sustainable development and precision farming.pptx
•
1 like•146 views
This document discusses sustainable agriculture. It defines sustainable agriculture as farming that meets current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs. Key components include increasing productivity and livelihoods while protecting natural resources. Features include building soil, managing water wisely, and minimizing pollution. Methods include agroforestry, crop rotation, and organic farming. Principles are conserving land and resources while being technically and economically viable. Precision agriculture uses tools like GPS and remote sensing to apply precise amounts of inputs in the right places and times.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Climate smart agriculture
This presentation discusses climate smart agriculture. It defines key concepts like weather, climate, and the greenhouse effect. It explains how climate change is impacting Nepal's agriculture sector through increased temperatures, more extreme weather, and reduced crop yields. The presentation outlines the objectives of climate smart agriculture to develop practices that help farming adapt to climate change by being more resilient, productive, and low-carbon. Specific climate smart agriculture strategies discussed include conservation tillage, agroforestry, water management techniques, and ensuring gender inclusion in climate adaptation efforts.
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategies
This document summarizes the impacts of climate change on agriculture in India and strategies to mitigate these impacts. It notes that agriculture is highly vulnerable to climate change due to factors like rainfall dependency and degradation of soils. Key impacts include reduced yields of crops like sorghum, maize and groundnut due to increased temperatures and changed rainfall patterns. Adaptation strategies discussed include using drought and heat tolerant crop varieties, conservation agriculture techniques like mulching, and watershed management.
Climate-smart Agriculture
Climate-smart agriculture aims to achieve two goals: ensuring food security and avoiding dangerous climate change. To meet the increasing food demand by 2050 while adapting to climate change, agriculture must increase productivity sustainably. Practices like conserving and managing water resources efficiently and reducing food losses can help boost food security and mitigate emissions. However, achieving these goals also depends on demographic, economic, and consumption pattern changes. Climate-smart agriculture sustains productivity and resilience increases while reducing greenhouse gases to enhance food security and development, using ecosystem-based landscape approaches. Key actions include investing in research, supporting smallholders' transition, and aligning agriculture, food security, and climate change policies and financing. Agriculture's full mitigation potential lies not
Climate smart agriculture
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
Conservation agriculture for soil health sustainability
Conservation agriculture for soil health sustainabilityVasantrao Nail Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
Precision agriculture in relation to nutrient management by Dr. Tarik Mitran
Precision agriculture techniques can help optimize nutrient management by accounting for spatial variability within fields. Soil sampling is done on a grid to produce fertility maps showing nutrient levels in different areas. GPS and GIS combine to map yield and collect data that identifies low-yielding zones. Remote sensing uses imagery to detect differences such as no-till fields. Yield monitors coupled with GPS measure harvest yields in various locations. Variable rate technology then applies nutrients precisely based on need. This precision nutrient management improves efficiency and protects the environment.
Digital agriculture
This document discusses ICT applications in Indian agriculture. It begins by outlining the objectives and content, which includes the agricultural scenario in India, risks in agriculture, and how ICT can provide solutions. The document then covers the history of digital transformation, success stories of ICT projects in India, the emergence of agricultural web portals, benefits and criticisms of digitalization in agriculture. It concludes by discussing current and potential future advancements in areas like digital agriculture and one village one world networks.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND CROP WATER PRODUCTIVITY - IMPACT AND MITIGATION
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on crop water productivity and mitigation strategies. It begins with definitions of climate change and the greenhouse effect. It then shows data on increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and rising global temperatures. Various impacts are described, such as effects on crop yields from increased temperature and CO2 levels. Strategies to improve water use efficiency and mitigate impacts are covered, such as mulching, land configuration, irrigation scheduling and precision land leveling. Overall, the document analyzes how climate change affects crop water productivity and different agricultural practices that can help address this.
Recommended
Climate smart agriculture
This presentation discusses climate smart agriculture. It defines key concepts like weather, climate, and the greenhouse effect. It explains how climate change is impacting Nepal's agriculture sector through increased temperatures, more extreme weather, and reduced crop yields. The presentation outlines the objectives of climate smart agriculture to develop practices that help farming adapt to climate change by being more resilient, productive, and low-carbon. Specific climate smart agriculture strategies discussed include conservation tillage, agroforestry, water management techniques, and ensuring gender inclusion in climate adaptation efforts.
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategies
This document summarizes the impacts of climate change on agriculture in India and strategies to mitigate these impacts. It notes that agriculture is highly vulnerable to climate change due to factors like rainfall dependency and degradation of soils. Key impacts include reduced yields of crops like sorghum, maize and groundnut due to increased temperatures and changed rainfall patterns. Adaptation strategies discussed include using drought and heat tolerant crop varieties, conservation agriculture techniques like mulching, and watershed management.
Climate-smart Agriculture
Climate-smart agriculture aims to achieve two goals: ensuring food security and avoiding dangerous climate change. To meet the increasing food demand by 2050 while adapting to climate change, agriculture must increase productivity sustainably. Practices like conserving and managing water resources efficiently and reducing food losses can help boost food security and mitigate emissions. However, achieving these goals also depends on demographic, economic, and consumption pattern changes. Climate-smart agriculture sustains productivity and resilience increases while reducing greenhouse gases to enhance food security and development, using ecosystem-based landscape approaches. Key actions include investing in research, supporting smallholders' transition, and aligning agriculture, food security, and climate change policies and financing. Agriculture's full mitigation potential lies not
Climate smart agriculture
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
Conservation agriculture for soil health sustainability
Conservation agriculture for soil health sustainabilityVasantrao Nail Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
Precision agriculture in relation to nutrient management by Dr. Tarik Mitran
Precision agriculture techniques can help optimize nutrient management by accounting for spatial variability within fields. Soil sampling is done on a grid to produce fertility maps showing nutrient levels in different areas. GPS and GIS combine to map yield and collect data that identifies low-yielding zones. Remote sensing uses imagery to detect differences such as no-till fields. Yield monitors coupled with GPS measure harvest yields in various locations. Variable rate technology then applies nutrients precisely based on need. This precision nutrient management improves efficiency and protects the environment.
Digital agriculture
This document discusses ICT applications in Indian agriculture. It begins by outlining the objectives and content, which includes the agricultural scenario in India, risks in agriculture, and how ICT can provide solutions. The document then covers the history of digital transformation, success stories of ICT projects in India, the emergence of agricultural web portals, benefits and criticisms of digitalization in agriculture. It concludes by discussing current and potential future advancements in areas like digital agriculture and one village one world networks.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND CROP WATER PRODUCTIVITY - IMPACT AND MITIGATION
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on crop water productivity and mitigation strategies. It begins with definitions of climate change and the greenhouse effect. It then shows data on increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and rising global temperatures. Various impacts are described, such as effects on crop yields from increased temperature and CO2 levels. Strategies to improve water use efficiency and mitigate impacts are covered, such as mulching, land configuration, irrigation scheduling and precision land leveling. Overall, the document analyzes how climate change affects crop water productivity and different agricultural practices that can help address this.
8.4.1 Digital agriculture
This document discusses how digital technologies can support the implementation of National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) for agriculture. It outlines four key elements of the NAP process and provides examples of digital solutions that could help with each element. Connectivity across Africa and solutions for limited connectivity are also discussed. The document concludes that improved connectivity, access to data, public-private partnerships, and attention to emerging technologies can help transform agriculture and food systems to achieve climate adaptation goals.
Precision agriculture
This document discusses precision agriculture and provides an overview of key concepts:
1. Precision agriculture aims to optimize field management to match crop needs, protect the environment, and boost farm economics through efficient practices.
2. It involves characterizing field variability, making decisions based on soil maps and sensor data, and implementing variable-rate technology.
3. Current trends include high-accuracy GPS, input management like variable-rate fertilizer application, and information management tools to aid decision-making.
4. The document describes technologies like guidance systems, drones, wireless sensors, and yield mapping that are part of precision agriculture approaches.
Seminar on 'Remote Sensing, Drone in Agriculture'
Remote sensing and GIS techniques can provide timely and accurate information for agricultural monitoring over large areas. Remote sensing uses sensors aboard satellites or drones to capture electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from crops and soil. GIS allows integration of spatial data for analysis. Applications include crop identification and acreage estimation, growth monitoring, soil moisture and fertility assessment, pest and disease detection, and yield estimation. Various sensors such as multispectral, thermal, LIDAR and hyperspectral are used to analyze vegetation, soil properties, and assess crop health. Drones equipped with different sensors can assist with crop scouting, inventory management and precision agriculture.
Mobile Application for Agriculture
The document discusses a proposed mobile application called "Farmer Friend" that would provide Nepalese farmers access to agricultural information, expert contacts, weather data, advisory services, and a financial advisor tool via a mobile phone. It notes that agriculture makes up a large portion of Nepal's GDP and workforce but remains at a low development stage, and that mobile technologies could help address issues in the sector by connecting farmers to valuable resources. The proposed application would be an Android app that centralizes various useful services for farmers in one place to help improve agricultural productivity and incomes.
PRECISION AGRICULTURE
Precision agriculture is a farming system that uses information technology like GPS and GIS to increase farm production efficiency and profitability while minimizing environmental impacts. It involves tools like yield monitors, GPS, GIS software, and variable rate technology to collect and analyze field data to precisely vary inputs based on site-specific needs. Implementing precision agriculture can optimize production efficiency, quality, minimize risks and environmental impacts, and provide farmers with information to improve decision making.
precision_agriculture.pdf
Precision agriculture involves collecting data about variability within fields in order to make targeted management decisions in smaller subfield areas. It utilizes technologies like GPS, GIS, yield monitors, and remote sensing to gather and analyze spatial and temporal data on factors like soil composition, crop yields, and pest populations. This allows for more efficient and environmentally friendly practices like variable rate application of inputs tailored to each subfield's specific needs, reducing costs and increasing yields. While the concept has existed for hundreds of years, recent technological advances have enabled much finer-scale data collection and analysis, driving improved management precision.
Conservation agriculture for resource use efficiency and sustainability
The Green Revolution era focused on enhancing the production and productivity of crops. New challenges demand that the issues of efficient resource use and resource conservation receive high priority to ensure that past gains can be sustained and further enhanced to meet the emerging needs. Extending some of the resource-conserving interventions developed for the agricultural crops are the major challenges for researchers and farmers alike. The present paper shares recent research experiences on resource conservation technologies involving tillage and crop establishment options and associated agronomic practices which enable farmers in reducing production costs, increase profitability and help them move forward in the direction of adopting conservation agriculture.
Conservation Agriculture: Fundamentals
Conservation agriculture aims to conserve, improve, and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated soil, water, and biological management combined with minimal disturbance and external inputs. It is based on three principles: minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. Adopting conservation agriculture can increase soil organic matter, improve soil quality, boost crop yields, reduce erosion, and decrease costs through lower fuel and labor needs. The approach is applicable worldwide in a variety of climates and for many crops.
The climate-smart village
The climate-smart villageCCAFS | CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
The climate-smart village : a model developed by CCAFS program to improve the adaptive capacity of communities
Presented by Dr Robert Zougmoré, Regional Program Leader, CCAFS West Africa. Africa Agriculture Science Week 6, 15 July 2013, Accra, Ghana. http://ccafs.cgiar.org/events/15/jul/2013/africa-agriculture-science-week-2013Climate change impact and adaptation in wheat
8 May 2019. Cairo. ICARDA Workshop on Modeling Climate Change Impacts in Agriculture.
Climate change impact and adaptation in wheat. Presentation by by Prof. Senthold Asseng, Professor at the Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department of the University of Florida.
Global Climate change & its impact on Indian Agriculture.
Climate change poses serious threats to Indian agriculture that could undermine food security. Studies project cereal production may decrease 10-40% by 2100 due to increased temperatures, with wheat facing greater losses. Every 1°C rise in temperature could reduce wheat production by 4-5 million tons. Adaptation strategies like new crop varieties, water management, and insurance can help minimize impacts but require significant research and policy support. Immediate action is needed on low-cost adaptation options while determining costs and policies for long-term mitigation through practices like agroforestry and soil carbon sequestration. Failure to act risks substantial economic and social damages from climate impacts on India's agricultural sector and food system.
Agricultural Technology for Development
The return of high food prices and the need to adapt to climate change have revived interest in agricultural technologies adapted to smallholders, in particular women. Sustainable intensification of smallholder production will require a shift to knowledge-intensive agriculture that combines local knowledge and the latest sustainability science to adapt practices to local ecosystems and increase resilience to climate change, price and other shocks. Poor farmers, often women, usually cultivate in more extreme environments in addition to being less connected to markets. A radical change in the focus of national agricultural plans and substantial investment are needed to unleash smallholder production potential, contributing to achieving MDGs and boosting food production to meet the 70% increase needed by 2050. A holistic approach is needed to raise productivity and resilience of agriculture and supporting ecosystems as well as the efficient and equitable functioning of agricultural supply chains.
The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges
Description: the presentation features main findings and highlights of the report “The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges”. The report sheds some light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century. It provides some insights as to what is at stake and what needs to be done.
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6583e.pdf
Precision farming rohit pandey
This document provides an overview of precision farming presented by Rohit Pandey. It defines precision farming as applying the right inputs, at the right time, in the right amount, at the right place, and in the right manner based on crop requirements on a localized basis. The key components of precision farming discussed are GPS, GIS, remote sensing, variable rate applicators, and the farmer. The document also discusses approaches to precision farming like grid sampling and management zones, and prospects in the Indian agriculture context.
Soil quality and health soil science (ssac)
In this presentation, you will get to know about the following things
1. Soil Health
2. Soil Quality
3. How to Improve soil Health and Quality
Climate-Smart Agriculture: Climate change, agriculture and food security
www.fao.org/climatechange/epic
This presentation was prepared to conduct a training session on Climate-Smart Agriculture at the University of Wageningen, The Netherlands, in September 2014. It provides an overview of the CSA concept and its evolution over the last decade.
©FAO/www.fao.org
climate smart agriculture concept and its application in India
CSA concept as given by FAO and its applocation in india and some initiative taken by Indian government to combat climate change
Effect of climate change on crop production
This presentation describes the effect of global warming & climate change on cope yield. Undertaking various other parameters.
Climate resilient and environmentally sound agriculture - Module 5
Part II - Addressing challenges
Module 5:
C-RESAP/climate-smart agriculture: technical considerations and examples of production systems
“CLIMATE-SMART” AGRICULTURE, an information package for government authorities. This online information package was written with the idea of providing an overview of the challenges that the agriculture sector - and to a certain extent the food production chain - faces to feed the world while becoming more efficient. It also explores ways to address these challenges.
©FAO
Climate Smart Agriculture
Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.
Future of farming and how an individual can
This document discusses the future of farming and how an individual can start farming from home. It outlines several challenges for future farming including rising population, increasing food demand, climate change impacts, and unsustainable resource use. Key success factors identified include investment in agricultural technology and knowledge, organic practices, and natural resource management. The document also provides tips for individuals starting a farm from home, such as researching costs and markets, gaining experience, and developing a business plan.
Sustainable Intensification of biodiversity in agroecosystem through conserva...
1) Conservation agriculture aims to sustainably intensify biodiversity in agroecosystems through techniques like conservation of crop residues, no-till farming, and intercropping.
2) Traditional agriculture can damage the environment by causing soil degradation, greenhouse gas emissions, and loss of biodiversity. Conservation agriculture addresses these issues through practices like zero-tillage, crop rotations, cover crops, and mulching to improve soil health and water retention.
3) Conservation agriculture has benefits for yields, costs, soil, water, and the environment. However, challenges include the need to change mindsets, manage crop residues, and address issues like initial soil compaction. It requires adapting techniques to local conditions and supporting policies
More Related Content
What's hot
8.4.1 Digital agriculture
This document discusses how digital technologies can support the implementation of National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) for agriculture. It outlines four key elements of the NAP process and provides examples of digital solutions that could help with each element. Connectivity across Africa and solutions for limited connectivity are also discussed. The document concludes that improved connectivity, access to data, public-private partnerships, and attention to emerging technologies can help transform agriculture and food systems to achieve climate adaptation goals.
Precision agriculture
This document discusses precision agriculture and provides an overview of key concepts:
1. Precision agriculture aims to optimize field management to match crop needs, protect the environment, and boost farm economics through efficient practices.
2. It involves characterizing field variability, making decisions based on soil maps and sensor data, and implementing variable-rate technology.
3. Current trends include high-accuracy GPS, input management like variable-rate fertilizer application, and information management tools to aid decision-making.
4. The document describes technologies like guidance systems, drones, wireless sensors, and yield mapping that are part of precision agriculture approaches.
Seminar on 'Remote Sensing, Drone in Agriculture'
Remote sensing and GIS techniques can provide timely and accurate information for agricultural monitoring over large areas. Remote sensing uses sensors aboard satellites or drones to capture electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from crops and soil. GIS allows integration of spatial data for analysis. Applications include crop identification and acreage estimation, growth monitoring, soil moisture and fertility assessment, pest and disease detection, and yield estimation. Various sensors such as multispectral, thermal, LIDAR and hyperspectral are used to analyze vegetation, soil properties, and assess crop health. Drones equipped with different sensors can assist with crop scouting, inventory management and precision agriculture.
Mobile Application for Agriculture
The document discusses a proposed mobile application called "Farmer Friend" that would provide Nepalese farmers access to agricultural information, expert contacts, weather data, advisory services, and a financial advisor tool via a mobile phone. It notes that agriculture makes up a large portion of Nepal's GDP and workforce but remains at a low development stage, and that mobile technologies could help address issues in the sector by connecting farmers to valuable resources. The proposed application would be an Android app that centralizes various useful services for farmers in one place to help improve agricultural productivity and incomes.
PRECISION AGRICULTURE
Precision agriculture is a farming system that uses information technology like GPS and GIS to increase farm production efficiency and profitability while minimizing environmental impacts. It involves tools like yield monitors, GPS, GIS software, and variable rate technology to collect and analyze field data to precisely vary inputs based on site-specific needs. Implementing precision agriculture can optimize production efficiency, quality, minimize risks and environmental impacts, and provide farmers with information to improve decision making.
precision_agriculture.pdf
Precision agriculture involves collecting data about variability within fields in order to make targeted management decisions in smaller subfield areas. It utilizes technologies like GPS, GIS, yield monitors, and remote sensing to gather and analyze spatial and temporal data on factors like soil composition, crop yields, and pest populations. This allows for more efficient and environmentally friendly practices like variable rate application of inputs tailored to each subfield's specific needs, reducing costs and increasing yields. While the concept has existed for hundreds of years, recent technological advances have enabled much finer-scale data collection and analysis, driving improved management precision.
Conservation agriculture for resource use efficiency and sustainability
The Green Revolution era focused on enhancing the production and productivity of crops. New challenges demand that the issues of efficient resource use and resource conservation receive high priority to ensure that past gains can be sustained and further enhanced to meet the emerging needs. Extending some of the resource-conserving interventions developed for the agricultural crops are the major challenges for researchers and farmers alike. The present paper shares recent research experiences on resource conservation technologies involving tillage and crop establishment options and associated agronomic practices which enable farmers in reducing production costs, increase profitability and help them move forward in the direction of adopting conservation agriculture.
Conservation Agriculture: Fundamentals
Conservation agriculture aims to conserve, improve, and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated soil, water, and biological management combined with minimal disturbance and external inputs. It is based on three principles: minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. Adopting conservation agriculture can increase soil organic matter, improve soil quality, boost crop yields, reduce erosion, and decrease costs through lower fuel and labor needs. The approach is applicable worldwide in a variety of climates and for many crops.
The climate-smart village
The climate-smart villageCCAFS | CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
The climate-smart village : a model developed by CCAFS program to improve the adaptive capacity of communities
Presented by Dr Robert Zougmoré, Regional Program Leader, CCAFS West Africa. Africa Agriculture Science Week 6, 15 July 2013, Accra, Ghana. http://ccafs.cgiar.org/events/15/jul/2013/africa-agriculture-science-week-2013Climate change impact and adaptation in wheat
8 May 2019. Cairo. ICARDA Workshop on Modeling Climate Change Impacts in Agriculture.
Climate change impact and adaptation in wheat. Presentation by by Prof. Senthold Asseng, Professor at the Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department of the University of Florida.
Global Climate change & its impact on Indian Agriculture.
Climate change poses serious threats to Indian agriculture that could undermine food security. Studies project cereal production may decrease 10-40% by 2100 due to increased temperatures, with wheat facing greater losses. Every 1°C rise in temperature could reduce wheat production by 4-5 million tons. Adaptation strategies like new crop varieties, water management, and insurance can help minimize impacts but require significant research and policy support. Immediate action is needed on low-cost adaptation options while determining costs and policies for long-term mitigation through practices like agroforestry and soil carbon sequestration. Failure to act risks substantial economic and social damages from climate impacts on India's agricultural sector and food system.
Agricultural Technology for Development
The return of high food prices and the need to adapt to climate change have revived interest in agricultural technologies adapted to smallholders, in particular women. Sustainable intensification of smallholder production will require a shift to knowledge-intensive agriculture that combines local knowledge and the latest sustainability science to adapt practices to local ecosystems and increase resilience to climate change, price and other shocks. Poor farmers, often women, usually cultivate in more extreme environments in addition to being less connected to markets. A radical change in the focus of national agricultural plans and substantial investment are needed to unleash smallholder production potential, contributing to achieving MDGs and boosting food production to meet the 70% increase needed by 2050. A holistic approach is needed to raise productivity and resilience of agriculture and supporting ecosystems as well as the efficient and equitable functioning of agricultural supply chains.
The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges
Description: the presentation features main findings and highlights of the report “The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges”. The report sheds some light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century. It provides some insights as to what is at stake and what needs to be done.
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6583e.pdf
Precision farming rohit pandey
This document provides an overview of precision farming presented by Rohit Pandey. It defines precision farming as applying the right inputs, at the right time, in the right amount, at the right place, and in the right manner based on crop requirements on a localized basis. The key components of precision farming discussed are GPS, GIS, remote sensing, variable rate applicators, and the farmer. The document also discusses approaches to precision farming like grid sampling and management zones, and prospects in the Indian agriculture context.
Soil quality and health soil science (ssac)
In this presentation, you will get to know about the following things
1. Soil Health
2. Soil Quality
3. How to Improve soil Health and Quality
Climate-Smart Agriculture: Climate change, agriculture and food security
www.fao.org/climatechange/epic
This presentation was prepared to conduct a training session on Climate-Smart Agriculture at the University of Wageningen, The Netherlands, in September 2014. It provides an overview of the CSA concept and its evolution over the last decade.
©FAO/www.fao.org
climate smart agriculture concept and its application in India
CSA concept as given by FAO and its applocation in india and some initiative taken by Indian government to combat climate change
Effect of climate change on crop production
This presentation describes the effect of global warming & climate change on cope yield. Undertaking various other parameters.
Climate resilient and environmentally sound agriculture - Module 5
Part II - Addressing challenges
Module 5:
C-RESAP/climate-smart agriculture: technical considerations and examples of production systems
“CLIMATE-SMART” AGRICULTURE, an information package for government authorities. This online information package was written with the idea of providing an overview of the challenges that the agriculture sector - and to a certain extent the food production chain - faces to feed the world while becoming more efficient. It also explores ways to address these challenges.
©FAO
Climate Smart Agriculture
Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.
What's hot (20)
Conservation agriculture for resource use efficiency and sustainability
Conservation agriculture for resource use efficiency and sustainability
Global Climate change & its impact on Indian Agriculture.
Global Climate change & its impact on Indian Agriculture.
The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges
The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges
Climate-Smart Agriculture: Climate change, agriculture and food security
Climate-Smart Agriculture: Climate change, agriculture and food security
climate smart agriculture concept and its application in India
climate smart agriculture concept and its application in India
Climate resilient and environmentally sound agriculture - Module 5
Climate resilient and environmentally sound agriculture - Module 5
Similar to sustainable development and precision farming.pptx
Future of farming and how an individual can
This document discusses the future of farming and how an individual can start farming from home. It outlines several challenges for future farming including rising population, increasing food demand, climate change impacts, and unsustainable resource use. Key success factors identified include investment in agricultural technology and knowledge, organic practices, and natural resource management. The document also provides tips for individuals starting a farm from home, such as researching costs and markets, gaining experience, and developing a business plan.
Sustainable Intensification of biodiversity in agroecosystem through conserva...
1) Conservation agriculture aims to sustainably intensify biodiversity in agroecosystems through techniques like conservation of crop residues, no-till farming, and intercropping.
2) Traditional agriculture can damage the environment by causing soil degradation, greenhouse gas emissions, and loss of biodiversity. Conservation agriculture addresses these issues through practices like zero-tillage, crop rotations, cover crops, and mulching to improve soil health and water retention.
3) Conservation agriculture has benefits for yields, costs, soil, water, and the environment. However, challenges include the need to change mindsets, manage crop residues, and address issues like initial soil compaction. It requires adapting techniques to local conditions and supporting policies
Principles and approaches of converting conventional farms into sustainable f...
Sustainable agriculture is one that produces abundant food without depleting the earth’s resources or polluting its environment. It is agriculture that follows the principles of nature to develop systems for raising crops and livestock that are, like nature, self-sustaining. Sustainable agriculture is also the agriculture of social values, one whose success is indistinguishable from vibrant rural communities, rich lives for families on the farms, and wholesome food for everyone. But in the first decade of the 21st Century, sustainable agriculture, as a set of commonly accepted practices or a model farm economy, is still in its infancy—more than an idea, but only just.
Climate smart agriculture
This document discusses climate-smart agriculture (CSA). CSA aims to sustainably increase productivity and income, strengthen resilience to climate change, and reduce agriculture's contribution to climate change. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) supports CSA through approaches like the landscape approach, which deals with large-scale processes in an integrated manner. The document also discusses farming systems and practices that can help achieve CSA's goals, such as conservation agriculture, agroforestry, and integrated food-energy systems. Finally, the role of institutions in enabling policies, disseminating information, addressing data gaps, and supporting financing is discussed.
IFS an ecofriendly approach for sustainable agriculture environment and hydro...
1) The document discusses sustainable agriculture and integrated farming systems (IFS) as eco-friendly approaches. It describes the basic principles of sustainable agriculture and various components of IFS like crop rotation, integrated nutrient management, etc.
2) Hydroponics is described as a soilless agriculture technique where plants are grown in nutrient solutions rather than soil. The different hydroponic systems and their benefits like water savings, higher yields are covered.
3) The document concludes by stating that organic, mechanical and cultural practices are used in ecological agriculture to avoid chemicals. Developing sustainable and environment-friendly alternatives like eco-friendly agriculture is needed.
Developing more sustainable and productive agricultural systems - ways and means
This was presented in the Webinar on Covid-19 & Beyond: Existing Envioromental Challenges and Eco Friendly Agriculture organized by Vishwa Yuvak Kendra, New Delhi in collaboration with Gramium, Tamil Nadu on 14th August 2020. It provides an overview of the status of Agriculture in India and gives the steps involved in developing Sustainable Agriculture for developing more sustainable and productive agricultural systems.
Kwesi Atta-Krah - What is a Climate Smart Agricultural Landscape
Kwesi Atta-Krah - What is a Climate Smart Agricultural LandscapeThe Landscapes for People, Food and Nature Initiative
Climate-smart agricultural landscapes are mosaic landscapes that use various climate-smart agricultural systems in harmony with natural resource management to be productive, resilient to climate change, and reduce environmental impacts. They involve the interaction of farming and livelihood systems within an agroecological space and are influenced by ecological, social, economic and cultural factors. Achieving climate-smart agricultural landscapes requires collaboration among different stakeholders and integrated landscape management to achieve multiple objectives of agricultural production, ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, and community livelihoods.AGL604 (Farming System and Sustainable Agriculture)
1. The document discusses farming systems and sustainable agriculture. It defines farming systems and lists their advantages.
2. Key components of sustainable agriculture are discussed, including soil conservation, crop diversity, nutrient management, and integrated pest management.
3. The three pillars of sustainability - economic, environmental, and social - are outlined. Benefits and disadvantages of sustainable agriculture are also provided.
Sustainable Soil Systems
From the 2019 NACD Summer Conservation Forum and Tour.
Healthy soils are an important element in our daily lives. Learn how healthy soils can improve water quality, improve drought resilience, and increase productivity by maximizing moisture intake and retention in our soils.
Climate smart agriculture 2
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
Water management approaches for sustainable food production (1).pptx
The document discusses sustainable water management for agriculture. It notes that agriculture uses most of India's water supply for irrigation but that water resources are limited. It recommends several approaches to sustainable water management: ensuring food security and environmental conservation through efficient irrigation techniques, drought-resistant crops, and wastewater treatment for reuse. Education, policy support, and continued research are also needed to promote sustainable water practices.
IFPRI - NAES Conference on Sustainable & Resilient Agriculture - Ganesh Joshi
IFPRI - NAES Conference on Sustainable & Resilient Agriculture - Ganesh JoshiInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the Nepal Agricultural Economics Society (NAES) are jointly organizing Annual Conference of Nepal Agricultural Economics Society on February 13-14, 2015 at Conference Hall, Trade Tower, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. During the annual conference of NAES, a special session on “Convergences of Policies and Programs relating to Sustainable and Climate Resilient Agriculture” is being organized. The aim of this special session is to showcase the studies and experiences in South Asian countries on climate resilient agriculture and how they can learn from each other to formulate progressive and sustainable policies to promote climate smart agriculture in a regional perspective.ICARDA Strategy 2017 – 2026 Building on 40 Years of Dryland Research
The new ICARDA Strategy 2017 – 2026 builds on forty years of past achievements, lessons learned and successful partnerships and investments at regional and global levels. The Strategy is aligned with the national development priorities of the countries we work in, the CGIAR Strategic Results Framework 2016-2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Agenda for 2030. The Strategy orients ICARDA’s research activities to find innovative and demand-driven solutions to guide sustainable development in drylands and to ensure that they have impact.
Climate change and sustainable intensification
Presented by Fentahun Mengistu (EIAR) at a Consultative Meeting on Strengthening CGIAR - EARS partnerships for effective agricultural transformation in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 4–5 December 2014
SUSTAINABLE-AGRICULTURE.pdf
Sustainable agriculture involves farming practices that meet current and future needs while ensuring environmental health, profitability, and social equity. It offers solutions to problems caused by industrial agriculture like depletion of resources and unequal food access. Key sustainable farming methods include using renewable energy, integrated pest management, crop rotation, agroforestry, and managed grazing. New technologies like artificial intelligence, biotechnology, drones, and blockchain can also help enable more sustainable agriculture.
Cultural Control of Pest
This document discusses cultural control methods for reducing pest damage to crops. Cultural control involves manipulating farming practices, like plowing, weeding, pruning, and crop rotation, to make the environment less favorable for pests. The practices may directly impact pest growth and reproduction or minimize their ability to attack plants. The goal is to control pests in an environmentally sound way without using pesticides. Some examples provided include intercropping cowpeas with sorghum to reduce stem borers, and destroying weed hosts to control citrus fruit sucking moths. Advantages are low cost and minimal environmental impact, while disadvantages include requiring long-term planning and not providing complete pest control.
Role of cropping system in sustainable vegetable production
India grows the largest number of vegetables in the world. Varied agro climatic conditions in India make it feasible to grow several vegetables round the year. Being short duration crops, vegetables are more susceptible to extremities in environment. And vegetable production is also not consistent due to weather extremities and diminishing natural resources. In countries like India it is a serious problem in view of large population depending on agriculture, excessive pressure on natural resources and poor cropping mechanisms. Vegetables play an important role in achieving the nutritional security as they encounter the malnutrition problems in India and also serve as a source of income for the small and marginal farmers. The major objectives of reducing malnutrition and alleviating poverty in developing countries through improved and consumption of safe vegetables that involves adaptation of current vegetable cropping systems like, multiple cropping, mixed farming, intercropping, and relay cropping systems. Integration of crop production, different farming systems with suitable soil and water conservation measures lead to sustainable production increase in income levels and towards better livelihoods. Major emphasis should be given on development of diverse technologies for optimization of farm resources, increased economic return and improved sustainability.
Moreover, increasing temperatures, reduced irrigation water availability, flooding, and salinity will be major limiting factors in sustaining and increasing vegetable productivity. Extreme climatic conditions will also negatively impact soil fertility and increase soil erosion. Measures to adapt to these climate change induced stresses are critical for sustainable tropical vegetable production. Adoption of suitable cropping system is one such measure which ensures maximum utilisation of natural resources and inputs. Farmers may get benefitted by following different cropping systems even under adverse climatic conditions. Success in mitigating climate change depends on how well agricultural crops and systems adapt to the changes and concomitant environmental stresses of those changes on the current systems. Thus, adoption of suitable cropping patterns/systems will be needed to maintain vegetable productivity.
5 Climate Smart Agriculture for training of trainers
This is a presentation made on Climate Smart Agriculture for training of trainers under the project on Building Resilience and Strengthening Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka
Organic Farming
This presentation explains the current status, needs and benefits of organic farming. It also includes the methods and types of organic material that can be provided to soil in different ways.
Final presentation spain quattro
This document discusses plans for sustainable management of the Guadelete River basin in southern Spain. It envisions transitioning the region away from traditional agriculture and overdevelopment towards more sustainable practices like aquaculture, eco-tourism, and sustainable agriculture/aquaculture. Specific measures proposed include improving wastewater treatment, promoting sustainable farming techniques, developing rural hotels and tourism activities centered around the river, and restoring abandoned salt marshes to create jobs and biodiversity. Stakeholders like universities, NGOs, and different levels of government would need to cooperate to achieve this sustainable vision for the river basin.
Similar to sustainable development and precision farming.pptx (20)
Sustainable Intensification of biodiversity in agroecosystem through conserva...
Sustainable Intensification of biodiversity in agroecosystem through conserva...
Principles and approaches of converting conventional farms into sustainable f...
Principles and approaches of converting conventional farms into sustainable f...
IFS an ecofriendly approach for sustainable agriculture environment and hydro...
IFS an ecofriendly approach for sustainable agriculture environment and hydro...
Developing more sustainable and productive agricultural systems - ways and means
Developing more sustainable and productive agricultural systems - ways and means
Kwesi Atta-Krah - What is a Climate Smart Agricultural Landscape
Kwesi Atta-Krah - What is a Climate Smart Agricultural Landscape
AGL604 (Farming System and Sustainable Agriculture)
AGL604 (Farming System and Sustainable Agriculture)
Water management approaches for sustainable food production (1).pptx
Water management approaches for sustainable food production (1).pptx
IFPRI - NAES Conference on Sustainable & Resilient Agriculture - Ganesh Joshi
IFPRI - NAES Conference on Sustainable & Resilient Agriculture - Ganesh Joshi
ICARDA Strategy 2017 – 2026 Building on 40 Years of Dryland Research
ICARDA Strategy 2017 – 2026 Building on 40 Years of Dryland Research
Role of cropping system in sustainable vegetable production
Role of cropping system in sustainable vegetable production
5 Climate Smart Agriculture for training of trainers
5 Climate Smart Agriculture for training of trainers
More from Mata Gurji College, Fatehgarh Sahib
saline and alkaline properties ppt.pptx
Alkaline Soils
Clay soils with a pH of more than 8.5 are classified as alkaline soils. The higher pH is caused by high quantities of salt, magnesium, and calcium. Furthermore, hard water can cause the pH of soils to rise to alkaline proportions. On the other hand, sodium carbonate is the dominant component in alkaline soil. Therefore, alkaline soils inflate when exposed to sodium carbonate.
Saline Soils
When there is an overabundance of sodium ions in the clay and soil complex that still includes exchangeable calcium, the soil is referred to as saline soil, brown alkali soil, or white alkali soil. This soil continues to be flocculated or granulated. As a result, it has air and water permeability.
Agriculture on Saline and Alkaline Soils
Coconut trees may be found in abundance in coastal settings. In addition, as previously stated, farming salt-tolerant crops such as dhaincha, berseem, and other grain legume crops may aid in the reclamation of these soils. Moreover, some of the suitable agriculture on saline-alkaline soil is mentioned below:
Suitable Crops: Barley, Cotton, Sugar beet, Sugarcane, Rice, Mustard, Maize, Green Gram, Red Gram, Sunflower, Sesame, Linseed, Sorghum, Bajra, etc.
Suitable Vegetables: Tomato, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Cucumber, Bitter guard, Pumpkin, Spinach, etc.
Suitable Fruits: Guava, Beetroot, Asparagus, Coconut, Banana, Grape, Pomegranate, Date palm, etc.
Features of Saline and Alkaline Soils
The topsoil of Saline and Alkaline Soil is permeated (saturated or soaked with a material) with alkaline and saline efflorescences.
Weathering produces calcium salts, magnesium, sodium, and sulfurous acid from inert rock pieces.
In areas with a lower water table, salts permeate the subsurface, but in areas with high drainage, salts are washed away by running water.
Certain salts are delivered in suspension by rivers.
In places with a higher subsoil surface water, harmful salts are carried below by capillary forces during the summer months due to evaporation.
Water with a high salt content becomes stationary in places with inadequate drainage and accumulates all of the salt contents in the soil layer as it dissipates.
Alkaline and Saline Soil Areas in India
Saline and Alkaline Soil covers an area of 68,000 square kilometers. These soils are formed in canal rinsed lands and locations with a higher subsurface water table. This type of soil may be found in parts of Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Punjab, and Maharashtra. However, the build-up of the salts leaves the soil unproductive and unsuited for cultivation.
The sea tides transporting salt-laden sediments damage the lands near the Khambhat Gulf of Gujarat. As a result, vast portions of the Mahi, Tapi, Narmada, and Sabarmati rivers are unproductive. When severe storms, salty sea waves invade coastal locations, rendering the soil unsuitable for farming.
Plant Growth Regulator PPT.pptx
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are chemicals used to modify plant growth such as increasing branching, suppressing shoot growth, increasing return bloom, removing excess fruit, or altering fruit maturity. Numerous factors affect PGR performance including how well the chemical is absorbed by the plant, tree vigour and age, dose, timing, cultivar, and weather conditions before, during, and after application.
Plant growth regulators can be grouped into five classes: compounds related to auxins, gibberellins and inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis, cytokinins, abscisic acid and compounds affecting the ethylene status. Products that block the biosynthesis of plant hormones are also available (Apogee, Retain)
The five groups of plant growth regulators used in fruit crops include:
Auxins: These are growth promoting substances that contribute to the elongation of shoots, but at high concentrations they can inhibit growth of lateral buds. In addition to being used as plant growth regulators, auxins can also be herbicides (2, 4-D etc.). In apple production napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) is a synthetic auxin that can be used to thin fruit and prevent fruit drop shortly before harvest. For more information on the use of products for thinning see Ontario.ca/apples and find Thinning of Tree Fruit.
Gibberellins: Gibberellins (GA) promote cell elongation, shoot growth, and are involved in regulating dormancy. Promalin®/Perlan® (containing GA4+7 and 6-benzyladenine) have been used to improve fruit size and reduce russetting in apples. ProGibb 40SB and Falgro (containing GA3) are used to delay ripening, improve fruit firmness and extend the harvest period in sweet cherries. Gibberellins are used in tart cherries to manage flowering to avoid over production. Apogee or Kudos 27.5 WDG® (Prohexidione-calcium) inhibits the biosynthesis of gibberellins. Apogee or Kudos 27.5 WDG are used to modify the morphology of trees (apple and cherries) and to control runner production in strawberries.
Cytokinins: Cytokinins promote cell division. Cytokinins are involved in branching and stimulating bud initiation. They are used as fruit thinners (Maxcel® or Cilis Plus® 6-BA) in apples. For more information on the use of these products for thinning see Ontario.ca/apples and find Thinning of Tree Fruit.
Absicisic Acid: Absicsic acid controls the dormancy of buds and seeds, inhibits shoot growth and is involved in regulating water loss from plants.
Ethylene: Ethylene promotes abscission of leaves and fruits, inhibits shoot elongation and inhibits lateral bud development. In apples and cherries, ethylene is involved in the transition of fruit from being physiologically mature to ripe. Ethephon (Ethrel®) is a synthetic compound that releases ethylene upon application. Retain interferes with ethylene biosynthesis and allows fruit to hang on trees longer and lengthens storage life.
High Density Planting in Fruit Crops
Advancing knowledge in litchi tree architecture, growth physiology, possibility of using
growth retardants has enabled farmers to adopt closer planting and maintaining
reachable canopy. This system is popularly known as the High Density Planting (HDP).
It enables profitable cropping, high regular yields and improved farm management practices,
leading to higher productivity. Today new orchards of litchis are being attempted to plant in
this system with a view to produce higher fruit yield and increased profitably. Use of growth
retardants which restricts tree growth and encourages early flower induction, have also been
found helpful for these high-density planting systems.
High density planting technique is a modern method of litchi cultivation involving
planting of litchi trees densely, allowing small or dwarf trees with modified canopy for better
light interception and distribution and ease of mechanised field operations. Control of pests
and diseases, weeds and pruning of tree canopy can be carried out by machine. Irrigation and
fertigation are automatically controlled. Such system produces precocious cropping, high and
regular yields of good quality fruits and low labour requirement to meet ever rising production
costs. Merit of HDP over Normal Planting
Increasing pressure on land owing to diversion of orchard lands to various other obvious
reasons as well as rising energy and land-costs, together with mounting demand for fruits have
made it imperative to achieve higher productivity of litchi from limited space. One should be
very conscious in case of high density litchi because closer spacing may bring negative impact
in growers’ fields if the complete package of high density has not been properly understood
and followed.
The normal planting distance in litchi has been 9-10 m. Such orchard takes 10-15 years
to provide economic returns depending upon the cultivar, and cultural practices. Due to poor
early returns and clash between the cultural requirements of the intercrop with main crop, litchi
orcharding so far is done by large farmers who can afford tall treesComponents of High Density Planting
There are four major components of high density planting system. These are:
1. Planting Density: Even though a small canopy with a high number of well-illuminated
leaves is efficient in photosynthesis but it is very poor in light interception, which leads
to low potential yield per hectare. Light interception could be improved by increasing
tree density. An optimum tree density is the level of density which is required to facilitate
optimum light distribution and interception leading to high photosynthesis. As a result,
yield per hectare is maximized. An optimum light interception is a factor of plant form,
planting density, tree arrangement and leaf response to light for photosynthesis. Optimum
light interception can be defined as a level of light intercepted by an orchard system
above or below which, the economic yield will be reduced.
Integrated Pest Management.pptx
IPM is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism. Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and nontarget organisms, and the environment.
tissue culture.pptx
tissue culture, a method of biological research in which fragments of tissue from an animal or plant are transferred to an artificial environment in which they can continue to survive and function. The cultured tissue may consist of a single cell, a population of cells, or a whole or part of an organ.
Applications include:
micropropagation using meristem and shoot culture to produce large numbers of identical individuals.
screening programmes of cells, rather than plants for advantageous characters.
large-scale growth of plant cells in liquid culture as a source of secondary products.
Canopy management and Rejuvenation in fruit crops.pptx
Canopy management is the manipulation of tree canopies to optimize the production of quality fruits. The canopy management, particularly its components like tree training and pruning, affects the quantity of sunlight intercepted by trees, as tree shape determines the presentation of leaf area to incoming radiation.
pollution
Human activities directly or indirectly affect the environment adversely. A stone crusher
adds a lot of suspended particulate matter and noise into the atmosphere. Automobiles
emit from their tail pipes oxides of nitrogen, sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide and a complex mixture of unburnt hydrocarbons and black soot which pollute
the atmosphere. Domestic sewage and run off from agricultural fields, laden with pesticidesand fertilizers, pollute water bodies. Effluents from tanneries contain many harmful chemicals
and emit foul smell. These are only a few examples which show how human activities
pollute the environment. Pollution may be defined as addition of undesirable material into
the environment as a result of human activities. The agents which cause environmental
pollution are called pollutants. A pollutants may be defined as a physical, chemical or
biological substance unintentionally released into the environment which is directly or
indirectly harmful to humans and other living organisms.Pollution may be of the following types:
• Air pollution
• Noise pollution
• Water pollution
• Soil pollution
• Thermal pollution
• Radiation pollution
Air pollution is a result of industrial and certain domestic activity. An ever increasing use of
fossil fuels in power plants, industries, transportation, mining, construction of buildings,
stone quarries had led to air pollution. Air pollution may be defined as the presence of
any solid, liquid or gaseous substance including noise and radioactive radiation in the
atmosphere in such concentration that may be directly and indirectly injurious to humans
or other living organisms, plants, property or interferes with the normal environmental
processes. Air pollutants are of two types (1) suspended particulate matter, and (2) gaseous
pollutants like carbon dioxide (CO2
), NOx The stratosphere has an ozone layer which protects the earth’s surface from excessive
ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun. Chlorine from chemicals such as
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used for refrigeration, air conditioning, fire extinguishers,
cleaning solvents, aerosols (spray cans of perfumes, medicine, insecticide) cause damage
to ozone layer chlorine contained in the CFCs on reaching the ozone (O3
) layer split the
ozone molecules to form oxygen (O2
). Amount of ozone, thus gets reduced and cannot
prevent the entry of UV radiation. There has been a reduction of ozone umbrella or shield
over the Arctic and Antarctic regions. This is known as ozone hole. This permits passage
of UVradiation on earth’s atmosphere which causes sunburn, cataract in eyes leading to
blindness, skin cancer, reduced productivity of forests, etc. Under the “Montreal Protocol”
amended in 1990 it was decided to completely phase out CFCs to prevent damage of
ozone layer.
Cultivation of Pear
Fruits are a rich source of protein (0.69 g) vitamins (vit. A 0.06 mg; vit. B -0.03mg) and minerals like calcium (8 mg), phosphorus (15 mg) and iron (0.5 mg) per 100 grams of pulp. Patharnakh has become the commercial fruit crop of Punjab.
The area under pear is steadily increasing in North India. In Punjab, pear occupies an area of 2147 hectares with an annual production of 42940 tonnes. With the introduction of new promising semi-soft pear cultivars, the area under pear is likely to increase further.
The area under patharnakh increased in past thirty years due to the supply of quality nursery plants propagated on pear root suckers and Kainth seedlings. Now the quality plants of soft pears are being made available to the growers by Punjab Agricultural University nurseries.
Origin and History:
Pyrus species are native to the Northern Hemisphere of the old world. European and West Asian species are native to Eastern Europe and South Western Asia. East and North Asian species (oriental group) are native to Eastern Asia including China, Japan and ManAuria. Patharnakh (Pyrus pyrifolia) (Burm. F. Nakai) originated in China from where Chinese merchants and settlers brought it to Amritsar’s village Harsa Chhina during the time of Lord Kanishka (120-170 AD). From here patharnakh spread to other areas. In Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, Patharnakh is cultivated under the name of Gola pear.Climate and Soil:
Low chilling requiring pears are being cultivated in plains of North India. Cultivars requiring high chilling hours (900-1000) are cultivated at higher hills of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttara Khand.
Soil:
Pear is not very fastidious to its soil requirements. It is being grown from arid irrigated areas of Sirsa-Abohar to loam and clay loam soils of Amritsar and Hoshiarpur. It is doing well in foot hills where soils are light sandy to gravels. It prefers deep well drained loam soils with pH less than 8.5. Alkaline soils are unfit for pear cultivation. The soils with electric conductivity less than 1.5 mm hos/cm, less than 10 percent CaC03 and lime 20 percent are suitable for pear cultivation. High pH soils show iron chlorosis and zinc deficiencies in the pear plants.Rootstock:
Many rootstocks are being used to propagate pear trees. Promising characters of rootstock are given below:
Pear Root Suckers (Pyrus calleryana):
This is a very old rootstock which is in use since the introduction of pear cultivar patharnakh by the Chinese. Initially in rootstock trials at P.A.U. Ludhiana it has been considered to be Pyrus pyrifolia. A sucker was planted in the old orchard of the P.A.U. in 1976.
It grew as a tree quite different from P pyrifolia and did not flower for twenty years, but remained vegetative. Its roots continued to give out rootsuckers, whereas no rootsuckers developed on Pyrus pyrifolia roots. Hence it has been identified as root suckers of oriental pear Pyrus calleryana. Old pear orchards produce root-suckers.
Seed Storage
SEED STORAGE
What is seed storage - preservation of seed with initial quality until it is needed for planting.
Stages of Seed Storage
The seeds are considered to be in storage from the moment they reach physiological maturity until they germinate or until they are thrown away because they are dead or otherwise worthless.
The entire storage period can be conveniently divided into following stages.
Storage on plants ( physiological maturity until harvest).
Harvest, until processed and stored in a warehouse.
In - storage ( warehouses)
In transit ( Railway wagons, trucks, carts, railway sheds etc.).
In retail stores.
On the user's farm.
Introduction
The ability of seed to tolerate moisture loss allows the seed to maintain the viability in dry state. Storage starts in the mother plant itself when it attains physiological maturity. After harvesting the seeds are either stored in ware houses or in transit or in retail shops. During the old age days , the farmers were used farm saved seeds, in little quantity, but introduction of high yielding varieties and hybrids and modernization of agriculture necessitated the development of storage techniques to preserve the seeds.
The practice of storing the seeds starts from the ancient days itself, following simple and cheap techniques e.g. Placing the seeds in salt, red earth treatment to red gram etc. But the same practices are not hold good for the present day agriculture, because
large quantity to be stored
exchange of varieties and species
exchange of genes
The type of material to be stored decides the techniques to be followed for safe storage. Now a day’s storage technique changed from ordinary go-down storage to cryogenic tank storage and even gene storage.
Objective of seed storage
To maintain initial seed quality viz., germination, physical purity, vigour etc., all along the storage period by providing suitable or even better conditions.
Since the main objective of seed storage is maintenance of an acceptable capacity for germination and emergence, it can only be accomplished by reducing the rate of deterioration to the degree required to maintain an acceptable level of quality for the desired period.
Purpose of seed storage
Seed storage is the maintenance of high seed germination and vigour form harvest until planting. Is important to get adequate plant stands in addition to healthy and vigourous plants. Every seed operation has or should have a purpose. The purpose of seed storage is to maintain the seed in good physical and physiological condition from the time they are harvested until the time they are planted. Seeds have to be stored, of course, because there is usually a period of time between harvest and planting. During this period, the seed have to be kept somewhere. While the time interval between harvest and planting is the basic reason for storing seed, there are other considerations, especially in the case of extended storage of seed.
Cultivation of Litchi
Litchi (Litchi chinensis) is a delicious juicy fruit of excellent quality. Botanically it
belongs to Sapindaceae family. Litchi fruit is famous for its attractive red colour, excellent
quality characteristics and pleasant flavor.
Soil and climate:
Litchi is a sub-tropical fruit and thrives best under moist sub-tropical climate. It usually
prefers low elevation and can be grown up to an altitude of 800 m. (m.s.l.). Deep, well drained
loamy soil, rich in organic matter and having pH in the range of 5.0 to 7.0 is ideal for the crop.
Litchi cannot tolerate frost during winter and dry heat in summer. The temperature should not
go beyond 40.5 0C in summer and below freezing point in winter. Prolonged rain may be harmful
especially at the time of flowering, when it interferes with pollination.
Cultivars:
A large number of varieties are grown in different parts of India. Bambia, Ellaichi,
Muzaffarpur, Seedless early, Seedless late, Shahi, Pottee, Rose scented, China, Purbi, and Kasab
are the suitable varieties for NE region.
Propagation:
Air layering is the most common method of propagation. Select healthy and vigorous one
year old twigs and remove 2 cm wide ring of bark just below a bud. IBA or Rooton may be
applied at cut portion for early and more rooting. The cut is surrounded by mud ball containing
moss (2 parts damp moss and 1 part of soil from the basin of old litchi tree) and wrapped with
polythene sheet. Both ends are tied with fine rope to make it air tight. When sufficient roots are
formed in about 2 months, the branch is cut below the soil or sphagnum moss and potted in a
nursery. July to October is the most appropriate time. About 6 months old air-layered plants
should be planted in permanent field in monsoon.
Planting:
Pits of 90 x 90 x 90 cm in dimension are dug at the spacing of 8 – 10 m apart in square
system. Pits are filled with topsoil mixed with about 40 kg decomposed compost, 2 kg
neem/karanj cake, 1 kg bone meal/single super phosphate and 200-300 g muriate of potash.
Incorporation of about 2 baskets of soil from the root zone of old lychee trees encourages the
mycorrhiza growth. Planting is done during June to July. At the time of planting a hole the size
of ball of earth is made in the centre of the pit at the marked point where the plant is fixed and
the soil is pressed to remove air. Watering is done immediately after planting for proper
establishment. Subsequently the plant is regularly irrigated till it is properly established.
Training and pruning:
Training of the plant in the initial stage is essential to provide the required framework.
Unwanted branches should be pruned to provide definite shape and to promote growth of the
trunk and crown of the tree. Three to four branches 60-75 cm from ground opposite to each other
are allowed to form the proper frame of the tree. Further, crowded and crisscross branches are removed to facilitate better growth.
cultivation of apple
Apple (Malus pumila) is an important temperate fruit. Apples are mostly consumed fresh but a small part of the production is processed in to juices, jellies, canned slices and other items.
In India, Apple is primarily cultivated in Jammu & Kashmir; Himachal Pradesh; hills of Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal. It is also cultivated to a small extent in Arunachal Pradesh; Nagaland; Punjab and Sikkim.
Climate
The apple is a temperate fruit crop. However, in India the apple growing areas do not fall in temperate zone but the prevailing temperate climate of the region is due to the Himalayan ranges and high altitudes. The average summer temperature should be around 21-24oC during active growth period. Apple succeeds best in regions where the trees experience uninterrupted rest in winter and abundant sunshine for good colour development. It can be grown at an altitude of 1500- 2700 m above the sea level. Well-distributed rainfall of 1000-1250 mm throughout the growing season is most favourable for optimum growth and fruitfulness of apple trees.
Varieties
Jammu and Kashmir : Golden Delicious (Late Season), Lal Ambri, Mollies Delicious, Starkrimson, Red June, Irish Peach, Benoni and Tydeman’s Early
Himachal Pradesh : Golden Delicious (Late Season), Red Delicious (Mid season), McIntosh
Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh : McIntosh, Chaubattia Anupam
Tamil Nadu : Irish Peach and Zouches Pipin (Early); KKL 1, Carrington and Winterstein (Mid -season); Rome Beauty and Parlin’s Beauty (late)
Soil
Apples grow best on a well-drained, loam soils having a depth of 45 cm and a pH range of pH 5.5-6.5. The soil should be free from hard substrata and water-logged conditions. Soils with heavy clay or compact subsoil are to be avoided.
Propagation
Grafting : Apples are propagated by several methods viz.; whip, tongue, cleft and roots grafting. Tongue and cleft grafting at 10-15 cm above the collar during February-March gives the best results. Usually grafting is done at the end of winter.
Budding : Apples are mostly propagated by shield budding, which gives a high percentage of success. In shield budding a single bud along with a shield piece of stem is cut along with the scion and inserted beneath the rind of the rootstock through a 'T' shaped incision during active growth period. Budding is done when the buds are fully formed during summer. The optimum time of budding is September in Kashmir Valley, Kumaon hills of Uttaranchal, high hills of Himachal Pradesh and June in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh.
Rootstocks : Most of the apple plants are grafted or budded on seedling of wild crab apple. The seedling rootstocks obtained from the seeds of diploid cultivars like Golden Delicious, Yellow Newton, Wealthy, Macintosh and Granny Smith also can be used. High density planting is done using dwarfing rootstocks (M9, M4, M7 and M106).
Introduction of Environment
ENVIRONMENT
Definition: Environment literally means surrounding and everything that affect an organism
during its lifetime is collectively known as its environment.
In another words “Environment is sum total of water, air and land interrelationships
among themselves and also with the human being, other living organisms and property”.
It includes all the physical and biological surrounding and their interactions.
Environmental studies provide an approach towards understanding the environment of our
planet and the impact of human life upon the environment. Thus environment is actually
global in nature, it is a multidisciplinary subject including physics, geology, geography, history,
economics, physiology, biotechnology, remote sensing, geophysics, soil science and hydrology
etc.
Scope of Environmental Science
Environmental science is a multidisciplinary science whose basic aspects have a direct relevance
to every section of the society. Its main aspects are:
• Conservation of nature and natural resources.
• Conservation of biological diversity.
• Control of environmental pollution.
• Stabilization of human population and environment.
• Social issues in relation to development and environment.
• Development of non-polluting renewable energy system and providing new
dimension to nation’s security.Ecosystem
According to A.G. Tansley (1935), “An ecosystem is the ecological unit consisting of biotic factors
(living) and abiotic factors (non-living) in a specific area. For example forest, grassland, desert,
aquatic etc.
Balanced Ecosystem: All ecosystems, even the ultimate biosphere are open systems.
There is necessarily at least an inflow and outflow of energy. Balance of ecosystem means
balance of autotrophs and heterotrophs in an ecosystem, to maintain an even distribution of
sustainable energy through food chain without any external interference. Any disturbance in
autotrophic-heterotrophic balance leads to ecosystem imbalance, more the imbalance more
externals are required to balance. Bigger the ecosystems lesser is the imbalance. Balance infact
designates to greater primary producers than consumer.
Stability of Ecosystem: An ecosystem which has attained maturity is by and large is a
very stable system. It is controlled by feedback mechanic who may be either positive or
negative.
Structure and Function of an Ecosystem
An ecosystem has two types of components—
1. Abiotic
2. Biotic.
1. Abiotic component includes—
(A) Physical
(1) Sunlight (for photosynthesis)
(2) Water (essential for living beings)
(3) Temperature (necessary to get survive)
(4) Soil (provide base and nutrients)
(B) Chemical
(1) Proteins
(2) Carbohydrates
(3) Fats
(4) Minerals etc.
2. Biotic component
(1) Producers/Autotrophs
(2) Consumer/heterotrophs
(3) Decomposers
Producers: They are chlorophyll bearing, self nourishing organisms, which prepare
organic compounds from inorganic raw materials, through the processes of photosynthesis e.g.
all green plants.
Biodiversity
Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is a measure of variation at the genetic (genetic variability), species (species diversity), and ecosystem (ecosystem diversity) level.Biodiversity is not evenly distributed, rather it varies greatly across the globe as well as within regions. Among other factors, the diversity of all living things (biota) depends on temperature, precipitation, altitude, soils, geography and the presence of other species. The study of the spatial distribution of organisms, species and ecosystems, is the science of biogeography.A biodiversity hotspot is a region with a high level of endemic species that have experienced great habitat loss. The term hotspot was introduced in 1988 by Norman Myers. While hotspots are spread all over the world, the majority are forest areas and most are located in the tropics.The existence of a global carrying capacity, limiting the amount of life that can live at once, is debated, as is the question of whether such a limit would also cap the number of species. While records of life in the sea show a logistic pattern of growth, life on land (insects, plants and tetrapods) shows an exponential rise in diversity.[16] As one author states, "Tetrapods have not yet invaded 64 percent of potentially habitable modes and it could be that without human influence the ecological and taxonomic diversity of tetrapods would continue to increase exponentially until most or all of the available eco-space is filled."A variety of objective means exist to empirically measure biodiversity. Each measure relates to a particular use of the data, and is likely to be associated with the variety of genes. Biodiversity is commonly measured in terms of taxonomic richness of a geographic area over a time interval.In 2006, many species were formally classified as rare or endangered or threatened; moreover, scientists have estimated that millions more species are at risk which have not been formally recognized. About 40 percent of the 40,177 species assessed using the IUCN Red List criteria are now listed as threatened with extinction—a total of 16,119.[151] The five main drivers to biodiversity loss are : habitat loss, invasive species, overexploitation (extreme hunting and fishing pressure), pollution, and climate change.The number of morphological attributes that can be scored for diversity study is generally limited and prone to environmental influences; thereby reducing the fine resolution required to ascertain the phylogenetic relationships. DNA based markers- microsatellites otherwise known as simple sequence repeats (SSR) were therefore used for the diversity studies of certain species and their wild relatives.
In the case of cowpea, a study conducted to assess the level of genetic diversity in cowpea germplasm and related wide species, where the relatedness among various taxa was compared, primers useful for classification of taxa identified, and the origin.
Climate Change
Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle. But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
Burning fossil fuels generates greenhouse gas emissions that act like a blanket wrapped around the Earth, trapping the sun’s heat and raising temperatures.
Examples of greenhouse gas emissions that are causing climate change include carbon dioxide and methane. These come from using gasoline for driving a car or coal for heating a building, for example. Clearing land and forests can also release carbon dioxide. Landfills for garbage are a major source of methane emissions. Energy, industry, transport, buildings, agriculture and land use are among the main emitters.
Greenhouse gas concentrations are at their highest levels in 2 million years
And emissions continue to rise. As a result, the Earth is now about 1.1°C warmer than it was in the late 1800s. The last decade (2011-2020) was the warmest on record.
Many people think climate change mainly means warmer temperatures. But temperature rise is only the beginning of the story. Because the Earth is a system, where everything is connected, changes in one area can influence changes in all others.
The consequences of climate change now include, among others, intense droughts, water scarcity, severe fires, rising sea levels, flooding, melting polar ice, catastrophic storms and declining biodiversity.
People are experiencing climate change in diverse ways
Climate change can affect our health, ability to grow food, housing, safety and work. Some of us are already more vulnerable to climate impacts, such as people living in small island nations and other developing countries. Conditions like sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion have advanced to the point where whole communities have had to relocate, and protracted droughts are putting people at risk of famine. In the future, the number of “climate refugees” is expected to rise.
Cultivation of Mango
Mango has been grown in India since long and is considered to be king of fruits. Its mention has been made in Sanskrit literature as Amra.
Alexander the great found a mango garden in Indus valley in 327 B.C. Ameer Khurso saint and poet from Turkoman wrote a poem on mango as early as 1330 A.D. Akbar the great (1556-1605) planted one lac mango trees in his bagh, which was named as Lakh Bagh.
Origin:
Vavilov suggested ‘Indo-Burma’ region as the centre of origin of mango. Folklore and religious sites of Indian people are attached to mango. Mango has attained the status of the national fruit of India. It travelled to west; South Africa and Mexico through mango stones. Genus Mangifera contains 49 species of which only 41 are valid. Mangifera indica to which the most of the present Indian cultivars belong is of great importance. Over one thousand varieties have been reported belonging to this genus. Some other genus found growing in India are M. sylvatica; M. caloneura, M. foetida and M. caesia. At present mango is commercially grown in Asia and European countries.
Area and Production:
Mango is commercially cultivated in Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttara Khand, Punjab and Haryana, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Mango cultivated over an area of 2309 thousand hectares with an annual production of 12750 thousand metric tones. India produces quality mangoes; Alphonso is highly liked by the western countries.
In Punjab, mango is being cultivated in whole of the sub-moutane belt comprising Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur Roop Nagar, Fatehgarh Sahib, Mohali and Patiala districts. Now its cultivation has spread to arid canal irrigated areas of northern India.
Uses:
Mango leaves are fed to cattle in the shortage of fodder. Leaves are also used in various ceremonies in Hindu rituals. Mango tree has certain medicinal properties. Its wood is used for furniture making and as fuel. Fruit is a source of vitamin A and C. Mango pulp is laxative in nature and has unique nutritional value.
Fruit is utilized at all stages of development in various ways ranging from chutney, pickles and curries. Ripe fruit is taken after meals. Various types of syrups, nector, jams and jelleys are prepared from the pulp/juice. The stones kernels are fed to pigs. The bark of the wood is useful in the industry.
Botany:
Mango belongs to family Anacardiaceae. Fruit plants such as cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) and pistachio nut (Pistacia vera) also belong to this family. Three species of genus Mangifera found in India are Mangifera indica with edible fruits, M. sylvatica with non-edible fruits and M. caloneura.
Mangifira indica (2n = 40). Seedling trees are big is size and can grow over 20 metre high with a same spread. Grafted trees can attain a height of 8-10 metres with a dome shaped top. Mango is evergreen with spreading branches. On road sides seedling trees have erect branches.
Cultivation of Citrus
Citrus Fruit Cultivation in India – Production Area, Climate, Harvesting and Fruit Handling!
Citrus comprises many species of economic importance. In India few species are commercially cultivated, which include grape fruit, lemons, limes, sweet oranges, and mandarins.
Kinnow a hybrid between King mandarin x Willow leaf orange produced by H.B. Frost in 1915 and released in 1935 was introduced by Dr. J.C. Bakhshi at Abohar research station during 1954.
This is being cultivated throughout North India and even in other citrus growing states. The cultivation of citrus fruits has taken a boost due to the entrance of some private companies, who are providing their own plant material.
It is a matter of time that will prove whether the new orange cultivars are a failure or success. If, this venture is successful then monoculture of Kinnow in this region shall be restricted. Efforts are also on to improve the technical knowhow for Blood Red and Nagpuri mandarin. Grape fruits are also being planted to meet the requirement of citrus fruits for sugar patients.
Origin:
Citrus originated in South East Asia. North East region of India is the home of some citrus species e.g. mandarins. Nagpur Sangtra is grown on a large scale in the Vidharbha region of central India. Similarly in Assam, Brahmaputra Valley and Dibrugarh district are famous for mandarin production. Khasi mandarin is an important cultivar of Nilgiri hills. After mandarins, limes and lemons are also cultivated throughout India.
In India citrus is cultivated over an area of near about 923.2 thousand hectares with an estimated production of 8607.7 thousand metric tonnes. In Punjab citrus occupies 39.198 hectares with annual production of 734699 MT. Kinnow occupies 54.9% of the area under citrus.
Botany:
Genus citrus belongs to family Rutaceae and sub-family Aurantioedae. While classifying citrus. Swingle has been considered to be a lumper (with 16 species only) and his student Tanaka a spliter (157 species). Hodgson (1967) classified citrus in to 36 species of commercial importance. This classification is the most accepted one.
Hybridization in citrus has led to produce a large number of inter-generic and inter-specific hybrids. Most of them are used as potential rootstocks. For example, citranges (trifoliate orange X sweet orange), citrumelo (trifoliate orange X grape fruit), citrandarin (trifoliate orange X mandarin) and limequats (kumquat X West Indian lime). One of the parents trifoliate orange was choosen for its cold hardiness and dwarfing character as a rootstock.
classification of vegetable.pptx
Classification of Vegetable Crops
There are many numbers of Vegetables. Different parts are used for consumption. They are botanically different and their climatic and cultural requirements are different.
There are four Main Methods of Classification Based on:
1. Education Botanical relation
2. Based on Hardiness (Tolerance to low temp)
3. Parts Used for consumption
4. Methods of Culture
1. Botanical Classification:
This method of classification is based on botanical relationships of crops in responding cytology, morphology, taxonomy and cross ability. This is useful to breaf for crop improvement and seed producer for deciding isolation distance. The cuntroal requirements may vary ex. Solanaceous family includes potato, chili and brampal, There are same cultural requirements. At the same time cucurbitaceous have similar cultural requirements and common pests and diseases. Botanical name avoids infusion in name as common names are different but scientific names are common all over would. It gives information on class, family, genus, species, variety etc Ex. Solanaceous family, Potato, brinjal, chili, cucurbitaceous family: Melons, gourds. Not useful to grower. Thus botanical classification is useful to breeder, seed producer and to avoid confusion in common name.
2. Classification Based on Hardiness:
Vegetables are grouped as hardy or tender on the basis of tolerance to frost, tolerance to lower temperature. This gives information of season of growing i.e. summer or winter. Not useful to grower, since soil and climatic requirements are
RELATED POSTS
Jowar Shoot Fly & Jowar Stem Borer – Pests Of Jowar
Water Requirement And Irrigation Requirement
Nitrogen Cycle
Hardy
Semi Hardy
Tender
Asparagus
Beet Root
Okra
Cabbage
Carrot
Brinjal
Garlic
Cauliflower
Tomato / Chili
Onion
Palak
Beans
Peas
Potato
Cucurbit
Radish
Sweet Potato
Spinach
Sweet Potato
Spinach
Amaranthus
Turmp
3) Based on Parts Used for Consumption:
From roots to fruits different parts of vegetables are consumed. On that basis vegetables are classified.
Leafy Vegetable
Palak, Amaranthus Methi (leaves)
Root
Carrot, Radish, Turnip’, beet root
Fruit
Tomato, Biinjal; Cucurbit
Bulb
Onion, Garlic
Tuber
Potato, Sweet Potato
4) Based on Method of Culture:
In this method all those crops having similar cultural requirements are grouped together. They" are botanically different. System has practical utility for vegetable grower. In this method one can generalise cultivation practices for one group and thus avoid repetition individually for all crops. There are 11 classes. In some cases they are botanically also similar Ex. cucurbits. On excises for convenience they are grouped as under.
I.
Perennial Vegetable
Asparagus, cocinia (Tondali), Parwal, Drumstick
2
Greens
Spinach
3
Salad Crops
Lettuce, celery
4
Cole Crops
Cabbage, Cauliflower
5
Bulb Crops
Onion, Garlic
6
Root Crops
Carrot / radish, turnip
7
Tuber
a) Potato
classification fruit ppt.pptx
Classification of Fruits
A. On the basis of Growth Habit
1) Tree. e.g. Mango, Litchi.
2) Herbaceous. e.g. Banana, Papaya.
3) Shrub. e.g. Lemon. 4) Vine. e.g. Grape, Strawberry.
B. On the basis of Life Cycle
1) Annual (monocarpic). e.g. Banana, Pineapple.
2) Perennial (Polycarpic). e.g. Mango.
C. On the basis of Origin of Fruit
1) True fruit. e.g. Mango.
2) False fruit. e.g. Apple.
3) Parthenocarpy (Development of ovary takes place without fertilization) fruit. e.g. Banana.
D. On the basis of Pollination
1) Self pollinated. e.g. Mango.
2) Cross pollinated. e.g. Papaya.
E. On the basis of Climatic Requirement
1) Tropical fruit. e.g. Mango.
2) Subtropical fruit. e.g. Guava.
3) Temperate fruit. e.g. Apple.F.
On the basis of Inorescence of Fruit
1) Simple fruit. e.g. Mango, Litchi.
2) Aggregate fruit. e.g. Custard apple.
3) Multiple fruit. e.g. Jackfruit.
G. On the basis of Fruit Production Season
1) Mrigbahar: JuneAugust. e.g. Guava.
2) Ambebahar: FebruaryMarch. e.g. Mango, Litchi.
3) Year round. e.g. Papaya, Banana.
H. On the basis of Respiratory pattern of Fruit
1) Climatic Fruit. e.g. Mango, Banana.
2) Nonclimatic fruit. e.g. Coconut.
I. On the basis of Texture of Pericarp
1) Dry fruit.
i. Dry dehiscence. e.g. Tamarind.
ii. Dry indehiscence. e.g. Cashew nut.
iii. Schizocarpic fruit. e.g. wild carrot.
2) Fleshy.
i. Drupe. e.g. Mango.
ii. Berry. e.g. Banana.
iii. Pepo. e.g. Water melon.
iv. Pome. e.g. Apple.
v. Hesperidium. e.g. Citrus.
J. On the basis of Light Requirement
1) Short day fruit.
2) Long day fruit.
K. On the basis of Leaves Drop
1) Evergreen. e.g. Mango, Jackfruit.
2) Deciduous. e.g. Deshy amra.
L. On the basis of Cotyledon
1) Monocot. e.g. Banana.
2) Dicot. e.g. Mango.
M. On the basis of Time of growing after Planting
1) Quick growing. e.g. Banana.
2) Medium growing. e.g. Guava, Pomegranate.
3) Delay growing. e.g. Mango, Jackfruit.
N. On the basis of Height
1) Tall. e.g. Mango.
2) Intermediate. e.g. Guava.
3) Dwarf. e.g. Strawberry.
O. On the basis of Water Relation
1) Mesophytic. e.g. Mango.
2) Zerophytic. e.g. Pineapple, Date palm.
3) Hydrophytic. e.g. Water chestnut.
More from Mata Gurji College, Fatehgarh Sahib (18)
Canopy management and Rejuvenation in fruit crops.pptx
Canopy management and Rejuvenation in fruit crops.pptx
Recently uploaded
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Overview of the Global Peatlands Assessment
Presented by Patrick Scheel at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
All about wildlife, if you are fond of animals and wildlife then do follow us for more content like this
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptx
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Climate Change All over the World .pptx
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Presented by Alexandra Barthelmes at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...Global Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Sonya Dewi at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyPeatlands of Latin America and the Caribbean
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Presented by Agus Julianto on GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland Sustainably
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland managementGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Jan Peters at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge EducationGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Feri Johana at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyRecently uploaded (20)
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx
world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
sustainable development and precision farming.pptx
- 1. Amrinder Singh Assistant Professor Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences
- 2. Sustainable Agriculture Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways meeting society's present food and textile needs, without compromising the ability for current or future generations to meet their needs. It can be based on an understanding of ecosystem services.
- 3. Components of Sustainable Agriculture • Increase productivity, employment and value addition in food systems. • Protect and enhance natural resources. • Improve livelihoods and foster inclusive economic growth. • Enhance the resilience of people, communities and ecosystems. • Adapt governance to new challenges.
- 5. Features of Sustainable Agriculture • Building healthy soil and preventing erosion. • Managing water wisely. • Minimizing air and water pollution. • Storing carbon on farm
- 6. Methods of Sustainable Agriculture Agroforestry Crop Rotation Rain Water Harvesting Organic Farming
- 7. Problem formulate • Population Pressure • Subsistence Agriculture • Rural Poverty • Natural Resource depletion with emphasis on deforestation • Land Degradation • Decline in productivity • Resource rich/urban biased policies • Gender disparities
- 8. Principles of Sustainable Agriculture • Conserves land and water • Plant and Animal genetic resources • Technically appropriate • Economically viable and socially acceptable
- 9. • Input optimization • Diversification • Conservation of Natural Capitals • Capturing Value Added • Community Elements of Sustainable Agriculture
- 10. Limitations of Sustainable Agriculture • It takes more time for farmers to carry out farm operations. • It's not so easy to increase the soil fertility status without the aid of chemical fertilizers. • It is more costly to produce any product sustainably as compared to a non-sustainable manner.
- 11. Three Rule of Sustainability
- 12. 9 Pillars of Sustainability 1. Green Building Design 2. Alternative Energy 3. Water Management 4. Waste Management 5. Food Security 6. Open Green Space 7. Transportation 8. Public Art & Design 9. Civic Engagement & Leadership
- 13. Sustainability Practices You Can Do At Home 1.Make Use of Natural Light 2.Eliminate Useless Energy Waste 3.Stop Food Waste 4.Reuse Your Containers and Jars 5.Install Rainwater Tanks 6.Start Composting 7.Use Natural Cleaning Products 8.Choose Cloth Over Paper
- 15. 5 R’s of Precision Agriculture • Right Input • Right Amount • Right Place • Right Time • Right Manner
- 16. Data Analysis and Evaluation Precision Soil Preparation Precision Crop Management Precision Harvesting Precision Seedling
- 17. Agriculture • Geographic Information Systems (GIS) • Global Positioning System • Variable Rate Technology • Yield Monitor • Remote sensing
- 18. Challenges/Issues Illiteracy Lack of Technical Knowledge Small Land Holding High Cost Technology
- 19. Probable Strategies 1.Farmers Co-operatives 2.Pilot Projects 3.Cheaper Applications to start 4.Combined Effort of Researches and Government
- 20. Conclusion • Precision Farming may help farmers to harvest fruits of frontier technologies without compromising on the quality of land and produce. • Precision Farming would trigger a techno-green revolution in India which is the need of the hour.