This document summarizes different types of pointing used in masonry, including flush, keyed or grooved, recessed, weathered, V-pointing, beaded, tuck, and struck pointing. It also discusses common paints used for protection and appearance, including their composition, properties, defects, and application process. Key components of paints listed are the body, vehicle, pigment, thinner, and dryers. The document concludes with describing characteristics of good varnishes and the steps for painting woodwork and applying enamel paint.

1. Pointing, Paints and Varnishes Unit – VI BCD Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR BE (CIVIL), ME(ENV.),PhD(persuing) NK Orchid college of Engg. and Tech. , Solapur

2. Pointing Finishing of mortar joints in masonry. In exposed masonry joints are weakest parts. Pointing consists of raking of joints to a depth of 10 to 20 mm.

3. Types of pointing 1. Flush Pointing

4. Flush pointing The pointing may be level as in flush pointing, which is made by wiping over the finished pointing with the trowel or piece of rough cloth. Does not give good appearance. But it is durable as it does not provide any space for accumulation of dust, water etc

5. 2. Keyed or grooved pointing

6. In this type mortar is first up flush with the face if wall. A semi circular notch is formed by a tool know as pointer. This type of pointing gives as attractive appearance to the surface. This type is mostly used for superior type work, particularly for vertical joints of walls.

7. 3.Recessed pointing

8. Recessed joints are not suitable for buildings in exposed situations. This is done by pressing mortar back from edges by 5 mm or more. Face of pointing is kept vertical. Only bricks with good frost resistance should be used with recessed joints. Gives good appearance.

9. 4. Weathered Pointing V’ shaped projections are made.

10. 5. V pointing or bucket handle Formed by forming a ‘V’ groove.

11. 6. Beaded pointing Formed by steel or iron edge. Gives food appearance but liable to damage easily.

12. 7. Tuck pointing

13. Groove of 5 mm width and 3 mm depth is prepared. It is filled with white cement or putty.

14. 8. Struck pointing

15. Face of pointing is kept inclined Upper edge pressed inside face by 10 mm

16. Paints and varnishes Paints Paints are used to protect metals, timber, or plastered surfaces from the corrosive effects of weather, heat, moisture or gases etc and to improve their appearance.

17. Properties of paint There are a number of ways to judge paint quality: Wearability Covering ability Ease of cleaning Protection of the substrate Environmentally Friendly Aesthetic Practical and Cost Effective

18. Composition of paints Fundamental components of an oil-based paint are: Body Vehicle Pigment Thinner Dryer

19. Body Makes the paint film harder and more resistant to abrasion Reduce shrinkage cracks on dryingIn white paint ►►body is also the pigment Commonly used bases (body) are White lead, Zinc oxide, Iron oxide, Metallic powder such as Al, Cu, Br. Paints more often named after the base as Lead paint, Zinc paint, and Aluminum paint.

20. The binder or resin, is the actual film forming component of paint. It imparts adhesion, binds the pigments together, and strongly influences such properties as gloss potential, exterior durability, flexibility, and toughness.

21. Vehicle Oily liquid in which the body and pigment are soluble Facilitates the paint to be conveniently spread over the surface Oils most commonly used as vehicle.

22. The main purpose of the vehicle is to adjust the viscosity of the paint. It is volatile and does not become part of the paint film. It's main function is as the carrier for the non volatile components. Water is the main vehicle for water based paints.

23. Pigment Pigments are materials which gives the paint its color. In white paint the body is the pigment. Natural pigments (natural iron oxides, chrome oxides). Synthetic pigments (phthalocynines ► coal tar derivatives) Pigments impart qualities such as color and opacity (sometimes inappropriately called 'hiding'), and influences properties such as gloss, film flow, and protective abilities.

24. Thinner Liquid thinner is added in the paint to Increases fluidity Making paint more smooth Help penetration into porous surfaces Common thinner ► turpentine (made by distilling gum from a number of pine trees)

25. Dryers Added to quicken the drying of vehicle Organic salts of Iron, zinc, lead, manganese, Ca To accelerate the oxidation and hardening of vehicle

26. Defects in painting Fading: ●The gradual loss of color is known as fading. This may be due to the effect of sun rays. Flaking or Peeling ●Due to the poor adhesion, paint may peel off from the surface. Blistering: ●This is caused by water vapour, which is trapped behind the painted surface. It may occur due to imperfect seasoning of timber.

27. FLAKING

28. BLISTERING

29. PEELING

30. Bloom ●The formation of dull patches on the finished surface is known as bloom. It may occur due to bad ventilation or defective paint. Running: ●The paint runs back and leaves some areas of surface un covered. This defect occurs when surface is too thickly painted sagging will occur. Wrinkling ●If the horizontal surface is too thickly painted wrinkling will occur.

31. WRINKLING

32. LACK OF ADHESION

33. Flashing ●The patches seen on the painted surface is known as flashing. It may be due to poor workmanship, weather action, or poor quality of paint. Grining: ●If the opacity of the final coat is insufficient, the back ground of the painted surface is clearly visible, this is known as grinning.

34. Efflorescence Efflorescence or formation of white powdery deposit on walls after painting is caused due to salts present in the building material like brick and mortar, which surface later on. The Solution-Give a long time gap between plastering and painting (about 6 months including one monsoon) Use paint with a porous film like emulsions and distempers.

35. EFFLORECENCE

36. Brush marks Brush marks are caused due to under-thinning of paints or due to poor application of the final coat of paint or due to poor quality brush. The Solution - Ensure paint of the right viscosity is applied using a good brush.

37. BRUSH MARKS

38. VARNISH Definition: ●A transparent solution of resinous substance in linseed oil, turpentine or in alcohol is called varnish.

39. VARNISH

40. Characteristics of a good varnish ●It should dry rapidly. ●It should form a hard film on drying. ●It should not crack on drying. ●It should be durable and weather resistant. ●It should give uniform and pleasing appearance. ●It should not hide the natural grains of the inner surface of timber.

41. Painting the woodwork - Steps Preparation of surface:The new wood should be seasoned and it must be dried before painting. The surface of the wood should be cleaned and nails should be punched below the surface. Knotting:The knots covered with suitable material is called knotting.

42. 3. First coat:After knotting the primary coat is applied on the surface of the wood. It is usually applied before the wood work is fixed.4. Second coat:This coat is applied after knotting and priming coat. Each coat applied longitudinally in thin film and crossed, so that no brush mark is seen on this painted surface.5. Final coat:This coat is applied over the second coat without any brush mark.

43. Surface Preparation for Enamel painting Previously painted wooden surfaces must be properly sanded to remove any dust or grease. Apply wood primer by brush, after thinning to given ratio by recommended thinner. Allow it to dry for 6-8 hr then apply putty or Lambi Sand the applied putty with number 180 sand paper and then apply second coat of wood primer. Now the wooden surface is ready for painting with the top coat

44. Painting with enamel Apply wood primer by brush, after thinning to given ratio by recommended thinner. Allow it to dry for 6-8 hr then apply putty or Lambi. Sand the applied putty with 180 no. sand paper and apply 2nd coat of wood primer. Now the wooden surface is ready for painting with the top coat

45. Enamels are normally applied by brushing although they can also be sprayed. The drying time of enamels is longer; hence care must be taken to ensure a dust free environment while the paint film is drying. Two coats of paint is sufficient in most cases, however if the earlier paint shade was significantly darker than the new shade an additional coat of paint is recommended.

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47. END