Synapse
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The majority of the content is physiology-based, but it's also built-in an anatomical perspective.i've also included disorder of synapses Instagram @Rajamd_
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Physiopathology of epilepsy
Hyper-excitable neurons lead to excessive excitability in surrounding neurons, causing seizures (hyper-synchronization). This occurs due to an imbalance of excitatory vs inhibitory neurotransmitters - glutamate activation and lowered calcium channel thresholds increase neuronal excitation, while reduced GABA inhibition decreases the inhibitory surround. This disruption of the normal depolarization-afterhyperpolarization cycle in neurons results in a continuous firing state and seizure focus.
Synaptic transmission
this ppt shares what synapses are and how information of one neuron is transmitted to other through the synapses. it also includes the properties and plasticity of synaptic transmission
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This document summarizes the cell mechanism of brain function. It explains that brain function relies on electrophysiological processes in neurons. There are three main types of neurons - sensory, inter, and motor neurons. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals. When stimulated, a neuron fires an action potential down its axon via changes in sodium and potassium ion concentrations. This causes neurotransmitters to be released across the synapse, which can trigger another action potential in the connected neuron. This process allows neurons to form complex communication networks that enable various brain functions.
Synaptic transmission i
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The document discusses the concept of the synapse between neurons. It describes how synapses allow neurons to communicate via neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, which can excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron. The document outlines different types of neurotransmitters and how they work, including their synthesis, transport, release, effects, and inactivation methods like reuptake. It also discusses how drugs can influence synaptic activity and neurotransmitters. Finally, it suggests synapses may be important for personality traits and behaviors.
6. cns 2
Graded potentials are local changes in membrane potential that vary in strength depending on the stimulus. They spread through passive diffusion but decay over short distances. Action potentials occur when the membrane reaches threshold potential, causing voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels to open and reverse the membrane potential before restoring it. They travel along axons through contiguous conduction. At synapses, neurotransmitters released from presynaptic neurons can excite or inhibit postsynaptic neurons through temporal and spatial summation of EPSPs and IPSPs. Presynaptic inputs determine postsynaptic responses through facilitation or inhibition of neurotransmitter release.
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Physiopathology of epilepsy
Hyper-excitable neurons lead to excessive excitability in surrounding neurons, causing seizures (hyper-synchronization). This occurs due to an imbalance of excitatory vs inhibitory neurotransmitters - glutamate activation and lowered calcium channel thresholds increase neuronal excitation, while reduced GABA inhibition decreases the inhibitory surround. This disruption of the normal depolarization-afterhyperpolarization cycle in neurons results in a continuous firing state and seizure focus.
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this ppt shares what synapses are and how information of one neuron is transmitted to other through the synapses. it also includes the properties and plasticity of synaptic transmission
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This document summarizes the cell mechanism of brain function. It explains that brain function relies on electrophysiological processes in neurons. There are three main types of neurons - sensory, inter, and motor neurons. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals. When stimulated, a neuron fires an action potential down its axon via changes in sodium and potassium ion concentrations. This causes neurotransmitters to be released across the synapse, which can trigger another action potential in the connected neuron. This process allows neurons to form complex communication networks that enable various brain functions.
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Graded potentials are local changes in membrane potential that vary in strength depending on the stimulus. They spread through passive diffusion but decay over short distances. Action potentials occur when the membrane reaches threshold potential, causing voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels to open and reverse the membrane potential before restoring it. They travel along axons through contiguous conduction. At synapses, neurotransmitters released from presynaptic neurons can excite or inhibit postsynaptic neurons through temporal and spatial summation of EPSPs and IPSPs. Presynaptic inputs determine postsynaptic responses through facilitation or inhibition of neurotransmitter release.
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The document discusses synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. It describes the cellular organization of the brain including neurons and support cells. It then focuses on synapses, explaining that they allow chemical communication between neurons through neurotransmitters. There are two main types of synapses - electrical synapses which allow direct electrical coupling, and chemical synapses which use chemical messengers. Chemical synapses are more numerous and involve neurotransmitters being released into the synaptic cleft, binding to receptors and causing excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron. The properties of synaptic transmission include one-way conduction, synaptic delay, fatigue, convergence and divergence, summation, and facilitation.
Synaptic Transmission
Synaptic transmission involves the transfer of information from the axon terminal of one neuron to the next neuron across the synaptic cleft via the release of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are contained in vesicles and are released into the synaptic cleft upon the arrival of an action potential, where they bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing ion channels to open and generate postsynaptic potentials. The integration of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials determines whether the postsynaptic neuron reaches its firing threshold. Chemical synaptic transmission allows for flexibility, plasticity, and amplification of neuronal signals compared to electrical transmission.
Ch05
(1) Synaptic transmission occurs via either electrical or chemical synapses. (2) At chemical synapses, neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic terminals and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, eliciting electrical responses. (3) The summation of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials determines whether an action potential is generated in the postsynaptic neuron.
3. synapse 08-09
A synapse is the junction between neurons that allows electrical or chemical signals to pass from one cell to another. At a chemical synapse, an action potential in the presynaptic neuron causes neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, causing ion channels to open and potentially triggering an action potential in that cell. Precise transmission of signals across synapses is crucial for normal nervous system function.
Neuromuscular junction and synapses by DR.IRUM
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the connection between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber. At the NMJ, the motor neuron terminal releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, which binds to acetylcholine receptors on the muscle fiber membrane. This opens ion channels and generates an endplate potential in the muscle fiber, causing it to contract. Key aspects of the NMJ include synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine, voltage-gated calcium channels that trigger vesicle fusion and release, and densely packed acetylcholine receptors in the subneural cleft that respond to the neurotransmitter.
Physiology of neurotransmission
Nervous system forms an interconnecting fibers of communication network.
In the ‘hard-wiring’ of the nerves, the signals travel in the form of a flow of electrical current called nerve impulses.
The stimulus-response reactions afford internal constancy in the face of environmental changes.
Factors affecting synaptic transmission
Synaptic transmission can be affected by several factors:
1. Synaptic fatigue can occur due to exhaustion of neurotransmitters from continuous stimulation of presynaptic neurons.
2. Synaptic delay is the minimum time required for transmission across the synapse, about 0.5 milliseconds.
3. Alkalosis increases neuronal excitability while acidosis depresses activity. Ion concentrations like calcium and magnesium also influence transmission. Hypoxia and many drugs can impact neuronal excitability and synaptic function. Anesthetics generally decrease synaptic transmission.
Synaptic Transmission
Synapses allow communication between neurons and between neurons and muscles. There are two types of synapses: electrical and chemical. Chemical synapses involve neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic neuron. This occurs through exocytosis and endocytosis. Neurotransmitter is stored in vesicles and released into the synaptic cleft through fusion of vesicles with the presynaptic membrane (exocytosis). The released neurotransmitter then binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. Vesicles are then recycled through endocytosis. Neurotransmitter release occurs through a multi-step process involving vesicle docking, priming, and calcium-triggered fusion at the active zone near calcium channels. Specific presynaptic proteins are involved in each step of the vesicle cycle
Propagation of nerve impulses
This document summarizes the key aspects of nerve impulse propagation. It begins by describing the structure of a typical neuron, including the cell body, dendrites, axon, and axon endings. It then discusses the resting potential of neurons and how ion concentration gradients across the neuronal membrane contribute to a negative resting potential. Next, it explains how an action potential is generated when the membrane potential reaches threshold, driven by the opening of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. It describes how action potentials propagate along axons via adjacent regions reaching threshold. Finally, it summarizes how action potentials are converted to chemical signals at synapses and how neurotransmitters trigger new action potentials in receiving neurons.
Synapses
Synapses are junctions between neurons that allow for communication through either electrical or chemical transmission. Anatomically, synapses can be classified based on where the axon of one neuron connects to the other neuron, such as onto the cell body, dendrite, or axon. Functionally, synapses are either electrical, using gap junctions, or chemical, using neurotransmitters. Chemically, synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory based on the neurotransmitters released, with excitatory synapses transmitting impulses and inhibitory synapses inhibiting transmission. Key properties of synapses include one-way conduction, synaptic delay, fatigue due to depletion of neurotransmitters, summation effects from multiple stimulations, and the generation of
Signal transmission at synapses
A chemical synapse transmits signals between neurons through the following process: (1) An action potential in the presynaptic neuron causes calcium ion influx and neurotransmitter release, (2) The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, (3) This causes ion channels to open, generating a postsynaptic potential that may trigger an action potential if the threshold is reached. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters to indirectly transmit signals between neurons separated by a synaptic cleft, while electrical synapses allow direct transmission through gap junctions.
Synaptic transmission
Electrical and chemical synapses differ in their mechanisms of signal transmission between neurons. Electrical synapses allow rapid direct transmission of electrical signals through gap junction protein channels, while chemical synapses are slower but transmit signals unidirectionally via the release of neurotransmitter vesicles into the synaptic cleft. Calcium ions play a critical role in the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses through their interaction with proteins like synaptotagmin and the SNARE complex that facilitate vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane.
Impulse transmission
The document presents information on the transmission of nerve impulses through neurons and synapses. It discusses how the nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. It describes how neurons transmit electrical signals called nerve impulses through changes in their membrane potentials. When a neuron is stimulated, sodium ions enter the neuron during depolarization, reversing the potential and triggering further sodium and potassium ion exchanges that allow the impulse to travel down the neuron. At synapses, neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic neuron can trigger signals in the postsynaptic neuron across the narrow synaptic cleft.
Neurons& Synapses
The nervous system consists of two main cell types: neurons and supporting cells. It is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves). Neurons are specialized to conduct electrical signals and communicate via chemical synapses. There are two main types of neurons - sensory neurons which receive stimuli and motor neurons which activate muscles and glands. Neurons propagate electrical signals along their axons to transmit information.
Nerve Conduction and Synapse
1. Neurons communicate via graded potentials over short distances and action potentials over long distances. Action potentials are generated when voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing rapid depolarization, followed by voltage-gated potassium channels opening to cause repolarization.
2. At chemical synapses, neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic terminals and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, eliciting an excitatory or inhibitory response.
3. Faster conducting myelinated fibers like A fibers transmit touch and position sense while smaller unmyelinated C fibers transmit pain and temperature sensations. Fiber diameter, myelination and temperature influence conduction velocity.
6.5 Neurons and synapses
Neurons transmit electrical signals along their axons via action potentials. At synapses, neurotransmitters carry signals between neurons. When an action potential reaches a presynaptic neuron, calcium ions enter and cause neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse and release their contents. Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptors, sometimes triggering an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. Myelination allows saltatory conduction to increase signal propagation speed along axons.
Bio 201 chapter 12 lecture
The nervous system helps maintain homeostasis and control conditions within healthy limits. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system connects them to muscles, glands, and sensory receptors. Neurons are the basic functional units and communicate via electrical signals called action potentials. The document provides detailed information on the structure and function of neurons, neurotransmission, and regeneration capabilities after injury.
The Synapse And The Presynaptic And Postsynaptic Terminals
Neurons communicate with each other via connections between axons and dendrites called synapses. At a synapse, the presynaptic terminal of one neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap when an action potential arrives. The neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic terminal of the next neuron, making that neuron more or less likely to fire an action potential and pass the signal on. For a signal to be transmitted across a synapse, neurotransmitters must be produced, transported to the presynaptic terminal, released into the gap upon arrival of an action potential, and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic terminal.
The synapse
1. This document summarizes the structure and function of synapses in the central nervous system. It describes the basic anatomy of neurons and synapses, different types of synapses, and classification of synapses based on anatomy and physiology.
2. Key electrical events that occur at synapses are discussed, including the release and removal of neurotransmitters and the generation of postsynaptic potentials. Different types of synaptic inhibition are also outlined.
3. The document concludes by reviewing various properties of synapses, such as convergence, divergence, synaptic plasticity and their significance for neural integration and modulation in the nervous system.
Synapse
Synapses can be classified anatomically or functionally. Anatomically, synapses are classified based on where the axon of one neuron contacts the other neuron. Functionally, synapses are either electrical or chemical. Chemical synapses transmit signals via neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft, while electrical synapses allow direct ion flow between neurons. Synaptic transmission can be excitatory or inhibitory, with inhibition occurring via inhibitory neurotransmitters that hyperpolarize the postsynaptic neuron.
lec 5 NERVOUS SYSTEM_SYNAPSES_PPT_AKUNGA.pptx
The document discusses the nervous system and synapses. It describes how synapses allow neurons to communicate via either electrical or chemical transmission. At chemical synapses, neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing changes in its membrane potential. Excitatory synapses cause depolarization via EPSPs, while inhibitory synapses cause hyperpolarization or stabilization via IPSPs. Spatial and temporal summation of EPSPs at synapses can bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold to fire an action potential. Neurotransmitters are removed from synapses via reuptake or degradation to terminate signals. Drugs can modify synaptic transmission by affecting neurotransmitter synthesis, storage, release, receptor activation, or reupt
synapticintegration-141202040428-conversion-gate01.pdf
A synapse is a small gap at the end of a neuron that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the next. Neurons are cells that transmit information between your brain and other parts of the central nervous system. Synapses are found where neurons connect with other neurons.
Synapses are key to the brain's function, especially when it comes to memory.Synapses connect neurons and help transmit information from one neuron to the next. When a nerve signal reaches the end of the neuron, it cannot simply continue to the next cell. Instead, it must trigger the release of neurotransmitters which can then carry the impulse across the synapse to the next neuron.
Once a nerve impulse has triggered the release of neurotransmitters, these chemical messengers cross the tiny synaptic gap and are taken up by receptors on the surface of the next cell.
These receptors act much like a lock, while the neurotransmitters function much like keys. Neurotransmitters may excite or inhibit the neuron they bind to Synapses are composed of three main parts:
The presynaptic ending that contains neurotransmitters
The synaptic cleft between the two nerve cells
The postsynaptic ending that contains receptor sites
An electrical impulse travels down the axon of a neuron and then triggers the release of tiny vesicles containing neurotransmitters. These vesicles will then bind to the membrane of the presynaptic cell, releasing the neurotransmitters into the synapse.
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The document discusses synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. It describes the cellular organization of the brain including neurons and support cells. It then focuses on synapses, explaining that they allow chemical communication between neurons through neurotransmitters. There are two main types of synapses - electrical synapses which allow direct electrical coupling, and chemical synapses which use chemical messengers. Chemical synapses are more numerous and involve neurotransmitters being released into the synaptic cleft, binding to receptors and causing excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron. The properties of synaptic transmission include one-way conduction, synaptic delay, fatigue, convergence and divergence, summation, and facilitation.
Synaptic Transmission
Synaptic transmission involves the transfer of information from the axon terminal of one neuron to the next neuron across the synaptic cleft via the release of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are contained in vesicles and are released into the synaptic cleft upon the arrival of an action potential, where they bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing ion channels to open and generate postsynaptic potentials. The integration of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials determines whether the postsynaptic neuron reaches its firing threshold. Chemical synaptic transmission allows for flexibility, plasticity, and amplification of neuronal signals compared to electrical transmission.
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(1) Synaptic transmission occurs via either electrical or chemical synapses. (2) At chemical synapses, neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic terminals and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, eliciting electrical responses. (3) The summation of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials determines whether an action potential is generated in the postsynaptic neuron.
3. synapse 08-09
A synapse is the junction between neurons that allows electrical or chemical signals to pass from one cell to another. At a chemical synapse, an action potential in the presynaptic neuron causes neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, causing ion channels to open and potentially triggering an action potential in that cell. Precise transmission of signals across synapses is crucial for normal nervous system function.
Neuromuscular junction and synapses by DR.IRUM
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the connection between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber. At the NMJ, the motor neuron terminal releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, which binds to acetylcholine receptors on the muscle fiber membrane. This opens ion channels and generates an endplate potential in the muscle fiber, causing it to contract. Key aspects of the NMJ include synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine, voltage-gated calcium channels that trigger vesicle fusion and release, and densely packed acetylcholine receptors in the subneural cleft that respond to the neurotransmitter.
Physiology of neurotransmission
Nervous system forms an interconnecting fibers of communication network.
In the ‘hard-wiring’ of the nerves, the signals travel in the form of a flow of electrical current called nerve impulses.
The stimulus-response reactions afford internal constancy in the face of environmental changes.
Factors affecting synaptic transmission
Synaptic transmission can be affected by several factors:
1. Synaptic fatigue can occur due to exhaustion of neurotransmitters from continuous stimulation of presynaptic neurons.
2. Synaptic delay is the minimum time required for transmission across the synapse, about 0.5 milliseconds.
3. Alkalosis increases neuronal excitability while acidosis depresses activity. Ion concentrations like calcium and magnesium also influence transmission. Hypoxia and many drugs can impact neuronal excitability and synaptic function. Anesthetics generally decrease synaptic transmission.
Synaptic Transmission
Synapses allow communication between neurons and between neurons and muscles. There are two types of synapses: electrical and chemical. Chemical synapses involve neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic neuron. This occurs through exocytosis and endocytosis. Neurotransmitter is stored in vesicles and released into the synaptic cleft through fusion of vesicles with the presynaptic membrane (exocytosis). The released neurotransmitter then binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. Vesicles are then recycled through endocytosis. Neurotransmitter release occurs through a multi-step process involving vesicle docking, priming, and calcium-triggered fusion at the active zone near calcium channels. Specific presynaptic proteins are involved in each step of the vesicle cycle
Propagation of nerve impulses
This document summarizes the key aspects of nerve impulse propagation. It begins by describing the structure of a typical neuron, including the cell body, dendrites, axon, and axon endings. It then discusses the resting potential of neurons and how ion concentration gradients across the neuronal membrane contribute to a negative resting potential. Next, it explains how an action potential is generated when the membrane potential reaches threshold, driven by the opening of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. It describes how action potentials propagate along axons via adjacent regions reaching threshold. Finally, it summarizes how action potentials are converted to chemical signals at synapses and how neurotransmitters trigger new action potentials in receiving neurons.
Synapses
Synapses are junctions between neurons that allow for communication through either electrical or chemical transmission. Anatomically, synapses can be classified based on where the axon of one neuron connects to the other neuron, such as onto the cell body, dendrite, or axon. Functionally, synapses are either electrical, using gap junctions, or chemical, using neurotransmitters. Chemically, synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory based on the neurotransmitters released, with excitatory synapses transmitting impulses and inhibitory synapses inhibiting transmission. Key properties of synapses include one-way conduction, synaptic delay, fatigue due to depletion of neurotransmitters, summation effects from multiple stimulations, and the generation of
Signal transmission at synapses
A chemical synapse transmits signals between neurons through the following process: (1) An action potential in the presynaptic neuron causes calcium ion influx and neurotransmitter release, (2) The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, (3) This causes ion channels to open, generating a postsynaptic potential that may trigger an action potential if the threshold is reached. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters to indirectly transmit signals between neurons separated by a synaptic cleft, while electrical synapses allow direct transmission through gap junctions.
Synaptic transmission
Electrical and chemical synapses differ in their mechanisms of signal transmission between neurons. Electrical synapses allow rapid direct transmission of electrical signals through gap junction protein channels, while chemical synapses are slower but transmit signals unidirectionally via the release of neurotransmitter vesicles into the synaptic cleft. Calcium ions play a critical role in the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses through their interaction with proteins like synaptotagmin and the SNARE complex that facilitate vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane.
Impulse transmission
The document presents information on the transmission of nerve impulses through neurons and synapses. It discusses how the nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. It describes how neurons transmit electrical signals called nerve impulses through changes in their membrane potentials. When a neuron is stimulated, sodium ions enter the neuron during depolarization, reversing the potential and triggering further sodium and potassium ion exchanges that allow the impulse to travel down the neuron. At synapses, neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic neuron can trigger signals in the postsynaptic neuron across the narrow synaptic cleft.
Neurons& Synapses
The nervous system consists of two main cell types: neurons and supporting cells. It is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves). Neurons are specialized to conduct electrical signals and communicate via chemical synapses. There are two main types of neurons - sensory neurons which receive stimuli and motor neurons which activate muscles and glands. Neurons propagate electrical signals along their axons to transmit information.
Nerve Conduction and Synapse
1. Neurons communicate via graded potentials over short distances and action potentials over long distances. Action potentials are generated when voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing rapid depolarization, followed by voltage-gated potassium channels opening to cause repolarization.
2. At chemical synapses, neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic terminals and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, eliciting an excitatory or inhibitory response.
3. Faster conducting myelinated fibers like A fibers transmit touch and position sense while smaller unmyelinated C fibers transmit pain and temperature sensations. Fiber diameter, myelination and temperature influence conduction velocity.
6.5 Neurons and synapses
Neurons transmit electrical signals along their axons via action potentials. At synapses, neurotransmitters carry signals between neurons. When an action potential reaches a presynaptic neuron, calcium ions enter and cause neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse and release their contents. Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptors, sometimes triggering an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. Myelination allows saltatory conduction to increase signal propagation speed along axons.
Bio 201 chapter 12 lecture
The nervous system helps maintain homeostasis and control conditions within healthy limits. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system connects them to muscles, glands, and sensory receptors. Neurons are the basic functional units and communicate via electrical signals called action potentials. The document provides detailed information on the structure and function of neurons, neurotransmission, and regeneration capabilities after injury.
The Synapse And The Presynaptic And Postsynaptic Terminals
Neurons communicate with each other via connections between axons and dendrites called synapses. At a synapse, the presynaptic terminal of one neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap when an action potential arrives. The neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic terminal of the next neuron, making that neuron more or less likely to fire an action potential and pass the signal on. For a signal to be transmitted across a synapse, neurotransmitters must be produced, transported to the presynaptic terminal, released into the gap upon arrival of an action potential, and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic terminal.
The synapse
1. This document summarizes the structure and function of synapses in the central nervous system. It describes the basic anatomy of neurons and synapses, different types of synapses, and classification of synapses based on anatomy and physiology.
2. Key electrical events that occur at synapses are discussed, including the release and removal of neurotransmitters and the generation of postsynaptic potentials. Different types of synaptic inhibition are also outlined.
3. The document concludes by reviewing various properties of synapses, such as convergence, divergence, synaptic plasticity and their significance for neural integration and modulation in the nervous system.
Synapse
Synapses can be classified anatomically or functionally. Anatomically, synapses are classified based on where the axon of one neuron contacts the other neuron. Functionally, synapses are either electrical or chemical. Chemical synapses transmit signals via neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft, while electrical synapses allow direct ion flow between neurons. Synaptic transmission can be excitatory or inhibitory, with inhibition occurring via inhibitory neurotransmitters that hyperpolarize the postsynaptic neuron.
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The Synapse And The Presynaptic And Postsynaptic Terminals
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The document discusses the nervous system and synapses. It describes how synapses allow neurons to communicate via either electrical or chemical transmission. At chemical synapses, neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing changes in its membrane potential. Excitatory synapses cause depolarization via EPSPs, while inhibitory synapses cause hyperpolarization or stabilization via IPSPs. Spatial and temporal summation of EPSPs at synapses can bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold to fire an action potential. Neurotransmitters are removed from synapses via reuptake or degradation to terminate signals. Drugs can modify synaptic transmission by affecting neurotransmitter synthesis, storage, release, receptor activation, or reupt
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A synapse is a small gap at the end of a neuron that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the next. Neurons are cells that transmit information between your brain and other parts of the central nervous system. Synapses are found where neurons connect with other neurons.
Synapses are key to the brain's function, especially when it comes to memory.Synapses connect neurons and help transmit information from one neuron to the next. When a nerve signal reaches the end of the neuron, it cannot simply continue to the next cell. Instead, it must trigger the release of neurotransmitters which can then carry the impulse across the synapse to the next neuron.
Once a nerve impulse has triggered the release of neurotransmitters, these chemical messengers cross the tiny synaptic gap and are taken up by receptors on the surface of the next cell.
These receptors act much like a lock, while the neurotransmitters function much like keys. Neurotransmitters may excite or inhibit the neuron they bind to Synapses are composed of three main parts:
The presynaptic ending that contains neurotransmitters
The synaptic cleft between the two nerve cells
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An electrical impulse travels down the axon of a neuron and then triggers the release of tiny vesicles containing neurotransmitters. These vesicles will then bind to the membrane of the presynaptic cell, releasing the neurotransmitters into the synapse.
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The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a synapse between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber. At the NMJ:
1) Motor neurons release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft when an action potential arrives, which binds to receptors on the muscle fiber membrane.
2) This opens ion channels, allowing sodium ions to flow in and initiate an action potential in the muscle fiber, causing contraction.
3) The NMJ uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter and acetylcholine receptors to transmit signals from motor neurons to muscles in a precisely regulated process.
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Neurons have four main parts: dendrites, axon, presynaptic terminals, and soma. The resting membrane potential of a neuron is maintained by sodium-potassium pumps and leak channels. When the membrane potential changes enough to reach the threshold, an action potential is generated and propagated down the axon via voltage-gated ion channels. At synapses, neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic terminal and bind to receptors, producing excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. There are ongoing advances in understanding neural stem cells and their potential role in brain repair.
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There are two main types of synapses: electrical and chemical. Electrical synapses allow direct electrical transmission between neurons through gap junctions, making them much faster than chemical synapses but also less common. Chemical synapses rely on neurotransmitters and are the main type of synaptic transmission. Neurotransmitters can be small molecules like acetylcholine for fast synaptic transmission, or larger molecules like peptides for slower synaptic transmission. A single neuron can use both electrical and chemical synapses.
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This document discusses synaptic transmission between neurons. It describes two main types of synaptic transmission: electrical and chemical. Chemical synapses are more common and involve the release of neurotransmitters that activate receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. The key stages of chemical synaptic transmission are the synthesis and release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron, activation of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, and termination of the synaptic signal. Glial cells and gap junctions also play important roles in coordinating neuronal activity.
Synapse
Here are the key types of mechanoreceptors and their properties:
- Cutaneous mechanoreceptors:
- Meissner's corpuscles - detect light touch and pressure on fingertips and lips. Found in dermal papillae.
- Merkel's discs - detect sustained light touch. Found just below the epidermis.
- Pacinian corpuscles - detect deep pressure and vibration. Found in dermis and connective tissue.
- Ruffini endings - detect skin stretch and joint movement. Found in dermis and connective tissue.
- Free nerve endings - detect pain. Found throughout the dermis and epidermis.
- Proprioceptors:
- Muscle spind
Synapse , physiology of synapses in very easy way
1. A synapse is the junction between two neurons that allows for the transmission of signals between them through the release and detection of chemical neurotransmitters.
2. Synapses are classified based on their anatomy and function, with the main types being electrical synapses that allow direct electrical coupling and chemical synapses that use neurotransmitters.
3. In a chemical synapse, the presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, which then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron and generate an electrical response.
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The synapse is a junction that mediates information transfer between neurons. There are two main types of synapses - chemical synapses, which use neurotransmitters to transmit signals across the synaptic cleft, and electrical synapses, which allow direct electrical coupling between neurons. At chemical synapses, an action potential in the presynaptic neuron causes neurotransmitter release, which then binds to and activates receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, generating excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. These signals are then integrated to determine whether the postsynaptic neuron fires an action potential.
Ch 11c
The synapse is a junction that mediates information transfer between neurons. There are two main types of synapses - chemical synapses, which use neurotransmitters to transmit signals across the synaptic cleft, and electrical synapses, which allow direct electrical coupling between neurons. At chemical synapses, an action potential in the presynaptic neuron causes neurotransmitter release, which then binds to and activates receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. The effects of neurotransmitters are then terminated through degradation or reuptake. Summation of synaptic potentials determines whether an action potential is generated in the postsynaptic neuron.
Neurophysiology for pharmacy_2-1
This document provides an overview of neurophysiology and the nervous system. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to describe the organization of the nervous system, types of cells and their functions, different neurotransmitters and their roles, and functions of the spinal cord and brain. It then introduces neurophysiology and the components of the nervous system. The rest of the document discusses the structure and function of neurons, synaptic transmission, and various neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, glutamate, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. It also mentions some clinical correlates related to different neurotransmitters.
Synapses by Dr Pandian M .
Synapse is the junction between two neurons. It
is not an anatomical continuation.
But, it is only a physiological continuity between two nerve cells.
Fundamental Types of Neurons.ppt
This document summarizes the fundamental types and properties of neurons. It discusses the three main types of neurons: sensory neurons that detect changes, interneurons that process information, and motor neurons that send signals to muscles and glands. It also describes the basic structures of neurons like the cell body, dendrites, and axon. Additionally, it explains the electrical signaling properties of neurons including resting membrane potential, action potentials, and synaptic transmission between neurons.
D1 5 6. sinapsa, hemijska neurotransmisija 2h
This document summarizes synaptic transmission between nerve cells. It discusses the key discoveries in the field, including that synaptic transmission can be either chemical or electrical. Chemical transmission involves the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic cell that bind to and activate receptors on the postsynaptic cell. The process requires calcium influx into the presynaptic terminal to trigger neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles.
Physiology of Synapse II Synapse types II Functional Elements of Synapse II ...
Physiology of Synapse I Synapse types I Functional elements of synapse I Nervous System Physiology
This video will be about
1. Definition of synapse
2. Classification of synapse - anatomical, functional classification
3. Functional elements of synapse
4. Presynaptic axon terminal
5. Types of synaptic vesicles
6. Active zone
7. Components of active zone
8. Functions of active zone
9. Synaptic cleft
10. Postsynaptic membrane
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
cerebral sensory.ppt
The document provides an overview of the history and organization of the nervous system. It discusses key figures who contributed to the understanding of neurobiology like Descartes, Galvani, and Golgi. It describes the basic structural units of the nervous system like neurons, synapses, and the central and peripheral nervous systems. It explains concepts such as parallel processing, action potentials, synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters, and reflex arcs.
Nerve transmission
Neurons communicate with each other via electrical and chemical signals. At the synapse, an electrical signal in the presynaptic neuron causes release of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine or glutamate. These bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, generating an electrical response that may trigger an action potential for signal transmission. Neurotransmitters can be excitatory, opening sodium channels to depolarize the membrane, or inhibitory, opening chloride channels to hyperpolarize it. Precisely timed signals at synapses allow neurons to integrate information in the nervous system.
Nerve transmission
Neurons communicate with each other via electrical and chemical signals. At the synapse, an electrical signal in the presynaptic neuron causes it to release neurotransmitters like acetylcholine or glutamate. These chemicals bind to and open ion channels in the postsynaptic neuron, generating an electrical signal there. This transmission allows neurons to form complex communication networks and coordinate the functions of the nervous system.
Neurotransmission
Neurotransmission involves the release of neurotransmitters from the axon terminal of one neuron that bind to and react with receptors on another neuron. Nerve signals travel as electrical nerve impulses along neurons. A neuron consists of a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that transmits signals. When a neuron is stimulated, sodium ions enter the cell causing an action potential to propagate along the axon. At synaptic junctions, neurotransmitters are released from vesicles and bind to receptors, causing excitation or inhibition of the downstream neuron. Neurotransmitters are then removed from the synapse to terminate signaling.
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synapticintegration-141202040428-conversion-gate01.pdf
synapticintegration-141202040428-conversion-gate01.pdf
NeuronsJFJKJFJKDFJKJKFKJGJKERGJEFGJEGJKEDJKFKDFDKF.pptx
NeuronsJFJKJFJKDFJKJKFKJGJKERGJEFGJEGJKEDJKFKDFDKF.pptx
Physiology of Synapse II Synapse types II Functional Elements of Synapse II ...
Physiology of Synapse II Synapse types II Functional Elements of Synapse II ...
More from Raja Mohamed
Urinary Bladder Exstrophy.pptx
Urinary bladder exstrophy is a congenital abnormality where the bladder is open and exposed on the outside of the abdomen due to the abdominal wall not forming properly. It occurs in about 1 in 50,000 live births and males are affected more often than females. Treatment involves staged surgical repair to close the bladder and abdomen and reconstruct the urethra and genitals over multiple operations from birth to childhood. The goal is to restore normal urinary and genital functioning.
Epidemiology of breast cancer
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. It occurs mostly in women over 50 years old, and white women are slightly more likely to develop it than black or Asian women. However, black women tend to be diagnosed at a younger age and with more advanced disease. Incidence and mortality rates vary globally, with higher rates in North America and parts of Europe. In 2020, there were over 2 million new cases of breast cancer diagnosed and nearly 700,000 deaths worldwide, making it the leading cause of cancer death in women. Prevention strategies focus on early detection through screening and risk reduction behaviors.
Radiological study on Mediastinal masses
This document discusses mediastinal masses and provides information about common mass types found in the different mediastinal compartments. The anterior mediastinum commonly contains thyroid masses, lymphoma, thymoma, and teratomas. Lymphoma often appears as a lobulated or polycyclic mass involving multiple enlarged lymph nodes. Teratomas are germ cell tumors that may be mature, immature, or malignant. Neurogenic tumors such as neurofibromas and schwannomas can also occur in the mediastinum. CT is the preferred imaging method for evaluating mediastinal masses.
Pathological look on Heart diseases
This document summarizes several topics related to heart disease:
- Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs or can only do so with elevated pressure. There are two types: systolic and diastolic heart failure.
- Congenital heart disease refers to heart defects present since birth, which can affect blood flow. Common symptoms include shortness of breath and fatigue. Without treatment, complications like arrhythmias and heart failure can develop.
- Coronary artery disease is caused by narrowed heart arteries reducing blood flow and oxygen, which can lead to angina, heart attack, and sudden cardiac death without treatment. Angina is the main symptom, feeling like squeezing
Histoplasmosis
Emily, a 43-year-old HIV-positive woman, presented with fever, chronic cough, chest pain, and rashes on her shins. Her medical history included exploring caves and renovating an abandoned poultry farm. Tests found erythema nodosum, hilar lymphadenopathy on chest x-ray, yeast-like structures in neutrophils on biopsy, and a positive antigen test for Histoplasma capsulatum. The most likely diagnosis is histoplasmosis, which is caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum commonly found in caves and areas with birds or bats.
DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic muscle-wasting disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. It affects all muscles of the body, causing muscle weakness and wasting. There is no cure, but treatments aim to control symptoms and maximize quality of life. Physical therapy helps maintain muscle strength and function. Corticosteroids like prednisone and deflazacort are commonly used to increase muscle strength and slow disease progression. Newer treatments under investigation include gene therapy and antisense oligonucleotides like casimersen.
STRESS & INJURY
This document discusses stress and its effects on the body. It describes the body's immediate and long-term responses to stress, including increased heart rate and sweating in the short term and high blood pressure in the long term. It also discusses the types of stress including psychological, chronic, and acute stress and their symptoms. Chronic stress can negatively impact health over time if left untreated. The document outlines how the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responds to regulate stress hormones like cortisol and how acute stress causes a short-term physical adaptation through hormone release and redirection of resources.
Parotid gland - Anatomy
The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland, weighing around 25g, and produces serous saliva. It has a lobular morphology and is divided into superficial and deep lobes by the facial nerve. The parotid duct emerges from the gland's anterior border, passes over the masseter muscle, pierces the buccinator muscle medially, and opens near the second upper molar tooth. The gland is enclosed in a dense fibrous capsule and separated from the submandibular gland by the stylomastoid ligament. Disorders of the parotid gland include painless lumps or swelling and difficulty opening the mouth. Risk factors include radiation exposure, previous Epstein-Barr
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with an unknown etiology thought to involve genetics and environmental factors. Common symptoms include fever, joint pains, and fatigue. Treatment involves corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and cytotoxic drugs.
- Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease with genetic and environmental factors like viruses implicated in its pathogenesis. It causes dryness of the eyes, mouth, and other tissues. Treatment includes hydroxychloroquine and surgery to repair tear ducts.
- Transplant rejection occurs when the recipient's immune system destroys the transplanted tissue, seeing it as foreign. It is classified as hyperacute,
TREATMENT OF GENETIC DISEASES
Gene therapy involves introducing a biologically active gene into a cell to achieve a therapeutic benefit and can be done in two ways. Vectors like retroviruses and adeno-associated viruses are used to deliver the therapeutic gene to target cells like stem cells and progenitor cells. RNA interference is a type of gene modulation being used to treat genetic diseases like Huntington's disease by decreasing production of faulty proteins. Exon skipping induced by antisense oligonucleotides is also being researched for Duchenne muscular dystrophy treatment and could lead to a functional dystrophin protein. Genome editing techniques like CRISPR/Cas9 allow permanent changes to DNA and are being explored for curing diseases like HIV.
Bordetella pertussis
A 3-week old girl presented with a 1-week history of coughing and vomiting after coughing fits. She experienced episodes of respiratory distress and cyanosis after coughing. A nasopharyngeal aspirate test detected Bordetella pertussis via polymerase chain reaction. She was started on azithromycin. B. pertussis is a gram-negative coccobacillus that causes pertussis or whooping cough. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Common symptoms include paroxysmal coughing fits, post-tussive vomiting, and respiratory distress.
Cervical Vertebrae & cervical spondylosis
A detailed look into the anatomy of cervical vertebrae & a related disorder called cervical spondylosis
Leukemia
A brief presentation on the topic "Leukemia" from a scientific perspective, providing details about risk factors, classifications, Types, treatment, symptoms, diagnosis & risk data with it's concerned resource mentioned.
Oxidative phosphylation
(1) Oxidative phosphorylation is a process consisting of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis that generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
(2) As electrons from NADH and FADH2 enter the electron transport chain, they are passed from complex to complex, which pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix and into the intermembrane space.
(3) ATP synthase uses the potential energy from the proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP for the cell. Defects in oxidative phosphorylation often involve mutations in mitochondrial DNA and can affect tissues with high energy demands like the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles.
Vascular layer of the eye
The vascular tunic, also known as the uvea, is the middle layer of the eye. It regulates light entry, anchors the lens, and nourishes the retina. The vascular tunic contains the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer retina layers. The ciliary body produces aqueous humor and controls visual accommodation through its ciliary processes and muscles. The iris separates the anterior and posterior chambers and controls the size of the pupil through its sphincter and dilator muscles.
More from Raja Mohamed (15)
Recently uploaded
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Recently uploaded (20)
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Synapse
- 2. SYNAPSE • The site of transmission of electric nerve impulse between Neuron & Second cell o NEURONAL JUNCTION CNS PNS • Effector Gland • Neurons Myoneural junction Neuromuscular junction Neuroglandular junction Axodendritic Synapse Axosomatic Synapse Axoaxonic Synapse Muscle • Neuron
- 4. CHEMICAL SYNAPSE • Electrical activity is converted into release of chemicals known as Neurotransmitters. • Transmission of impulse is one-way PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL POSTSYNAPTIC TERMINAL SYNAPTIC CLEFT • contains Receptor sites for neurotransmitters. • Synaptic gap • Space between the pre & post - synaptic endings. • Acts as a junction, connecting two or more neurons. • 20 – 40 nm wide. • Terminal boutons or Synaptic bouton • Contains Neurotransmitters enclosed in small membrane-bound spheres called Synaptic Vesicles • Contains organelles, such as Mitochondria and ER STRUCTURE
- 5. PROCESS OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION 1. Action potential reaches axon terminal 2. Voltage gated calcium channels opens • There’s a rapid influx of ca 2+
- 6. PROCESS OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION 3. Ca 2 + enters & forms Ca 2+-synaptotagmin • Ca 2 +-synaptotagmin complex displaces a component of the SNARE & promotes exocytosis of the Neurotransmitter 4. Neurotransmitters diffuse rapidly across the synaptic cleft & reach Post – synaptic membrane
- 7. PROCESS OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION 5. Binding of neurotransmitter ligand to receptor protein causes chemical regulated ion channels to open • when opened, they produce a graded change in the membrane potential known as a GRADED POTENTIAL • Influx of Na+ or Ca2+ • Produces a Graded Depolarization • Inside of the postsynaptic membrane becomes less negative • Membrane potential moves toward the threshold required for action potential. • Influx of cl- • Produces a Graded Hyperpolarization • Inside of the postsynaptic membrane becomes More negative • Membrane potential moves away from the threshold required for action potential. EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL (EPSP) INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL (IPSP)
- 8. SUMMATION The process that determines whether or not an action potential will be generated by the combined effects of excitatory & inhibitory signals There are 2 types :-
- 9. NEURAL CIRCUITS • one pre-synaptic neuron terminates into many post-synaptic neurons • Many pre-synaptic neuron terminates into one post-synaptic neuron DIVERGENCE CONVERGENCE
- 10. SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY • Ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity • Both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic mechanisms can contribute to the expression of synaptic plasticity LONG-TERM POTENTIATION (LTP) • persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity. These are patterns of synaptic activity that produce a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons. LONG-TERM DEPRESSION (LTD) • Activity-dependent reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses lasting hours or longer following a long patterned stimulus Dependent on a rise in Ca2+ concentration within the postsynaptic neuron • rapid rise in [Ca2 +] causes LTP • Smaller & prolonged rise in the [Ca2+] causes (LTD)
- 11. FUNCTIONNEUROTRANSMITTERS EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS i. Acetylcholine ii. Norepinephrine iii. Dopamine i. Serotonin ii. GABA (γ aminobutyric acid) iii. Glycine
- 12. ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE LOCATION Mechanical & Electrically link between neurons that is formed by Gap Junction between the pre- & postsynaptic neurons, which are separated by only 2 nanometres. NEURAL SYSTEMS • Allowing Myocardium to contract as a unit • Allowing many cells to contract together, producing a stronger contraction • uterus during labour • Rapid • Bidirectional • Synchronized IMPULSE • requiring fastest possible response • Defensive reflexes CARDIAC MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLES
- 13. DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH SYNAPTIC ALTERATIONS Autism Spectrum Disorder • Alterations at the synaptic level causes pathogenesis of this disease. • Mutations affecting the adhesion molecules in the synaptic cells. Fragile X Syndrome: Mental Retardation • Alterations in synapse development and function. Alzheimer’s Disease • A-beta amyloid formed inAlzheimer’s disease can cause a significant decrease in synaptic plasticity. • Decreased number of synapses in hippocampus, cerebral cortex & subcortical regions of the brain. o The patients have the common symptoms of lack of social communication & delay of language & stereotypy. o Most common form of mental retardation o disease is characterized by reduced intellectual ability, anxiety, hyperactivity, developmental delay and hypersensitivity to stimuli o It is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting people in their older age
- 14. THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- Binds to a protein & the complex is formed in the cytoplasm complex which serves as a Ca 2 + sensor
- Binds to a protein & the complex is formed in the cytoplasm complex which serves as a Ca 2 + sensor XXX the docked vesicles are bound to the plasma membrane of the presynaptic axon by complexes of three SNARE proteins that bridge the vesicles and plasma membrane
- PSPs due to the activity of individual synapses are usually well below the threshold for generating postsynaptic action potentials
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