Surface defects
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This document provides information on various surface defects and how to repair them. It discusses removing rust by hand or power tools, treating friable surfaces before painting, removing mould growth, repairing defective puttying and plasterboard, dealing with efflorescence on cement, repairing damaged rendering, and properly applying caulk. The key is to prepare surfaces thoroughly, use the right tools for each job, and avoid over-polishing or damaging the surface further during repairs.
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This document provides an introduction to color schemes and color theory. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The document begins by explaining that color is derived from light and defines white light as originating from the sun. It describes how Isaac Newton showed that sunlight is made up of a spectrum of colors. The learning outcomes cover topics like the color wheel, how humans perceive color, and how color is affected by artificial lighting sources.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
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This document discusses several important topics in workplace health and safety:
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Wallpaper has been used for interior decoration since ancient times. The earliest forms of paper were developed in China in the 2nd century BC and papermaking spread from there to the Middle East and Europe over subsequent centuries. By the 16th century, wallpaper with printed repetitive patterns was being produced in Europe. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, innovations such as machine printing allowed wallpaper manufacturing to scale up and designs to become more intricate, making wallpaper a widespread decorative feature in homes.
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Paperhanging tools include brushes, shears, rules, paste boards, plumb bobs, seam rollers, trimming knives, wall brushes, buckets, and sponges. These tools are used for measuring, cutting, applying, and smoothing wallpaper and fabrics on walls and ceilings. Proper cleaning and storage helps maintain the tools.
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The document discusses various techniques for hanging wallpaper, including:
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Surface coatings are applied to materials like steel and timber to protect them from corrosion and rotting, to decorate surfaces and add special effects, and to sanitize items by making them easier to clean. Paint consists of a thinner, binder, and pigment and dries through the processes of evaporation, oxidation, and coalescence as the binder particles fuse together into a film. When mixing a two-part coating, it is important to follow the manufacturer's recommendations on ratios and be aware of the mixture's pot life, which refers to the usable life of the mixture before it starts to cure and become unusable.
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Dustsheets made of polythene or canvas should be used to protect furniture, floors, and other items from dust and splashes of paint when decorating. Polythene sheeting can be used to cover floors and protect vehicles, windows, and other items that cannot be removed from the work area. Tenting in with scaffolding and polythene sheeting cordons off an area for spray painting.
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Building materials like paints, wallpapers, timber, sheet materials, ironmongery, adhesives, bricks, blocks, drainage pipes, aggregates, bagged materials, and glass each have specific storage requirements due to factors like chemical makeup, breakability, and regulations. Poor storage can cause issues like materials becoming unusable, contamination, or safety hazards. Proper storage is important to keep materials in good condition until they are ready for use on a construction site.
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Surface defects
- 1. © City of Glasgow College Charity Number SC0 36198 Surface Defects
- 2. You can clean off rust by hand, using a wire brush, paint scraper, chipping hammer or abrasives – or a combination of all of these! • Remove traces of oil and grease. • Scrape off all loose rust. • Use a chipping hammer around rusted nails, etc. • Use a wire brush, but avoid burnishing. • Finish off with a rough aluminium oxide abrasive. What is burnishing? Corrosion or rust: removing by hand
- 3. It is quicker and more effective to use power tools to remove rust – but take care not to over-polish the surface. • Remove traces of oil and grease. • Scrape off all loose rust. • Use a needle gun to remove rust around corroded nuts, etc. • Select appropriate method: sander, rotary wire brush, angle grinder. Why is over-polishing a problem? Corrosion or rust: removing with power tools
- 4. Paint can be removed in a number of ways: • with an LPG burning off torch • with a hot air stripper • with chemical paint remover. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method? Painted surfaces in poor condition
- 5. Abrading surfaces Abrading means wearing away the top layer by rubbing. This provides a key for the coating or covering to be applied to, and gives a good quality finish. Abrasive materials need to be: • not too rough – this can leave scratches • not too fine – this may be ineffective • of good quality – cheap ones don’t work well! What are wet and dry abrasives? What are dry abrasives?
- 6. Mechanical sanders can be quicker and more effective than manual sanding techniques, but may only be suitable for certain areas – and can create a lot of dust. When is it best to use a heavy duty sander, and when a rotary sander? Mechanical sanding
- 7. A friable surface is one that crumbles away easily when you rub your hand over it, such as weathered brickwork. If paint is applied to a friable surface, it won’t last very long as it will come off as the surface crumbles. How should you treat a friable surface before painting it? Friable surfaces
- 8. To remove mould growth: • Wet the mould. • Remove heavy patches with a scraper or brush. • Apply a fungicidal wash. • Leave for a week and re- treat if necessary. Why do you need to wet the mould before removing it? Mould
- 9. Defective putty If you notice a gap between the old putty and the glass, you must seal it completely by forcing in linseed oil putty using a putty knife. What should you do if any bare timber is exposed?
- 10. Apply a hard waterproof coating to plasterboard before applying surface coverings like wallpaper. This will stop the covering bonding with the surface, and prevent damage if the wallpaper is removed later. How is plasterboard constructed? Damage to plasterboard
- 11. Moisture penetrates cement, dissolving some of the lime, creating calcium hydroxide which rises to the surface as a white patch. Remove any efflorescence with a stiff fibre brush or wire brush before decorating. Why should you not try to wash off efflorescence? Efflorescence
- 12. • Rake out any loose coatings and rendering. • Undercut the crack. • Point up the crack with mortar. What tools are needed to repair this defect? Repairing damaged rendering
- 13. Caulk is a waterproof filler and sealant, used in cracks and gaps. Mastic is one sort of caulk. To apply caulk correctly: • apply the caulk, usually with a gun • wipe across the bead with a wet finger • remove any surplus with a filling knife • sponge off any remaining material. Why is one of the applications on the right incorrect? Caulking