This slide contains basics of surveying

1. INTRODUCTIO
N TO
SURVEYING
BY-Prabhsimran singh

2. SURVEY
ING
Surveying is the
art of making
measurements of
objects on, above
or beneath the
ground to show
their relative
positions on paper..

3.  Plans prepared to record property lines of private, public and
government lands help in avoiding unnecessary controversies.
 Maps prepared for marking boundaries of countries, states, districts
etc., avoid disputes.
 Road maps help travelers and tourist.
 Topographic maps showing natural features like rivers, streams,
hills, forests help in planning irrigation projects and flood control
measures.
 Military survey is required for strategic planning.

4. Plane surveying
 The survey in which earth curvature
is neglected is called Plane
Surveying.
 If the area to be surveyed is small,
the curvature of the earth may be
neglected.
 The triangle formed at any three
points is considered as plane.
Geodetic surveying
 The survey in which earth’s
curvature is considered is known as
Geodetic Surveying.
 The curvature of earth cannot be
neglected for larger areas.
 The triangle formed at any three
points is considered as spherical.

5. FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPLES OF
SURVEYING
1) Work from whole to part
2) Take extra care in fixing new
control points.
 According to work from whole to part
principle, the survey work is carried
out from whole to part.
 In the required area to be surveyed,
the first system of control points are
to be established and then minor
control points are established, then
the survey is done breaking the area
into small parts.
 This principle does not allow
accumulation of errors.
 The relative position of a point to be
surveyed is located by measurement
from at least two reference points
whose positions are already fixed.
 A . . C
 B .
Let us suppose we already
have two fixed points A
and B.
Now to draw point c
We should take reference
of distance
From both point A and B
to install more accurate
control points.

6. Landsurvey
It involves
meaurement of
various objects
on land. Hydrographicsurvey
Survey conducted
to find depth of
water at various
points in water
bodies.
Astronomicalsurvey
An astronomical
survey is a
general map or
image of a region
of the sky which
lacks a specific
observational
target.
Sounding
Finding depth
of water at
specific point
is called
sounding.

7. Triangulation surveying-
• It is the technique in which required area to be surveyed is divided
into number of interconnected triangles.
• Main objective of triangulation is to provide number of stations.
Traversing surveying-
• It is a method of estabilishing control points their position being
determined by meauring the distance between cntrol points and
angle subtended at various stations.
Open
traverse
Closed
traverse
T
R
A
V
E
R
S
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8. PLANS-
1. Graphical representation of features on ,near or below the surface of earth projected on
horizontal plane.
2.Plans are the graphical representation of small area like representation of particular
locality in muncipal area.
MAPS- 1. Maps are basically plans of large area.For eg-map of country,continent etc.
Since the surface of
earth is curved and that
of paper is plane, so no
part of earth can be
represented on
maps without
distortion.

9.  While making maps all distances are reduced by fixed proportion.The fixed
proportion by which distances are reduced is called scale.
 To make scale independent of units it is prefered to use representative factor.
Representative factor = Distance of object on map
Corresponding actual distance on ground
Example- If 1 mm on paper represents 1 m on ground then the scale of map will be-
Scale = 1
1000

10. Graphical scale visually shows the
scale of map.The graphical scale
should be sufficiently long (180 mm
to 270 mm)
Graphical scale is of
two types-
Plain scale-
On a plain
scale it is
possible to read
two dimensions
directly such as
unit and
tenths.
Diagonal scale-
diagonal
scales it is
possible to show
units, tenths
and hundredths