building blocks can be created
For example, the use of 10 different amino acids can result in over 3.5
million decapeptide compounds
20. Introduction…
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The process of HTS is dependent on:
Improved analytical processes (better surface chemistry, capture agents, and
detection methods)
Miniaturization of equipment, and
Automation
Over 100,000 samples can be tested in a day
21. Introduction….
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Bioinformatics: can be described as the use of information technology (IT) for the
analysis of biological data sets
It links the areas of bioscience and computer science
Proteomics: is the study of protein structures and their properties
X-ray crystallography: study of the crystal structure of compounds
23. Introduction…
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PKs exist and are very specific to certain cells and cell functions
Aberrant or excessive cell activity can be mediated by the PKs, contributing to
diseases such as cancers or inflammatory conditions
PK become targets for drug intervention to turn off or reduce their activity and
moderate a disease
24. Introduction….
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Virology:
Viruses are most commonly used for gene delivery with the investigational
therapies because of their natural ability to carry genetic material, deliver it into
human cells (infect or transfect) and allow the genes to be turned on
25. Introduction….
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Cell and tissue therapies: technique to treat disease is based on obtaining healthy cells
from a specific tissue, selecting out a specific subset of cells with certain desirable
properties, and enhancing the activity of these cells through ex vivo manipulation
26. Introduction….
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These specifically selected, enhanced, and activated cells returned to patients whose
cells are not sufficiently functional, thereby ameliorating a disease.
E.g. Chondrocytes responsible for cartilage production are taken from a patient’s
knee that has serious damage and is repairing poorly
These Chondrocyctes are manipulated ex-vivo and returned to the patient
to normalize cartilage production
28. Introduction….
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These all technologies help to:
Elucidate new biologic mechanisms of disease
Identify naturally occurring substances or processes responsible for a biologic effect
Innovate new products that enhance natural processes against disease
29. Introduction….
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Create duplicates of the natural substances that often are found only in minute
amounts in the body
Block the function of dysfunctional proteins or nucleic acids
Reduce action of natural processes gone in a wrong way (less important) as in
inflammation in arthritis and
Permit mass production of rare products for commercialization
30. Historical Development of Biotechnology
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o The origins of biotechnology go back 4000–8000 years to the Sumerian, Egyptian,
and Chinese cultures
o Fermentation is an age-old, basic biologic process whereby a living organism, a
yeast, will react with carbohydrate materials, such as wheat, in a vessel to produce
alcohol (Sumerian beer).
31. Historical Development of Biotechnology…
In 1665 Robert Hooke invented the compound light microscope; first to observe
cells in cork.
In 1675 Antony van Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria using a simple
microscope.
o In 1800s: Proteins were discovered to exist
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32. Historical Development of Biotechnology…
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o In the mid-1800s: Genetics began with the discoveries of Charles Darwin and
Gregor Mendel; the principles were used in breeding animals and plants to enhance
desirable traits.
o In 1870’s Louis Pasteur disproved the notion of spontaneous generation, describing
the role of bacteria in spoilage and the scientific basis for fermentation and Created
the rabies vaccine.
33. Historical Development of Biotechnology…
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o In 1940s: it was proved that DNA being responsible for carrying genetic
information.
o 1950s : the Modern era of biotechnology is thought to have started with the
discovery of the three-dimensional (3D) construct of the DNA double helix (by
James Watson & Francis crick);
The matched pairs of four nucleic acids (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and
thymidine) in a specific sequence, parallel chains, and a 3D spatial
34. Historical Development of Biotechnology…
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o 1960s: several key discoveries in biology underpin biotechnology; namely,
The genetic code is universal in nature among all living things for the 20
amino acids,
64 specific nucleic acid triplet codes are responsible for interpretation of
genes into proteins, and
Genetic material is transferable among different organisms.
35. Historical Development of Biotechnology…
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o In early 1970s there were the development of the two core technologies of
biotechnology, i.e., r-DNA and Mabs, which account for 80 of the 140
commercially available products in 2006.
o In 1982, marketing recombinant human insulin, the first commercial
pharmaceutical product derived from biotechnology.
36. Historical Development of Biotechnology…
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o At the end of 20th and in 21st century, biotechnology has become a major and
common platform for new products approved for clinical use;
From 1998 to 2003, biotech research and development was responsible for 36% of
all new molecular entities and all drug approvals by the USFDA.
37. Historical Development of Biotechnology…
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o From its early era of product approvals numbering 60 in the 1980s and 1990s (18-year
period), this discipline has increased the discovery, development, production, and
commercialization of innovative biological products with about 80 more by 2006 (6-
year period).
o Now over 100 human disease conditions are treated with biotechnology products.
38. 8/13/2022
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Cloning is creating a genetically identical copy of something
Single cells and DNA are fairly easy to clone, but cloning entire organisms
becomes increasingly difficult
Applications of Biotechnology
Cloning
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DNA Fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting is identifying the pattern of certain
sequences in parts of DNA
DNA is isolated, copied, cut into pieces, and separated based
on size using gel electrophoresis
Probes are then used to find specific DNA sequences
Can be used for maternity or paternity tests and in forensics
to determine identity and compare unknown DNA samples to
find out if a suspect is guilty or not
40. Applications in Pharmaceutical Industry
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43
More than 150 approved biotech drugs or vaccines are on the market
A recent survey by the pharmaceutical research and manufacturers of America
(Pharma) found 369 drugs in the pipeline meeting the criteria as biotechnological
drugs and medicines
41. Applications in Pharmaceutical Industry…
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Biotechnology-produced pharmaceuticals currently account for 5% of the worldwide
pharmaceutical market and are expected to reach approximately 15% by the year 2050
Not only drugs but also new medical diagnostic tests are produced and distributed by
pharmaceutical biotech industry
42. Applications in Pharmaceutical Industry…
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Xenotransplantation from transgenic animals
Xenotransplantation is transplantation of genetically modified organs and cells
from other organisms like pigs
Are promising sources of donor organs that can be used to overcome the lack of a
sufficient number of human organs
43. Applications in Pharmaceutical Industry…
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Tissue engineering, in relation to xenotransplantation
Combines advances in cell biology and biomaterial science
Tissues consist of scaffolding material (e.g. collagen, biodegradable polymers),
which eventually degrades after forming organs or cell implants
Skin tissues and cartilages were the first tissues successfully engineered and tested in
vivo
44. Applications in Pharmaceutical Industry…
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Stem cells are considered today as a new avenue in therapy to cure most deadly and
debilitating diseases such as;
Parkinson
Alzheimer
Leukemia, and
Genetic disorders like adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency and cystic fibrosis
(CF)
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Reducing Costs in R&D
Before biotechnology had been intensively introduced to industrial research,
developing costs of each drug had cost companies on average US$880 million and had
taken 15 years from start to market authorization;
About 75% of these costs were spent on failures
Impact of Biotechnology on the Drug Discovery and
Development
46. Impact of Biotechnology…
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Increase in Productivity
From trial-and-error approaches and complex biochemical in vitro assays,
biotechnology allows industrialized target detection and validation
By the use of micro array technologies and bioinformatics, thousands of genes in
diseased and healthy tissues will be analyzed by a single DNA chip
47. Impact of Biotechnology…
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By the use of bioinformatics, results from different assays can be analyzed and linked to
an integrated follow-up of information in databases
In total, the potential savings per drug by intelligent information retrieval systems and
genetic analytics are estimated at about US$140 million per drug and less than one year
of time to market
48. Impact of Biotechnology…
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Accelerating the Drug Development Process
Pharmaceutical biotechnology enable prediction of drug properties and
pharmacokinetic parameters to accelerate the industrial drug development process.
Potential savings are in the order of US$20 million and 0.3 years per drug
49. Impact of Biotechnology…
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Maintaining high standards in quality assurance
Biotechnological drugs have the same high standard in quality and safety as
conventional drugs
Of high interest is the question of costs of quality control for recombinant drugs
An increase of US$200 million and more than one year per drug
50. Impact of Biotechnology…
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The main reason for this is explained by the extra time needed for unknown chemical
and physical properties of recombinant proteins and oligonucleotides
Another time- and cost-consuming aspect is the importance of developing new drug
specific appropriate test assays for drug validation, standardization, activity
determination (e.g. biological units), toxicity, and bio analytical methods
51. Merob S.(Asst. Lecturer) , School of Pharmacy,
CHMS, HU
Introduction to Genetic Engineering
(rDNA technology)
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52. Outline
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Definition of genetic Engineering
Gene Manipulation
Basic steps in rDNA technology
Application of rDNA technology in production of immunologicals and biologicals
Therapeutic applications of rDNA products
Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCRs)
53. rDNA technology or Genetic Engineering
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rDNA technology or Genetic Engineering is the manufacture of human proteins
in non-human living systems
It is also known as Gene Splicing or Gene Modification
54. Introduction…
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All cell structures and functions begin with proteins, and the code for building
the proteins is found in DNA
DNA is made up of building blocks known as nucleotides that are connected in a
very long ladder-like structure
55. Introduction…
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There are four different nucleotides (containing the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine,
and thymidine) with a total of about 3 billion nucleotide units in the human genome,
tightly packed into chromosomes
These include the genetic code for a large number of genes (~30,000)
Each of these genes controls the synthesis of a protein
56. Introduction…
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A single codon is made up of units of three adjacent nucleotides; each codon specifies
one amino acid
The arrangement of codons in the DNA, following transcription into messenger RNA
(mRNA), determines the sequence of amino acids that will form a particular protein
57. Gene Manipulation
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The ability to design new varieties of plants and animals has now become a reality
through genetic engineering
Genetic engineering involves the manipulation of genes within a cell or organism to
bring about a change in the genetic makeup of an organism
58. Gene Manipulation
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There are several methods of gene manipulation currently used, most of which include
the removal and insertion of genetic material into organisms
One of the most important processes in gene manipulation is gene mapping
Gene mapping involves the finding of the particular location on the strand of
DNA that contains the genes that control certain traits.
59. Gene Manipulation...
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o The process of mapping the genes on the strands of DNA involves the use of
molecules that act as probes;
The probes attach themselves to certain parts of the DNA where the nucleotides
join each other;
The probe looks for combinations of where the nitrogen bases join in certain
sequences;
Once the probe locates the nucleotides, the sequences of Adenine(A), thymine(T),
Cytosine(C) and Guanine(G) can be listed in a map
60. Gene Manipulation...
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The other process in gene manipulation is gene splicing
Once the location of the DNA sequence has been located, by using restriction enzymes
the DNA can be separated at a particular location on the gene
Once the pieces of DNA are removed, other DNA can be spliced in or recombined with
the remaining DNA or this DNA can be recombined with other DNA
This results in recombinant DNA
61. Basic steps in rDNA technology
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Five steps in r-DNA technology:
1. Protein identification
2. Gene isolation
3. Cloning of genetic material and expression of proteins
4. Manufacturing (scale-up processes) and
5. Quality assurance for both protein and process integrity
62. Basic steps in rDNA technology…
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1. Protein Identification
Involves finding a protein responsible for some biological effect in the human
body that has therapeutic potential
The protein needs to be isolated from its normal environmental condition, usually
a body fluid or cell
The structure of the protein and its functions are determined.
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2. Gene Isolation
There are three mechanisms
First, we often will know the protein’s full amino acid(aa) sequence, and the 64
nucleic acid triplets that code for the 20 amino acids
Second, we may be able to find the human cell that produces our target protein;
The viral enzyme, reverse transcriptase, is capable of creating the target
complementary DNA
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Third, the human gene could be find out of the human genome using nucleic acid
probes
Using the triplet codes for the aas in the peptide subunits of the protein, we build
specific nucleic acid combinations (probes) for each peptide
we try to match the first nucleic acid probe to the DNA mixture, which does create a
subset of matching DNA pieces
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3. Cloning of Genetic Material and Expression of Proteins:
Involves cloning of the gene and expression of the protein by the gene;
Cloning is the reproduction of the target human gene in a nonhuman cell;
Expression is the production of the target human protein by a nonhuman cell
containing the human gene.
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These processes require a vector for the DNA (genes), so that the gene can be carried
into a host cell;
Vector – molecule of DNA which is used to carry a human gene into a host cell
A bacterial plasmid can be used as vector
67. Basic steps in rDNA technology…
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The plasmid must be cut and open to
accept the human gene by bacterial
restrictionendonucleases.
Sticky’ ends of the opened bacterial
plasmid and the human gene permit
recombination of the DNA, under the
influence of a ligase enzyme resulting in
an r-DNA molecule containing a human
gene inserted into a bacterial plasmid.
68. Basic steps in rDNA technology…
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The r-DNA molecule is inserted into a host cell and the cell manufactures the human
protein from the human gene that it carries;
The unique newly created cell and its offspring are the master working cell bank.
The cell bank should be periodically tested for cell viability, genetic and phenotypic
stability
69. Basic steps in rDNA technology…
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The host cells can be Prokaryotic (bacteria) or eukaryotic (yeast, mammalian
cell culture) systems
The choice of expression system can influence the character, quantity and cost of
a final product
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Mammalian systems such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell and baby hamster
kidney (BHK) cell systems;
An ideal choice as these are capable of glycosylating the protein at the correct sites
Cost of production of the products using these systems is high because of slow
growth and expensive nutrient media
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The host cell needs to possess a set of demanding characteristics to be used feasibly
and cost-effectively in manufacturing processes:
A short reproductive life cycle
Long-term viability in an in vitro setting
The ability to accept bacterial plasmids
Substantial productive capacity (yield) for proteins
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4. Manufacturing (scale-up processes)
This step comprises four phases:
Inoculum, Fermentation, Purification, and Formulation.
A. Inoculum phase
Involves the use of daughter cells from the new host cell
The daughter cells are grown in specific media in serially larger flasks and assessed for
normal growth characteristics.
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The growth medium (liquid and air) is a unique and specific mixture of minerals and
nutrients to enhance
Cell viability (lifespan) in vitro and
Functional ability of cells to produce proteins (maximize yield)
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B. The Fermentation or Cell Culture Phase
Involves inoculating thousand of containers, or large fermenters, with cells from the
inoculum phase and adding the appropriate fortified growth media
The host cells will proceed to produce proteins, either
Intracellularly in storage vacuoles for most bacterial host cells or
Extracellularly into the media for mammalian cells
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C. Purification phase
o Purification of the protein varies between bacterial and mammalian systems;
o For bacteria, the cells are removed from the liquid in the fermenters by
centrifugation into a cell paste, which is centrifuged again to break out proteins
from the cells.
o The protein mixture is then run through an extraction process (often HPLC) to
separate the target protein from all other proteins;
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o For mammalian cells, the culture media contains the proteins, which were
secreted extracellularly by the mammalian cells, and is collected periodically;
o Extraction and purification are basically similar processes for the mammalian
process;
o A pure bulk protein is the result of purification.
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D. Formulation phase
o The final phase is formulation, where in a diluent is chosen for the protein,
incorporating the best mix of fluids, buffers, stabilizers, and minerals to
achieve optimal protein stability, maximal shelf life, and patient
acceptability.
o Sterile water, normal saline, and dextrose 5% in water are three common
diluents.
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5. Quality Assurance For Both Protein and Process Integrity
o Step 5 in r-DNA technology is quality control for the final product, components,
and processes throughout the manufacturing process;
E.g. A degraded protein, viral or bacterial contamination, poor yield, an immune
reaction in patients, and even a different protein.
QC ensures final product integrity through an extensive series of tests.
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o The tests involve four key areas:
Genetic materials (plasmids and genes)
Bulk protein products
Final products, and
The manufacturing process.
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in production of Immunologicals and Biologicals
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o rDNA enables rapid isolation of unique proteins and their mass production by
rapidly growing microorganisms.
o In addition, new organisms having specifically inserted and desired characteristics
could be engineered for medical, agricultural, and ecological uses.
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o The recombinant DNA technology provides several advantages:
The large-scale production of high amounts of protein with defined and
homogeneous quality to lower costs;
The development of novel drugs, directed to new targets, which could not
be isolated in sufficient amounts and qualities from natural sources; and
Creating protein variants having even improved properties over the natural
polypeptides.
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o One of the first uses of rDNA technology for biopharmaceutical was the
manufacture of human insulin;
Scientists isolated the DNA sequence that regulates the production of insulin.
The DNA segment is cloned into the DNA of the E.coli bacteria.
The bacteria carrying the DNA for insulin production reproduces and passes
the capability along to the next generation.
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Hormones of therapeutic interest
o Human insulin produced using S. cerevisae or E. coli which is structurally
identical to insulin produced by the pancreas in the human body can be
administrated in treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.
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o Insulin aspart: is structurally identical to insulin human, except for the
replacement of aspartic acid with proline at position 28 on the B-chain of the
molecules.
Provides rapid absorption than regular human insulin.
o There also another different insulin used for therapeutic purposes such as Insulin
glargine, Insulin lispro, and Insulin glulisine.
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o Recombinant human choriogonadotropin (rhuCG): produced in CHO cells, is
used to induce ovulation in the treatment of anovalatory infertility or as an
adjunct to in vitro fertilization procedure.
o Recombinant follicles stimulating hormone (rFSH): produced from CHO cells,
is safe and effective in the treatment of fertility disorder.
o Recombinant luteinizing hormone: is likely to be recommended as a
supplement to rFSH for ovulation induction in hypogonadotropic women.
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o Somatotropin, a recombinant GH (growth hormone), produced in E. coli is
identical to natural GH, except that it contains an additional methionine on the N-
terminus of the molecule. It is used
for the treatment(t/t) of short stature resulting from GH deficiency
as an adjunct in the t/t of other disorders such as intrauterine growth
restriction
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Haemopoietic growth factors
o Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhuEPO) is used for treatment of anaemia;
Epoetin alfa, Epoetin beta and Epoetin omega;
Epoetin alfa and Epoetin beta are produced in CHO cells, whereas Epoetin
omega is produced in BHK cells;
All the three varieties of rhuEPO had the similar sequence of 165 amino acids,
but differ in their carbohydrate content and site of glycosylation.
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o Filgrastim:- a recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhuG-
CSF) produced in E. coli principally affects the proliferation and differentiation
of neutrophils within the bone marrow;
o Pegfilgrastim:- additional polyethylene glycol moiety
a long-acting form of filgrastim, that requires less frequent administration for
mgt of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia.
o Sargramostim:- (produced using S. cerevisiae) is used to treat and prevent
neutropenia in patients receiving myelosuppressive cancer therapy.
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Blood coagulation factors
o Recombinant human factor VIII:
Provides a temporary replacement to prevent or control bleeding episodes or
to perform emergency of elective surgery in patients with hemophilia A.
o Recombinant human factor IX: is indicated for the control of bleeding events in
hemophilia B patients.
o Recombinant human factor VIIa: is a unique haemostatic agent with potential
for broad application in bleeding patients with congenital and acquired bleeding
abnormalities.
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Thrombolytic agents
o Alteplase: a recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), consists of 527 aas
and stimulates the fibrinolysis of blood clots by converting plasminogen to
plasmin.
It is a treatment (t/t)choice in the mgt of AMI;
It is also approved for t/t of acute ischaemic stroke and pulmonary
thromboembolism;
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Anticoagulants
o Lepirudin:- is used as a thrombin inhibitor for treatment of heparin-induced
thrombocytopenia.
o Disirudin:- a recombinant hirudin is used in the prevention and management of
thromboembolic disease.
It is a thrombin inhibitor
It is more effective than heparin in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in
patients undergoing elective hip-replacement.
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Human Interferon
o Three recombinant human interferons (rhuIFN) alpha, beta and gamma
o rhuIFN alpha-2b: is approved for t/t of hairy cell leukaemia, AIDS-associated
Kaposi sarcoma, hepatitis B and C, malignant melanoma and renal cell
carcinoma;
o rhuIFN beta-1b: is the first line therapeutics in relapsing, remitting and
secondary progressive multiple sclerosis;
o rhuIFN gamma: It is indicated in reducing the frequency and severity of serious
infections associated with chronic granulomatous disease.
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Human interleukins
o Recombinant human interleukin (rhuIL)-2: Indicated for t/t of metastatic renal
cell carcinoma and melanoma.
o rhuIL-11: is a thrombopoietic growth factor that stimulates the production of
hematopoietic stem cells and megakaryocytic progenitor cells resulting in platelet
production.
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Therapeutic Enzymes
o Recombinant dorsase alfa (rhudeoxyribonuclease 1):
an enzyme prepared from CHO cells, is developed specifically for cystic
fibrosis.
o Recombinant glucocerebrosidase:
For t/t of hematological abnormalities, hepatosplenomegalia and quality of life
in a matter of few months.
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o PCR is a critical core process in biotechnology, which permits the expansion of
the amount of genetic material (DNA), starting from minute amounts.
o The process involves:
First, denaturing DNA with high heat (90C), i.e., unraveling the DNA
double helix so that the genetic code (sequence) can be read and possibly
duplicated.
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Second, a leader sequence for DNA is used to bind to the target DNA and
initiate reading of the genetic code at a specific point.
o Both helices and strands of DNA can be read, that is, duplication of the target
DNA sequence.
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Third, the heat-stable enzyme from the Thermos aquatic bacteria, DNA
polymerase, catalyses the reading of the genetic code with extension of the
replicated DNA sequence.
o By sequential repetition of these three steps, the genetic material is magnified; for
example, 20 replications yield a million-fold increase in the DNA material.