Oxidative phosphylation
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(1) Oxidative phosphorylation is a process consisting of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis that generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. (2) As electrons from NADH and FADH2 enter the electron transport chain, they are passed from complex to complex, which pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix and into the intermembrane space. (3) ATP synthase uses the potential energy from the proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP for the cell. Defects in oxidative phosphorylation often involve mutations in mitochondrial DNA and can affect tissues with high energy demands like the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles.
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Aerobic respiration
The electron transport chain transfers electrons from electron donors like NADH and FADH2 to oxygen via Complexes I-IV embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This establishes an electrochemical proton gradient as protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space. ATP synthase harnesses the potential energy of this proton gradient to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. Specifically, the flow of protons back through ATP synthase causes a rotational motion that facilitates ATP production in its catalytic domain. Overall, aerobic respiration efficiently generates large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation to meet the energy demands of cells.
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1) Oxidative phosphorylation uses electron transport chain complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane to generate ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. As electrons are passed through Complexes I-IV, protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space, building an electrochemical gradient.
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Describe the major components of the electron transport chain. How would the following
conditions affect ATP production by the electron transport chain? (7 marks)
Abundance of NADH and O2
Cyanide added
Lack of O2
Solution
There are five major components in electron system. They are:
Complex I:
It is a large, multisubunit complex with about 40 polypeptide chains passes electron from NADH
to CoQ. It contains one molecule of FMN and 6-7 Fe-S clusters that participate in electron
transport process. During transport of each pair of electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q,
complex I pumps 4 protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Complex II:
Succinate dehrogenase, an inner mitochondrial membrane bound enzyme is an integral
component of the succinate-CoQ reductase complex. It converts succinate to fumarate during
krebs cycle. The two electrons released in the conversion of succinate to fumarate are transferred
first to FAD, then to an Fe-S centre, and finally to CoQ. Thus, CoQ draws electrons into the
respiratory chain, not only from NADH but also from succinate. No protons are translocated
across the membrane by this complex.
Complex III:
Complex I and complex II donates two electrons to the complex III and regenerates oxidized
CoQ. Concomitantly, it releases two protons picked up on the cytosolic face into the
intermembrane space generating proton gradient. Within complex III, the released electrons are
transferred to an Fe-S centre and then to 2b-type cytochromes or cytochrome c. finally, the two
electrons are transferred to 2 molecules of the oxidized form of cytochrome c. 2 additional
protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane
for each pair of electrons transferred.
Complex IV:
Cytochrome c transports electrons, one at a time, to the complex IV. Within this complex,
electrons are transferred, first to a pair of copper ions, then to cytochrome a, next to a complex of
another copper ion and cyt a3 and finally to O2, the ultimate electron acceptor, yielding H2O.
ATP synthase:
The use of proton motive force for synthesis is catalyzed by ATP synthase. The multi protein
ATP synthase for F0-F1 complex or complex V catalyzes ATP synthesis as protons flow back
through the inner membrane down the electrochemical proton gradient.
2. Abundance of NADH and O2:
ETC occurs more to produce more ATP.
Cyanide added:
Cyanide binds with cytochrome oxidase complex and inhibits the terminal transfer of electrons
to oxygen. Cyanide react with the oxidized form of cytochrome.
Lack of O2:
ETC will not take place in the absence of oxygen..
ETC and Phosphorylation by Salman Saeed
ETC and Phosphorylation lecture for Biology, Botany, Zoology, and Chemistry Students by Salman Saeed lecturer Botany University College of Management and Sciences Khanewal, Pakistan.
About Author: Salman Saeed
Qualification: M.SC (Botany), M. Phil (Biotechnology) from BZU Multan.
M. Ed & B. Ed from GCU Faisalabad, Pakistan.
ETC.pptx
The document discusses the electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria. It describes the ETC as a series of electron carriers embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen. These carriers include nicotinamide nucleotides, flavoproteins, iron-sulfur proteins, coenzyme Q, and cytochromes. The passage of electrons through this chain is coupled to the pumping of protons across the membrane and generation of ATP by ATP synthase. The document also lists some inhibitors that block electron transport at specific sites in the chain such as rotenone, antimycin A, and cyanide.
Biochemistry Electron transport chain
The document summarizes electron transport chain (ETC) and ATP synthase. It describes:
1) ETC consists of 5 complexes (I-IV and V) in the mitochondria that transport electrons from nutrients to oxygen, pumping protons out and building up a proton gradient.
2) Complexes I, III, and IV pump protons out while Complex V (ATP synthase) uses the proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP.
3) Electrons are passed through complexes via electron carriers like NADH, FADH2, and cytochromes while protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
etcopmeet-210111042004 (1).pptx
1. The electron transport chain transfers electrons from electron donors like NADH to electron acceptors like oxygen. This process pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient.
2. Oxidative phosphorylation couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthase. As protons diffuse back into the matrix through ATP synthase, this drives the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
3. The electron transport chain consists of four protein complexes along the inner mitochondrial membrane and two shuttle systems to transfer electrons from the cytoplasm. As electrons are passed from one complex to another, protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
electron transport chain.pptx
The electron transport chain (ETC) transports electrons from electron donors like NADH to molecular oxygen. It consists of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Complexes I, III, and IV pump protons out of the matrix, building up an electrochemical gradient used for ATP synthesis. Electrons flow from complex to complex via mobile carriers like coenzyme Q and cytochrome c. This transfers energy from electrons to protons, conserving energy as ATP. Mitochondria contain many copies of the ETC to generate sufficient ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Oxidative phosphorylation
The document provides information on cellular respiration and how it generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. It discusses the electron transport chain, made up of protein complexes I-IV in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which establishes a proton gradient by pumping protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space. This proton gradient drives ATP synthase to catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The chemiosmotic theory explains how the potential energy in the proton gradient is used to produce ATP through rotation of the ATP synthase complex.
_ETC and Oxidative phosphorylation.pptx
The electrons generated from different metabolic pathways of the cell are channeled to the electron transport chain by electron acceptors. The electrons then contributes for the synthesis of ATP.
ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Mitochondria play a key role in cellular respiration through the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation. The ETC consists of four complexes that transfer electrons from electron carriers like NADH and FADH2 through redox reactions, pumping protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This creates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthase to generate ATP through chemiosmosis. The final complex uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor, reducing it to water. In this way, mitochondria harness the energy from oxidation to power ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation.
Electron transport chain final
The document summarizes the organization of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. It describes the five complexes of the electron transport chain (Complexes I-V), including their components, functions, and electron transfer processes. Specifically, it details how Complexes I, III, and IV transfer electrons from donors like NADH to final acceptors like oxygen. This generates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which Complex V then uses to synthesize ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
NADH and FADH formed in glycolysis and TCA cycle are utilized in electron transport chain and ATP id generated by oxidative phosphorylation.
Electron Transport Chain ETC
The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transport electrons from electron donors like NADH to final acceptors like oxygen. This transports protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, building up a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP, producing approximately 34 ATP per glucose. The ETC is crucial for aerobic respiration as it extracts much more energy than glycolysis and the Krebs cycle alone.
Similar to Oxidative phosphylation (20)
Electron Transport Chain and oxidative phosphorylation @meetpadhiyar
Electron Transport Chain and oxidative phosphorylation @meetpadhiyar
Chapter 19 - Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation- Biochemistry
Chapter 19 - Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation- Biochemistry
Oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain
Describe the major components of the electron transport chain. How w.pdf
Describe the major components of the electron transport chain. How w.pdf
Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
More from Raja Mohamed
Urinary Bladder Exstrophy.pptx
Urinary bladder exstrophy is a congenital abnormality where the bladder is open and exposed on the outside of the abdomen due to the abdominal wall not forming properly. It occurs in about 1 in 50,000 live births and males are affected more often than females. Treatment involves staged surgical repair to close the bladder and abdomen and reconstruct the urethra and genitals over multiple operations from birth to childhood. The goal is to restore normal urinary and genital functioning.
Epidemiology of breast cancer
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. It occurs mostly in women over 50 years old, and white women are slightly more likely to develop it than black or Asian women. However, black women tend to be diagnosed at a younger age and with more advanced disease. Incidence and mortality rates vary globally, with higher rates in North America and parts of Europe. In 2020, there were over 2 million new cases of breast cancer diagnosed and nearly 700,000 deaths worldwide, making it the leading cause of cancer death in women. Prevention strategies focus on early detection through screening and risk reduction behaviors.
Radiological study on Mediastinal masses
This document discusses mediastinal masses and provides information about common mass types found in the different mediastinal compartments. The anterior mediastinum commonly contains thyroid masses, lymphoma, thymoma, and teratomas. Lymphoma often appears as a lobulated or polycyclic mass involving multiple enlarged lymph nodes. Teratomas are germ cell tumors that may be mature, immature, or malignant. Neurogenic tumors such as neurofibromas and schwannomas can also occur in the mediastinum. CT is the preferred imaging method for evaluating mediastinal masses.
Pathological look on Heart diseases
This document summarizes several topics related to heart disease:
- Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs or can only do so with elevated pressure. There are two types: systolic and diastolic heart failure.
- Congenital heart disease refers to heart defects present since birth, which can affect blood flow. Common symptoms include shortness of breath and fatigue. Without treatment, complications like arrhythmias and heart failure can develop.
- Coronary artery disease is caused by narrowed heart arteries reducing blood flow and oxygen, which can lead to angina, heart attack, and sudden cardiac death without treatment. Angina is the main symptom, feeling like squeezing
Histoplasmosis
Emily, a 43-year-old HIV-positive woman, presented with fever, chronic cough, chest pain, and rashes on her shins. Her medical history included exploring caves and renovating an abandoned poultry farm. Tests found erythema nodosum, hilar lymphadenopathy on chest x-ray, yeast-like structures in neutrophils on biopsy, and a positive antigen test for Histoplasma capsulatum. The most likely diagnosis is histoplasmosis, which is caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum commonly found in caves and areas with birds or bats.
DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic muscle-wasting disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. It affects all muscles of the body, causing muscle weakness and wasting. There is no cure, but treatments aim to control symptoms and maximize quality of life. Physical therapy helps maintain muscle strength and function. Corticosteroids like prednisone and deflazacort are commonly used to increase muscle strength and slow disease progression. Newer treatments under investigation include gene therapy and antisense oligonucleotides like casimersen.
STRESS & INJURY
This document discusses stress and its effects on the body. It describes the body's immediate and long-term responses to stress, including increased heart rate and sweating in the short term and high blood pressure in the long term. It also discusses the types of stress including psychological, chronic, and acute stress and their symptoms. Chronic stress can negatively impact health over time if left untreated. The document outlines how the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responds to regulate stress hormones like cortisol and how acute stress causes a short-term physical adaptation through hormone release and redirection of resources.
Parotid gland - Anatomy
The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland, weighing around 25g, and produces serous saliva. It has a lobular morphology and is divided into superficial and deep lobes by the facial nerve. The parotid duct emerges from the gland's anterior border, passes over the masseter muscle, pierces the buccinator muscle medially, and opens near the second upper molar tooth. The gland is enclosed in a dense fibrous capsule and separated from the submandibular gland by the stylomastoid ligament. Disorders of the parotid gland include painless lumps or swelling and difficulty opening the mouth. Risk factors include radiation exposure, previous Epstein-Barr
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with an unknown etiology thought to involve genetics and environmental factors. Common symptoms include fever, joint pains, and fatigue. Treatment involves corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and cytotoxic drugs.
- Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease with genetic and environmental factors like viruses implicated in its pathogenesis. It causes dryness of the eyes, mouth, and other tissues. Treatment includes hydroxychloroquine and surgery to repair tear ducts.
- Transplant rejection occurs when the recipient's immune system destroys the transplanted tissue, seeing it as foreign. It is classified as hyperacute,
TREATMENT OF GENETIC DISEASES
Gene therapy involves introducing a biologically active gene into a cell to achieve a therapeutic benefit and can be done in two ways. Vectors like retroviruses and adeno-associated viruses are used to deliver the therapeutic gene to target cells like stem cells and progenitor cells. RNA interference is a type of gene modulation being used to treat genetic diseases like Huntington's disease by decreasing production of faulty proteins. Exon skipping induced by antisense oligonucleotides is also being researched for Duchenne muscular dystrophy treatment and could lead to a functional dystrophin protein. Genome editing techniques like CRISPR/Cas9 allow permanent changes to DNA and are being explored for curing diseases like HIV.
Bordetella pertussis
A 3-week old girl presented with a 1-week history of coughing and vomiting after coughing fits. She experienced episodes of respiratory distress and cyanosis after coughing. A nasopharyngeal aspirate test detected Bordetella pertussis via polymerase chain reaction. She was started on azithromycin. B. pertussis is a gram-negative coccobacillus that causes pertussis or whooping cough. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Common symptoms include paroxysmal coughing fits, post-tussive vomiting, and respiratory distress.
Cervical Vertebrae & cervical spondylosis
A detailed look into the anatomy of cervical vertebrae & a related disorder called cervical spondylosis
Leukemia
A brief presentation on the topic "Leukemia" from a scientific perspective, providing details about risk factors, classifications, Types, treatment, symptoms, diagnosis & risk data with it's concerned resource mentioned.
Synapse
The majority of the content is physiology-based, but it's also built-in an anatomical perspective.i've also included disorder of synapses
Instagram @Rajamd_
Vascular layer of the eye
The vascular tunic, also known as the uvea, is the middle layer of the eye. It regulates light entry, anchors the lens, and nourishes the retina. The vascular tunic contains the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer retina layers. The ciliary body produces aqueous humor and controls visual accommodation through its ciliary processes and muscles. The iris separates the anterior and posterior chambers and controls the size of the pupil through its sphincter and dilator muscles.
More from Raja Mohamed (15)
Recently uploaded
Male reproduction physiology by Suyash Garg .pptx
Physiology of Male reproduction.
Video mentioned at page no. 23 as summary for better understanding
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Quality assurance B.pharm 6th semester BP606T UNIT 5
Warehousing
Good warehousing practices
Material management
Synopsis presentation VDR gene polymorphism and anemia (2).pptx
I am the PhD scholar of FND department, Assam down town University
Post translation modification by Suyash Garg
overview of PTM helps to the students who wants to clear their basics about it.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
seed production, Nursery & Gardening.pdf
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
一比一原版美国佩斯大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国佩斯大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Recently uploaded (20)
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
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Quality assurance B.pharm 6th semester BP606T UNIT 5
Quality assurance B.pharm 6th semester BP606T UNIT 5
Nutaceuticsls herbal drug technology CVS, cancer.pptx
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Oxidative phosphylation
- 2. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHYLATION A combination of ETC & Chemiosmosis The process involves flow of electrons through the Electron Transport Chain, generating energy utilised to pump Protons from Matrix into IMS – building an Electrochemical gradient ATP SYNTHASE transports the protons back into the matrix & uses the energy generate by the flow of protons to phosphorylate ADP into ATP. o ELECTRON TRANSPORT-LINKED PHOSPHORYLATION.
- 3. COMPLEX I o NADH-UBIQUINONE OXIDOREDUCTASE o NADH DEHYDROGENASE NADH is oxidized to NAD+ Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH2 FMNH2 to an Fe-S cluster Fe-S cluster to Ubiquinone (Q) • NADH donates it’s electron • Electrons are first received by flavin mononucleotide, bound to hydrophilic arm. • Ferrous (FE2+) to Ferric state (FE3+) 4 Protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. • L - shaped • 2 Arms; i. Hydrophobic Arm in IMM ii. Hydrophilic Arm in MATRIX
- 4. • Ubiquinol moves through the hydrophobic region of the membrane by diffusion to complex 3 • The electron is transferred to a protein complex, known as Cytochrome Reductase. COENZYME Q o UBIQUINONE • An organic molecule dissolved in the hydrophobic region of the inner membrane of Mitochondrion. • Freely permeable within the hydrophobic region of the membrane, by diffusion. • Accepts an electron & combines with 2H+ from matrix and gets converted into reduced form. Fe-S cluster to Ubiquinone Ubiquinone to Ubiquinol Ubiquinol to cytochrome c1
- 5. COMPLEX II o SUCCINATE-UBIQUINONE OXIDOREDUCTASE o SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE • Complex II has a electron transport pathway parallel to Complex I • Removes hydrogen from Succinate & oxidise it to Fumarate in the Kreb Cycle & FADH2 is produced Complex 2 cant pump protons FADH2 to an Fe-S cluster Fe-S cluster to Ubiquinone (Q) • Ferrous (FE2+) to Ferric state (FE3+) • Ubiquinone is a common electron acceptor for complex I & II
- 6. o UBIQUINOL-CYTOCHROME C OXIDOREDUCTASE o CYTOCHROME BC1 COMPLEX COMPLEX III Ubiquinol to an Fe-S cluster Fe-S cluster to Cytochrome b Cytochrome b to Cytochrome c1 Cytochrome c1 to Cytochrome c • 2e- are removed from QH2 at the QO site 4 Protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space.
- 7. CYTOCHROME C • Soluble Heme containing protein • Mobile electron carrier loosely associated with the inner membrane • The Heme group of cytochrome c accepts electrons. • It’s capable of carrying 1e- at a time. Cytochrome c1 to Cytochrome c Cytochrome c to CuA • 2e- are transferred to 2 molecules of CYT c o CYT C • 4e- are removed from 4 molecules of CYT c
- 8. o CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE COMPLEX IV • The complex contains: • 2 Heme groups i. Cytochrome a ii. Cytochrome a3 Cytochrome c to CuA CuA to Cytochrome a Cytochrome a to CuB CuB to Cytochrome a3 Cytochrome a3 to O2 • final electron acceptor is O2, gets reduced into 2 H2O & this causes pumping of 4H+ 2H+ are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. • 2 Copper centres i. CuA ii. Cub
- 9. o ATP SYNTHASE COMPLEX V • Catalyzes ATP synthesis utilizing energy generated as protons flow through ATP synthase. • ATP synthase has 2 domains; F0 • Integral membrane protein complex. • provides a channel for the translocation of protons across the membrane • Subunits A C F1 • Peripheral complex bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane • contains the binding sites for ATP and ADP and catalyzes ATP synthesis • Subunits α β ɣ δ ε Binding sites
- 10. Intermembrane space to A – subunit A – subunit to c – subunit C – ring rotates C – subunit to matrix ɣ rotates Change in conformation of α3β3 hexamer ring. 3 States O STATE T state L STATE structure is constrained & the reactants are brought close enough to form ATP formed ATP can be release & binds ADP & Pi reactants ADP & Pi are trapped & cant escape F0 DOMAIN F1 DOMAIN
- 11. DEFECTS Defects of oxidative phosphorylation usually results from alteration in mtDNA Tissues with greater ATP requirement are most affected • CNS • Skeletal Muscle • Cardiac Muscle When mitochondrial ATP synthesis has been compromised by a mitochondrial defect, secondary lesions may be generated by changes in mitochondrial protein synthesis, increased matrix CoA and resulting in Carnitine Deficiency, decrease in Krebs cycle intermediates and increased free radical formation leading to cell death. Mutation in Mitochondrial DNA • Mitochondrial myopathies • Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy • Kidney • Liver
Editor's Notes
- a series of proteins and electron carriers within the Mitochondria
- Dehydrogenase removes electrons, look into it nadh aproaches complex 1
- NADH-Q reductase
- which splits into 2 oxygen ions & 2 hydrogen are added from matrix and it creates 2 water molecules