This document provides an introduction to surveying. It defines surveying as determining the position of points on or below the earth's surface through measurement of distance, direction, and elevation. The main objectives of surveying are to collect precise data and information for maps and plans. Surveying is classified based on the nature of the fieldwork (e.g. land, hydrographic), purpose (e.g. engineering, military), instruments used (e.g. theodolite, plane table), and whether it considers the curvature of the Earth. Fundamental principles include working from established control points and locating points using two or more measurements.
2. INTRODUCTION TO
SURVEYING
SURVEYING : It is an art of determining the
absolute and relative position of points, on or
below the earth surface by means of
measurement of distance, direction, elevations.
OBJECTS OF SURVEYING The main primary
object of surveying is to collect precise
information and data for preparation of maps,
plans etc…..
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6. PURPOSE OF SURVEYING
To calculate the distance, areas, and quantities of
various engineering projects
To establish correctly the boundary points of
property lines etc..
To fix the national and state boundaries.
To find out best alignment for canals, roads
railways roadways etc…
To establish control points
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8. CLASSIFICATION OF
SURVEYING
LAND SURVEYING
Land surveying is carried out to measure
various
objects on land ,its further classified in to,
1. TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
2. CADASTRAL SURVEY
3. CITY SURVEY
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9. TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
This survey is used to locate the topography of
mountains, rivers, roads, railways, etc…
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10. CADASTRAL SURVEY
This survey is used to fixing the property lines,
calculation of areas, land property and
preparation of revenue maps of state etc…
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11. CITY SURVEY
This survey is carried out for construction of
roads, streets, water supply lines, sewer lines
etc…
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12. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PURPOSE OF
THE SURVEY.
ENGINEERING SURVEY
MILITARY SURVEY
MINE SURVEY
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY
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13. ENGINEERING SURVEY
This survey is carried out to determination of
quantities or collect sufficient data for designing
engineering work,
further its classified in to
• RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
• PRELIMINARY SURVEY
• LOCTION SURVEY
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14. ENGINEERING SURVEY
RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
This is the first engineering survey carried out to
know the details of proposed project . Information
collected during this survey helful in later stage
during execution of work
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15. ENGINEERING SURVEY
PRELIMINARY SURVEY
The object this survey is to conduct the survey
along the alternative routes found out by the
reconnaissance survey and determine with
greater accuracy, hence this survey carried with
great precision.
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16. ENGINEERING SURVEY
LOCATION SURVEY
The main object of location survey is to carry out
the detailed survey the route which has been
found and fixed the most economical route from
the data collected in preliminary survey.
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17. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
PURPOSE OF THE SURVEY
MILITARY SURVEY : The survey which are
carried for preparation of maps.
MINE SURVEY : The survey which are carried for
exploration of minerals form earth like coal, gold,
iron etc
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY : This survey is used to
study the different types of rocks,soils, etc
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY : This survey is
used to find the ancient culture , old monuments
etc
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18. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
INSTRUMENT USED
Chain survey
Compass survey remote sensing survey
Plane table survey
Theodolite survey
Tachometric survey
EDM survey
Remote sensing survey
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19. PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF
SURVEYING
The surveying may primarily divided into two
types
1) PLANE SURVEYING
2) GEODETIC SURVEYING
PLANE SURVEYING : In this type of surveying
the earth surface is assumed to be plane and
curvature of the earth is ignored.
GEODATIC SURVEYING : In this type of surveying
the
earth ‘s curvature is taken in to consideration, this
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20. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANE
AND GEODATIC SURVEY
PLANE SURVEYING GEODATIC
SURVEYING
1) Surface of earth is 1) spherical shape of
earth
considered as a plane and taken into account.
the spherical shape is
neglected.
2) All survey line and triangles 2) All survey lines and
triangle are
are considered as plane and considered as
spherical
straight.
3)Small area <250m² 3) Large area >
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21. PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
The fundamental principles upon which surveying
carried out are
1) Working from Whole to Part
2) To locate a point by at least two measurement.
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22. PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
WORKING FROM WHOLE TO PART
To achieve this in actual practice a sufficient
number of contol points are established with
higher precision in and around the area to be
surveyed.
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23. PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
To locate a point by at least two measurement.
object
A B
According to this principle the new station is fixed
by atleast two known fixed reference points
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