date - 06-01-2018
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Rock, that is removed from its natural site and generally, cut or dressed and then finished for building purposes, is called “Stone” and the art of building the structure with stones as constructional units is called “Stone Masonry”.
nry
Types of Rubble Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry
BUILT TO COURSES RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
UNCOURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
BUILT TO COURSES SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
REGULAR COURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLER FINE / COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
RANDOM COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
ROUGH TOOLED ASHLER MASONRY
QUARRY FACED ASHLAR MASONRY
CHAMFERED ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLAR FACING
rough ashlar stone masonic rough ashlarrough and pe
Rock, that is removed from its natural site and generally, cut or dressed and then finished for building purposes, is called “Stone” and the art of building the structure with stones as constructional units is called “Stone Masonry”.
nry
Types of Rubble Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry
BUILT TO COURSES RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
UNCOURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
BUILT TO COURSES SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
REGULAR COURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLER FINE / COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
RANDOM COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
ROUGH TOOLED ASHLER MASONRY
QUARRY FACED ASHLAR MASONRY
CHAMFERED ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLAR FACING
rough ashlar stone masonic rough ashlarrough and pe
Types of Stairs & Staircase in Building ConstructionEr.Karan Chauhan
Staircase types & design or geometry of staircase is useful for civil engineering students in 2nd year of building construction subject. with will guide to students for understand requirements of good stairs, design dimensions,types of staircase etc.
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
i have made this for my class presentation and i got A+ grade in this so i think i will have to share this with others to expand the knowledge about this topic
Basic Gyan On Staircase
Definition of staircase: a set of stairs and its surrounding walls leading from one level to another.
Functional Requirements: Circulation, Strength, Material, Safety, Ventilation all these aspects are important aspects of a functional staircase
Components: There are various architectural terms related to the staircase which should be learned at this stage to understand the topic better.
Headroom: The minimum clear height between the overhead soffit and the tread is called headroom.
Flight: The unbroken series of steps between the two landings is called the flight.
Landing: The leveled platform with no riser and tread on it placed between flights for resting during the use of stairs is called landing. The in-between landings are called mid landing.
Riser and Tread: Horizontal portion of step on which the foot is rested is called tread. The vertical portion of the step which gives height to the staircase is called riser.
Calculation Of riser and tread is an important and basic aspect for designing a staircase.
Standards for the staircase as per IS code helps in designing purpose with respect to users comfort and safety.
Nosing: The projection of the tread beyond riser increases the footrest area and aesthetics.
Scotia: Supports the projected area of the nosing to avoid breakages at the edges.
Waist Slab: Thickness of the slanted slab of the flight on which the steps are cast.
Line of Nosing: Imaginary line parallel to the nosing.
Stringers: Sloping members supporting the series of steps laterally are called stringers.
Pitch: Angle made by the line of nosing with the floor level is called the pitch.
Handrail: The rail fixed to the baluster to support the user while using the staircase is called handrail.
Balustrade: The series of vertical supports of the handrail running parallel to the steps is called Balustrade.
Newel Post: Vertical member placed at the starting and the end of the railing is called Newel post.
Types Of Staircase with respect to Shape, Geometrical appearance
1) Straight Staircase
2) Turning Staircase
a) Quarter Turn/L-shaped
b) Half Turn/U- Shaped
c) 3 Quarter Turn
d) Bifurcated
3) Continuous Staircase
a)Spiral
b)Circular
c)Helical
4) Winder Staircase
5) Curved Staircase
Design Parameters for staircase designing
1) Headroom Clearance
2) Construction Material
3) Protection against falling
4) Dimension of steps
Types of the staircase as per material
1) Wooden
2) Glass
3) Metal
4) Stone
5) Concrete
Note: The properties of the material are to be considered before choosing for placement as per site conditions and requirement of the project.
Thank You
Types of Stairs & Staircase in Building ConstructionEr.Karan Chauhan
Staircase types & design or geometry of staircase is useful for civil engineering students in 2nd year of building construction subject. with will guide to students for understand requirements of good stairs, design dimensions,types of staircase etc.
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
i have made this for my class presentation and i got A+ grade in this so i think i will have to share this with others to expand the knowledge about this topic
Basic Gyan On Staircase
Definition of staircase: a set of stairs and its surrounding walls leading from one level to another.
Functional Requirements: Circulation, Strength, Material, Safety, Ventilation all these aspects are important aspects of a functional staircase
Components: There are various architectural terms related to the staircase which should be learned at this stage to understand the topic better.
Headroom: The minimum clear height between the overhead soffit and the tread is called headroom.
Flight: The unbroken series of steps between the two landings is called the flight.
Landing: The leveled platform with no riser and tread on it placed between flights for resting during the use of stairs is called landing. The in-between landings are called mid landing.
Riser and Tread: Horizontal portion of step on which the foot is rested is called tread. The vertical portion of the step which gives height to the staircase is called riser.
Calculation Of riser and tread is an important and basic aspect for designing a staircase.
Standards for the staircase as per IS code helps in designing purpose with respect to users comfort and safety.
Nosing: The projection of the tread beyond riser increases the footrest area and aesthetics.
Scotia: Supports the projected area of the nosing to avoid breakages at the edges.
Waist Slab: Thickness of the slanted slab of the flight on which the steps are cast.
Line of Nosing: Imaginary line parallel to the nosing.
Stringers: Sloping members supporting the series of steps laterally are called stringers.
Pitch: Angle made by the line of nosing with the floor level is called the pitch.
Handrail: The rail fixed to the baluster to support the user while using the staircase is called handrail.
Balustrade: The series of vertical supports of the handrail running parallel to the steps is called Balustrade.
Newel Post: Vertical member placed at the starting and the end of the railing is called Newel post.
Types Of Staircase with respect to Shape, Geometrical appearance
1) Straight Staircase
2) Turning Staircase
a) Quarter Turn/L-shaped
b) Half Turn/U- Shaped
c) 3 Quarter Turn
d) Bifurcated
3) Continuous Staircase
a)Spiral
b)Circular
c)Helical
4) Winder Staircase
5) Curved Staircase
Design Parameters for staircase designing
1) Headroom Clearance
2) Construction Material
3) Protection against falling
4) Dimension of steps
Types of the staircase as per material
1) Wooden
2) Glass
3) Metal
4) Stone
5) Concrete
Note: The properties of the material are to be considered before choosing for placement as per site conditions and requirement of the project.
Thank You
The presentation on different types of stairs used in a building to connect internally all parts of building and make smooth movement of people and goods.
Types of staircases-details-moc3 presentationArindam Roy
Types of staircases
details
methods of construction
Architectural presentation
assignment
Stairs are used to create a pedestrian route between different vertical levels by dividing the height between the levels into manageable steps. Very generally, the word 'stairs' refers to a staircase, whereas the word 'step' refers to the steps that make up the staircase.
The type of stairs suitable for different situations will depend on:
The supporting structure.
The amount and type of usage it is likely to receive.
The space available and its geometry.
The difference in height between the top and bottom.
Materials selection
Stairs may be:
Open tread or closed tread.
Provided with handrails on one or both sides, or in the middle on wide stairs.
Enclosed by walls or open on one or both side.
Different widths and lengths and may have a range of step dimensions.
Different geometries.
Staircase used in Indian Buildings _____
South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre (SAHRDC),New Delhi
Hotel Taj,Mumbai
Mahabat Maqbara ,Junagarh
Indian Institute of Management,Ahmedabad
Om dayal college of architecture
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Strength of concrete (for civil engineering) laxman singh
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Manufacturing process of concrete (for civil engineering) laxman singh
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Compaction of soil (for civil engineering)laxman singh
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Permeability of soil ( for civil engineering)laxman singh
date -21-01-2018
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software - power point presentation 2015
date 14-1-18
i have made all the slide according to poly diploma civil
for copyright claim contact - laxmans227@gmail.com
these are 100% correct but in case of some error comment down or contact me
follow me for all updates
if u have any doubt fell free to ask on comment section
software - power point presentation 2015
date -07-01-2018
i have made all the slide according to poly diploma civil
for copyright claim contact - laxmans227@gmail.com
these are 100% correct but in case of some error comment down or contact me
follow me for all updates
if u have any doubt fell free to ask on comment section
software - power point presentation 2015
i have made all the slide according to poly diploma
follow me for all updates and i will help u in make a quality of notes
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I love to interact with you all.
Scaffolding, underepinning and shoringlaxman singh
i have made all the slide according to poly diploma and BTech
this chennal is gold for poly diploma and BTech students.
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foundnation
it is for all poly diploma student as a part of subject buiding tehnology follow me for all material u need for your notes
this chennal is gold for all poly diploma student and can help u a lot . this is single step in doing exel at your college
matches exactly to syllabus of poly dipolma and for all enginners
good luck i hope this slide gives u all the information u need
this is the intro of surveying
content-types of survey ,uses of survey, pricipal of survey
FOR ALL POLYTECHNIC DIPLOMA STUDENT I HAVE ALL THE MATERIALS OF THIS TYPE FOR YOU . YOU CAN DISCOVER ALL ON MY PROFILE I ONLY HAVE DIPLOM MATERIAL .
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
1. STAIRS
Content:
1. Glossary of terms related to stairs
2. Requirement of good stairs
3. Types of stairs
4. Classification of stairs according to material
2. GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATED TO STAIRS
1. STEP
This is a portion of stair which permits ascending or descending from one floor
to another. It is composed of a tread and a riser. A stair is composed of a set of
steps.
2. TREAD
It is the upper horizontal portion of a step upon which the foot is placed while
ascending or descending a stairway.
3. RISER
It is the vertical portion of a step providing a support to the tread.
4. RISE
It is the vertical distance between two successive tread face.
3. 5. FLIGHT
• It is a series of steps without any platform or landing or break in their direction.
6. LANDING
• This is a platform provided between two flights. A landing extending to full width of staircase
is known as half spaced landing and the space extending only half across a staircase is called
a quarter space landing. A landing facilitates change of direction and provides an
opportunity for taking rest during the use of the stair.
7. GOING
• It is the horizontal distance between two successive riser faces.
8. NOSING
• This is the outer projecting edge of a tread. This is generally made rounded to give more
pleasing appearance and makes the staircase easy to navigate.
4. 9. SCOTIA
• It is a moulding provided under the nosing to improve the elevation of the step, and
to provide strength to nosing.
10. SOFFIT
• It is the underside of a stair.
11. LINE OF NOSING
• It is an imaginary line parallel to the strings and tangential to the nosing.
It is useful in the construction of hand rails,
giving the line with which the under surface of
the hand rail should coincide.
12. Slope/pitch
It is the angle between horizontal and string.
5.
6. REQUIREMENT OF GOOD STAIRS
1. Location –
a) It should be so located as to provide easy access to the occupants of the building.
b) It should be so located that it is well lighted and ventilated directly from the
exterior.
c) It should be located as to have approaches convenient and spacious.
2. Width – it should be wide enough to carry the user without much
crowd/inconvenience. Width of stair depend upon to its location on the building and
type of building.
• In domestic building, 90cm wide stair is sufficient while in the public building 1.5 -
1.8m width is required.
7. 3. Length of flight – from confo4rt point of view, the number of steps are not
more than 12 and not less than 3.
4. Material of construction – the material used for construction of stair should
be such to provide –
a) Sufficient strength
b) Fire resistance
5. Head room – the clear distance between the thread and soffit of the flight
immediately above it should be not less than 2.1-2.3m, so that even a tall
person can use the stair with some luggage on its head.
6. Balustrade – open well stair should always be provided with balustrade, to
provide safety to the users. Wide stair should have hand rail to both the side.
8. 7. Step dimension – the rise and going should be of such dimension as to provide
comfort to the user. Their proportion should also be such as to provide desirable pitch
of the stair.
Going should be not less than 25cm, though 30cm going is quite comfortable. The
rise should be between 10cm(for hospital) to 15cm.
The width of landing should be less than the width of stair.
Part dimension
Going 25 – 30 cm
Rise 10 (for hospital)-15cm
9. TYPES OF STAIRS
1. Straight stairs – In this, the stair runs
between the two floors.
• It is used for smaller house where there are
restrictions in available width.
• The stair may consist of either one single
flight/more than one flight (usually two)
with a landing.
10. 2. Turning stairs : it consists 0f two types –
1. Quarter turn stairs – A quarter turn stair is the one which
changes its direction either to the left or to the right, the
turn being affected either by introducing a quarter space
landing or by providing winder.
2. Half turn stairs –
Half turn stair is the one which has it direction reversed, or
changes for 180º. Such stairs are quite common. These may be
of three types :
a) Dog-legged/newel half turn stairs
b) Open newel half turn stairs.
c) Geometric half turn stairs.
3. Bifurcated stairs
4. Continuous stairs
11. a) Dog-legged stairs – This name is given because of
its appearance in sectional elevation. It comes
under categories of newel stairs in which newel
posts are provided at the beginning and end of
each flight. There is no space between the outer
strings of the two flights.
These may be of two forms :
i. With half space landing
ii. With quarter space landing and without winder
12. b) Open newel half turn stairs
Open well/open newel half turn stair has a space/well
between the outer strings. This is only aspect in which
it differs from the dog-legged stair. The additional
width is required between the two flight; the space
between the two strings may vary from 15cm –
100cm. When the space left is more, a small flight
containing two or four steps may be introduced at
the turn, between the two quarter space landing,
otherwise, for a small width well, a half space landing
may be provided.
13. 3. Bifurcated stairs : The stair has a wider
flight at the bottom, which bifurcates into
two narrower flights, one turning to the
left and the other to the right, at the
landing.
• It is commonly used in public buildings at
their entrance hall.
It may be either of newel type with a newel
post or of geometric type.
14. 4. Continuous stairs : continuous stairs are those which do neither have any landing
nor any intermediate newel post.
Types –
a) Circular stairs
b) Spiral stairs (here we are not going to discuss about helical)
c) Helical stairs
15. Circular stairs and spiral stairs –
• Such a stair is usually made either of R.C.C or metal
, and is employed at location where there are space
limitations .
• These are also used as emergency stairs, and are
provided at back side of building.
• All steps are winders. The stair therefore are not
comfortable .
16. STAIRS OF DIFFERENT MATERIAL
Stairs are also classified on bases of material used –
1. Timber
2. Stones
3. Bricks
4. Steel
5. R.C.C
17. Timber stairs
• It is light in weight and easy to construct, but
they have poor fire resistance.
• They are used only for small rise residential
building. They are unsuitable for high rise
residential building and for public buildings.
• The timber used for construction should be free
from fungal decay and insect attack, and should
be well-treated before use.
• In timber stairs the strings are support for the
stairs and acts as inclined beams spanning
between the floor and landing.
18. stone stairs
• Stone is another commonly used material for building a
staircase.
• Stone offers colour and texture in variety
• . Marble and granite are commonly used stones for a
staircase.
• For homes with marble flowing, the marble staircase is a
preferred choice and obvious choice.
• Stone is a better option for stairs in entryway or garden
area. Stone materials add elegance to your home design
and can be carved into different shapes to form a
staircase.
19. Brick stairs
• Brick stairs are not common, expect at the entrance. However, brick stairs of single
flight are made in village houses.
• The stair consist of either solid wall, or also, arched opening may be left for
obtaining storage space.
• The brick steps need frequent maintenance. Hence they may be faced with stone
slabs.
20. steel stairs
• Stairs of mild steel/cast iron are used only as
emergency stairs.
• They are not common in residential and public
buildings, though they are not strong and fire
resistant. This is because they are not good
looking and they make a lot of noise when used
by users.
• They are not are commonly used in factories
godowns, workshops, etc.
• In its simplest form, a metal stairs consists of
rolled steel stringers, to which angle irons are
welded /riveted and steel plates are used as
threads.
• Another form of metal stairs commonly used
are the spiral stairs.
21. R.C.C stairs
• Concrete is the commonly used material to
construct a stairway.
• A plus point of using it is that it conveniently
takes the shape you desire for your stairs.
• Curved and spiral staircases are the usual
examples of staircase designs that can be easily
made from concrete.
• The only disadvantage of a concrete structure is
that it does not look visually appealing.