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1. SURVEY
Introduction
Content
1)Types of survey
2)Uses of survey
3)Principle of survey
1.

2. DEFINATION
• Surveying is the art of determining the relative position of points on
above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect
measurements of distance ,direction and elevation.
• It also include the art of establishing points by predetermined angular
and linear measurement

3. TYPES OF SURVEYING
1. Plane surveying
2. Geodetic surveying

4. PLANE SURVEYING
• In this method, the mean surface of earth is considered to be plane
surface. This type of surveying is applicable for small area (less than
200km²)

5. GEODETRIC SURVEYING
• It is that type of survey in which shape of earth is taken into account and
all lines formed are curved . This types of survey is used for large are
(more than 200 km )

6. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEM

7. USES OF SURVEYING IN ENGINEERING
• To prepare a topographical map ,this shows the hills ,valley , river,
villages, town, etc. of a country.
• To prepare a cadastral map showing the boundaries of fields , houses
and other properties
• To prepare an engineering map which shows details like road railways,
canals, etc.
• To prepare a military map showing the road and railway communication
with different parts of a country. Such a map also shows the different
strategic point important for defence of a country.

8. PRINCIPLE OF SURVEYING
there are two fundamental principle are of following aspects –
1. Location of a point by measurement from two point of reference
2. Working from whole to part

9. LOCATION OF A POINT BY MEASUREMENT
FROM TWO POINT OF REFERENCE
In this method ,relative position of points to be surveyed is located by
using two point reference
EXAMPLE :
1. Distance PR and QR can be measured and points R can be plotted by
surveying the two arcs to the same scale to which PQ has been plotted
R
P
Q

10. 2) A perpendicular is drop on the reference line PQ
and lengh5 PS and SR are measured. The point R
can be ploted using set squre
3)The distance QR and the angle PQR can be
measured and point R is plotted by means of
protector
4) The distance PR and QR are not measured but
angle RPQ And RQP are measured with angle
measuring instrument
5) Angle RPQ and distance PR are measured and
point R is plotted either by protecting an angle and
surveying an arc from P .
P
P
P
Q
Q
Q
Q
R
R
R
R

11. WORKING FROM WHOLE TO PARTS
In this method, first a system of control points is established with higher
precaution. Minor control points can then be established by less precision.
Minor control points can then be established by less precise methods and
the details can then be located using these minor control pointes by
running minor traverses etc. the idea of working this way is to prevent the
accumulation of errors and to control and localize minor errors which
otherwise would expand to greater magnitudes if the reverse process is
followed.