This document provides information on preparing surfaces, lining paper, wallboards, previously painted surfaces, filling cracks and holes, mould growth, new plaster, stripping wallpaper, tools and equipment, pastes and adhesives, paste consistency, how wallpaper is manufactured including screen printing, hand block printing, machine printing and embossing, types of wallpaper including grounds, machine prints, hand prints, embossed papers, wet embossed paper, washable papers, coated washable papers, wood grain, metallic folis and expanded polystyrene.
This document provides instructions and explanations for various painting and decorating techniques:
- It describes how to properly load a brush by coating the bristles and tapping off excess paint, being careful not to get paint on the handle.
- Different techniques are covered like cutting in, laying off brush strokes, applying paint with rollers, cleaning brushes, and special effects like rag rolling, sponging, stippling and stenciling.
- Specific instructions are given for techniques like graining, marbling, textured painting, gilding, and how to prevent defects when gilding.
This document provides information on various surface defects and how to repair them. It discusses removing rust by hand or power tools, treating friable surfaces before painting, removing mould growth, repairing defective puttying and plasterboard, dealing with efflorescence on cement, repairing damaged rendering, and properly applying caulk. The key is to prepare surfaces thoroughly, use the right tools for each job, and avoid over-polishing or damaging the surface further during repairs.
This document discusses different types of surface coatings used in painting. It describes primers, undercoats, gloss, eggshell, emulsion, acrylic, and varnish paint finishes. It provides instructions for preparing various surfaces like walls, wood, and old paintwork for painting. Walls should be protected with dustsheets and loose plaster removed before painting. New wood requires sanding, knotting, and filler while old paint needs flaking paint removed and sanding to prepare for new coats.
The document provides instructions for painting a surface, including:
1) Preparing the surface by removing furniture, covering other surfaces, and patching cracks or holes.
2) Using the appropriate tools like sandpaper, scrapers, brushes, rollers and trays.
3) Applying paint in continuous, overlapping strokes and allowing time to dry between coats.
4) Taking safety precautions like adequate ventilation, eye protection and properly disposing of paint.
This document provides definitions and causes and remedies for common paint defects seen on automobile parts during the painting process. It defines and describes various defects such as dust, lint, orange peel, oil mark, paint sagging/rundown, scratch, paint peel off, pin hole, paint drop/spit, water mark, uncover, dent, emery mark, hair mark, blister, popping, and cissing. For each defect, it lists potential causes and recommended remedies to address the issue and prevent reoccurrence. The document serves as a reference for identifying and troubleshooting common paint defects.
Resin casting is a method of plastic casting where a mold is filled with liquid synthetic resin that then hardens. The process involves measuring the resin and catalyst amounts needed, thoroughly mixing them, pouring the resin into the mold in layers, allowing each layer to gel before adding embedments or additional layers, and finishing the back of the casting. Defects like air bubbles can be prevented by pouring some resin into the mold before adding embedments and gently pressing them to release trapped bubbles.
This document provides guidance on maintaining professional hardwood floors. It outlines inspection procedures to identify floor types and existing damage. Floor damage is categorized into 5 levels based on severity. Intensive cleaning and two coating system options are described. Intensive cleaning aggressively scrubs floors with alkaline cleaners to remove built-up dirt. System option 1 combines cleaning with applying a quick coat of renewer to refresh the floor's sheen. System option 2 combines cleaning with applying a durable protective coating to refinish the floor. Detailed instructions are provided for inspection, cleaning and applying coatings.
This document discusses different types of polishing processes including mechanical, chemical-mechanical, flame, and vapor polishing. Mechanical polishing involves using abrasives to wear down surface irregularities until a smooth finish is achieved. Chemical-mechanical polishing combines chemical and mechanical forces using an abrasive slurry to planarize surfaces for semiconductor fabrication. Flame polishing uses heat to melt and smooth thermoplastic and glass surfaces. Vapor polishing exposes plastics to chemical vapors to improve clarity by causing surface material to flow. The document provides examples of applying these polishing methods in metalworking, woodworking, and other applications.
This document provides instructions and explanations for various painting and decorating techniques:
- It describes how to properly load a brush by coating the bristles and tapping off excess paint, being careful not to get paint on the handle.
- Different techniques are covered like cutting in, laying off brush strokes, applying paint with rollers, cleaning brushes, and special effects like rag rolling, sponging, stippling and stenciling.
- Specific instructions are given for techniques like graining, marbling, textured painting, gilding, and how to prevent defects when gilding.
This document provides information on various surface defects and how to repair them. It discusses removing rust by hand or power tools, treating friable surfaces before painting, removing mould growth, repairing defective puttying and plasterboard, dealing with efflorescence on cement, repairing damaged rendering, and properly applying caulk. The key is to prepare surfaces thoroughly, use the right tools for each job, and avoid over-polishing or damaging the surface further during repairs.
This document discusses different types of surface coatings used in painting. It describes primers, undercoats, gloss, eggshell, emulsion, acrylic, and varnish paint finishes. It provides instructions for preparing various surfaces like walls, wood, and old paintwork for painting. Walls should be protected with dustsheets and loose plaster removed before painting. New wood requires sanding, knotting, and filler while old paint needs flaking paint removed and sanding to prepare for new coats.
The document provides instructions for painting a surface, including:
1) Preparing the surface by removing furniture, covering other surfaces, and patching cracks or holes.
2) Using the appropriate tools like sandpaper, scrapers, brushes, rollers and trays.
3) Applying paint in continuous, overlapping strokes and allowing time to dry between coats.
4) Taking safety precautions like adequate ventilation, eye protection and properly disposing of paint.
This document provides definitions and causes and remedies for common paint defects seen on automobile parts during the painting process. It defines and describes various defects such as dust, lint, orange peel, oil mark, paint sagging/rundown, scratch, paint peel off, pin hole, paint drop/spit, water mark, uncover, dent, emery mark, hair mark, blister, popping, and cissing. For each defect, it lists potential causes and recommended remedies to address the issue and prevent reoccurrence. The document serves as a reference for identifying and troubleshooting common paint defects.
Resin casting is a method of plastic casting where a mold is filled with liquid synthetic resin that then hardens. The process involves measuring the resin and catalyst amounts needed, thoroughly mixing them, pouring the resin into the mold in layers, allowing each layer to gel before adding embedments or additional layers, and finishing the back of the casting. Defects like air bubbles can be prevented by pouring some resin into the mold before adding embedments and gently pressing them to release trapped bubbles.
This document provides guidance on maintaining professional hardwood floors. It outlines inspection procedures to identify floor types and existing damage. Floor damage is categorized into 5 levels based on severity. Intensive cleaning and two coating system options are described. Intensive cleaning aggressively scrubs floors with alkaline cleaners to remove built-up dirt. System option 1 combines cleaning with applying a quick coat of renewer to refresh the floor's sheen. System option 2 combines cleaning with applying a durable protective coating to refinish the floor. Detailed instructions are provided for inspection, cleaning and applying coatings.
This document discusses different types of polishing processes including mechanical, chemical-mechanical, flame, and vapor polishing. Mechanical polishing involves using abrasives to wear down surface irregularities until a smooth finish is achieved. Chemical-mechanical polishing combines chemical and mechanical forces using an abrasive slurry to planarize surfaces for semiconductor fabrication. Flame polishing uses heat to melt and smooth thermoplastic and glass surfaces. Vapor polishing exposes plastics to chemical vapors to improve clarity by causing surface material to flow. The document provides examples of applying these polishing methods in metalworking, woodworking, and other applications.
Tips to clean remove stains and take care of your Rug and Carpets!Love Your R...RAJIV KHANNA
Take care of your Beautiful Hand Made Rug to increase its life and longevity!
Small tips to protect clean and maintain your rugs at home ,you will cherish them and find them easy to use
All that Hand Made Rugs ,Hand Knotted Rugs,Woolen RUgs,Blended Rugs,Art Silk Rugs,need is to know these special small tips that we give in this presentation
Save it Print and use it Your Carpet and Rug will be cleaner and longer lasting!
The document defines and categorizes various coating defects that can occur, including those related to surface preparation, application, and the coating film itself. It describes 13 common defects - blistering, bubbling, checking, cracking, corrosion, edge/corner failure, peeling/flaking/delaminating - and discusses their causes. The document is intended for internal use by AkzoNobel Protective Coatings to understand and address coating defects.
This document provides instructions for interior painting. It discusses preparing surfaces by removing fixtures, filling cracks and holes, washing surfaces, and sanding. It recommends starting at the top of walls and working down, painting in sections to avoid visible lines. Woodwork preparation involves washing, sanding, and priming bare wood. The instructions emphasize preparation, using the proper tools, and working systematically to achieve a smooth, professional finish.
The document provides tips for furniture finishing and repair. It discusses how to remove waxy build-up, hide light scratches, paint over an existing finish, remove white spots from water, and tips for handling and moving furniture. Key points include using mineral spirits or steel wool to remove waxy build-up, using padding lacquer or polishing compounds to hide light scratches, thorough sanding and cleaning when painting over a finish, and using steel wool or oils to remove white spots from water damage.
This document provides instructions for renovating wood. It discusses preparing the wood by stripping off old finishes using methods like paint strippers or sanding. It also discusses repairing any structural damage, testing finishes on inconspicuous spots, and taking safety precautions. The document then explains how to stain, fill, and apply protective clear finishes like polyurethane varnish or wax polish to sealed wood. Special treatments are needed for some outdoor woods. Proper preparation and multiple thin coats of finishes are recommended.
This document provides instructions for using rottenstone and pumice to polish and finish wood surfaces. Rottenstone can be used as the final polishing compound to produce a high gloss finish on lacquer, varnish and shellac. It is also used to antique gilt finishes and dust mats. Pumice comes in varying grit sizes and can be used to hand rub wood finishes to a matte surface in preparation for polishing with rottenstone. The instructions describe the supplies needed, preparation of the wood surface, lubricating with oil or water, rubbing technique, and allowing time for the finish to harden before applying protective wax.
This document discusses coatings and their application processes. It begins by introducing coatings and their purposes of decorating and protecting surfaces. It then discusses substrate preparation which involves cleaning surfaces and making them smooth. The main application methods discussed are brushing, rolling, dipping, and various spraying techniques like pneumatic spraying and airless spraying. Priming and applying multiple finish coats is usually necessary. Proper substrate preparation and application techniques help the coating adhere and perform as intended.
Types, composition, and cleaning of hard surfacesDr. Sunil Kumar
This document discusses the types, composition, and cleaning of various hard surfaces found in hotels. It covers metals, glass, wood, leather, and floor and wall coverings. For each surface type, it describes the material's composition and common examples. It then provides guidance on protecting, maintaining, and cleaning each surface type to prevent damage and extend their lifespan. Housekeeping staff must understand these various hard surfaces in order to properly clean and care for them.
This report discusses wood finishing and coating technology. It describes the various stages of wood preparation, finishing solvent preparation using a 2:1:1 ratio of AC lacquer, thinner and hardener, and finishing application methods such as spraying and sanding. The top coat is then applied using a medium solids clear acid catalyzed lacquer. While the stages faced some failures due to technical problems and inaccurate solvent mixtures, the overall finishing and coating process helped to protect and beautify the wood surface.
This document provides instructions for fabricating custom impression trays using either light cure resin or tray resin. It describes how to mark registration lines on casts, block out undercut areas, adapt the resin materials, and trim the trays. Completed trays should have rounded, smooth edges of proper thickness and extension, with finger rests and handles as needed.
This document provides step-by-step instructions for tiling a floor from start to finish. It begins with safety precautions and preparation steps like measuring the space and selecting tiles. It then outlines the layout process including centering a "key tile" and dry-fitting tiles. Subsequent steps include applying adhesive, laying tiles from the key tile outward, cutting edge tiles, waiting 24 hours, filling edges, grouting, cleaning, and sealing. The overall process takes planning but results in an attractive and durable tiled floor.
This document discusses novel printing styles and techniques. It begins by defining decorative printing as giving fabric a distinctive mark using non-conventional printing materials and application methods. It then covers developments in textile printing techniques over time. The document focuses on novel printing effects that go beyond traditional flat printing, including using insoluble attachments, locally dyeing fabrics, and versatile substrate/color/binder combinations. Various techniques are described for creating different novel effects, including blocks, stencils, sprays, and different coating and pressing methods. Specific techniques covered in detail include white, colored, cracking, and eco brosso printing; flocking; zari/glitter printing; metal powder printing; mica printing; foaming;
To apply a flat wash in watercolor painting, the artist must use a brush that is fully loaded with paint and drippling. With the paper angled at 20-40 degrees, the paint is allowed to flow from the brush in bands across the paper with single strokes, picking up the bead of paint from the previous stroke. It is important to leave the wash alone until it dries fully to prevent ruining it. Softening edges requires adjusting the pressure of a barely damp brush on the wet paint along the edge.
This document provides application guidelines for using Createx Airbrush Colors and Wicked Colors paints. It describes the different types of paints available, such as opaque, transparent, fluorescent, and pearlized colors. It also provides tips for surface preparation, application techniques like applying in light coats, and curing methods using a heat gun, shirt press or iron. Safety precautions and additives that can improve flow and reduce drying time are also outlined.
This document discusses different methods of printing on silk fabric, including hand block printing, screen printing, and machine printing. It provides details on the hand block printing process, which uses thick wooden blocks to apply colored paste to silk in a traditional method. Screen printing is described as a common modern method that uses nylon screens to apply colorful designs. Direct, discharge, and resist styles of printing are also summarized, along with processes like degumming, bleaching, and washing involved. Key methods like wax resist batik, starch resist, tie-dye, and tritik resist are briefly explained.
A comprehensive training program for wood product manufacturers with finishing operations. Includes tips for complying with NESHAP regulations, safety, spray booths and spraying equipment,
This document provides information on tools, materials, and techniques for preparing surfaces and hanging foundation and plain wallpapers. It discusses:
- Tools used for measuring, cutting, pasting, and hanging wallpaper
- Proper preparation of surfaces like plaster, plasterboard, and previously papered walls
- Hanging techniques such as starting points, hanging around windows and lights, trimming, and hanging on ceilings
- Types of adhesives and their appropriate uses
The document provides information about plastering work including required skills, knowledge, tools, materials and methods. It discusses unit codes, outcomes and job roles for plastering qualifications. It also outlines personal protective equipment, tools, materials and methods for plastering including applying different coats, using screeds, and installing beads. The key steps of plastering work like preparing backgrounds, checking suction, and applying scratch, laying and finishing coats are explained.
Tips to clean remove stains and take care of your Rug and Carpets!Love Your R...RAJIV KHANNA
Take care of your Beautiful Hand Made Rug to increase its life and longevity!
Small tips to protect clean and maintain your rugs at home ,you will cherish them and find them easy to use
All that Hand Made Rugs ,Hand Knotted Rugs,Woolen RUgs,Blended Rugs,Art Silk Rugs,need is to know these special small tips that we give in this presentation
Save it Print and use it Your Carpet and Rug will be cleaner and longer lasting!
The document defines and categorizes various coating defects that can occur, including those related to surface preparation, application, and the coating film itself. It describes 13 common defects - blistering, bubbling, checking, cracking, corrosion, edge/corner failure, peeling/flaking/delaminating - and discusses their causes. The document is intended for internal use by AkzoNobel Protective Coatings to understand and address coating defects.
This document provides instructions for interior painting. It discusses preparing surfaces by removing fixtures, filling cracks and holes, washing surfaces, and sanding. It recommends starting at the top of walls and working down, painting in sections to avoid visible lines. Woodwork preparation involves washing, sanding, and priming bare wood. The instructions emphasize preparation, using the proper tools, and working systematically to achieve a smooth, professional finish.
The document provides tips for furniture finishing and repair. It discusses how to remove waxy build-up, hide light scratches, paint over an existing finish, remove white spots from water, and tips for handling and moving furniture. Key points include using mineral spirits or steel wool to remove waxy build-up, using padding lacquer or polishing compounds to hide light scratches, thorough sanding and cleaning when painting over a finish, and using steel wool or oils to remove white spots from water damage.
This document provides instructions for renovating wood. It discusses preparing the wood by stripping off old finishes using methods like paint strippers or sanding. It also discusses repairing any structural damage, testing finishes on inconspicuous spots, and taking safety precautions. The document then explains how to stain, fill, and apply protective clear finishes like polyurethane varnish or wax polish to sealed wood. Special treatments are needed for some outdoor woods. Proper preparation and multiple thin coats of finishes are recommended.
This document provides instructions for using rottenstone and pumice to polish and finish wood surfaces. Rottenstone can be used as the final polishing compound to produce a high gloss finish on lacquer, varnish and shellac. It is also used to antique gilt finishes and dust mats. Pumice comes in varying grit sizes and can be used to hand rub wood finishes to a matte surface in preparation for polishing with rottenstone. The instructions describe the supplies needed, preparation of the wood surface, lubricating with oil or water, rubbing technique, and allowing time for the finish to harden before applying protective wax.
This document discusses coatings and their application processes. It begins by introducing coatings and their purposes of decorating and protecting surfaces. It then discusses substrate preparation which involves cleaning surfaces and making them smooth. The main application methods discussed are brushing, rolling, dipping, and various spraying techniques like pneumatic spraying and airless spraying. Priming and applying multiple finish coats is usually necessary. Proper substrate preparation and application techniques help the coating adhere and perform as intended.
Types, composition, and cleaning of hard surfacesDr. Sunil Kumar
This document discusses the types, composition, and cleaning of various hard surfaces found in hotels. It covers metals, glass, wood, leather, and floor and wall coverings. For each surface type, it describes the material's composition and common examples. It then provides guidance on protecting, maintaining, and cleaning each surface type to prevent damage and extend their lifespan. Housekeeping staff must understand these various hard surfaces in order to properly clean and care for them.
This report discusses wood finishing and coating technology. It describes the various stages of wood preparation, finishing solvent preparation using a 2:1:1 ratio of AC lacquer, thinner and hardener, and finishing application methods such as spraying and sanding. The top coat is then applied using a medium solids clear acid catalyzed lacquer. While the stages faced some failures due to technical problems and inaccurate solvent mixtures, the overall finishing and coating process helped to protect and beautify the wood surface.
This document provides instructions for fabricating custom impression trays using either light cure resin or tray resin. It describes how to mark registration lines on casts, block out undercut areas, adapt the resin materials, and trim the trays. Completed trays should have rounded, smooth edges of proper thickness and extension, with finger rests and handles as needed.
This document provides step-by-step instructions for tiling a floor from start to finish. It begins with safety precautions and preparation steps like measuring the space and selecting tiles. It then outlines the layout process including centering a "key tile" and dry-fitting tiles. Subsequent steps include applying adhesive, laying tiles from the key tile outward, cutting edge tiles, waiting 24 hours, filling edges, grouting, cleaning, and sealing. The overall process takes planning but results in an attractive and durable tiled floor.
This document discusses novel printing styles and techniques. It begins by defining decorative printing as giving fabric a distinctive mark using non-conventional printing materials and application methods. It then covers developments in textile printing techniques over time. The document focuses on novel printing effects that go beyond traditional flat printing, including using insoluble attachments, locally dyeing fabrics, and versatile substrate/color/binder combinations. Various techniques are described for creating different novel effects, including blocks, stencils, sprays, and different coating and pressing methods. Specific techniques covered in detail include white, colored, cracking, and eco brosso printing; flocking; zari/glitter printing; metal powder printing; mica printing; foaming;
To apply a flat wash in watercolor painting, the artist must use a brush that is fully loaded with paint and drippling. With the paper angled at 20-40 degrees, the paint is allowed to flow from the brush in bands across the paper with single strokes, picking up the bead of paint from the previous stroke. It is important to leave the wash alone until it dries fully to prevent ruining it. Softening edges requires adjusting the pressure of a barely damp brush on the wet paint along the edge.
This document provides application guidelines for using Createx Airbrush Colors and Wicked Colors paints. It describes the different types of paints available, such as opaque, transparent, fluorescent, and pearlized colors. It also provides tips for surface preparation, application techniques like applying in light coats, and curing methods using a heat gun, shirt press or iron. Safety precautions and additives that can improve flow and reduce drying time are also outlined.
This document discusses different methods of printing on silk fabric, including hand block printing, screen printing, and machine printing. It provides details on the hand block printing process, which uses thick wooden blocks to apply colored paste to silk in a traditional method. Screen printing is described as a common modern method that uses nylon screens to apply colorful designs. Direct, discharge, and resist styles of printing are also summarized, along with processes like degumming, bleaching, and washing involved. Key methods like wax resist batik, starch resist, tie-dye, and tritik resist are briefly explained.
A comprehensive training program for wood product manufacturers with finishing operations. Includes tips for complying with NESHAP regulations, safety, spray booths and spraying equipment,
This document provides information on tools, materials, and techniques for preparing surfaces and hanging foundation and plain wallpapers. It discusses:
- Tools used for measuring, cutting, pasting, and hanging wallpaper
- Proper preparation of surfaces like plaster, plasterboard, and previously papered walls
- Hanging techniques such as starting points, hanging around windows and lights, trimming, and hanging on ceilings
- Types of adhesives and their appropriate uses
The document provides information about plastering work including required skills, knowledge, tools, materials and methods. It discusses unit codes, outcomes and job roles for plastering qualifications. It also outlines personal protective equipment, tools, materials and methods for plastering including applying different coats, using screeds, and installing beads. The key steps of plastering work like preparing backgrounds, checking suction, and applying scratch, laying and finishing coats are explained.
MANY OF THEM COME ACROSS MANY TILES BUT MIGHT NOT KNOW THE REAL USE OF IT OR HOW IT CAN BE USED IN MANY WAYS.THIS PPT CONTAINS INFORMATION ABOUT THE PARTICULAR TILE KNOWN AS PORCELAIN.NOT MANY OF THEM COME ACROSS THIS SO EVENTUALLY IT LEADS TO NO KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE TILES WHICH CAN USED EFFICIENTLY.I HOPE THIS PPT MIGHT BECOME USEFUL FOR MANY. THANKYOU .
1. Clay plasters are designed for internal use but can be used externally if protected from water. They should not be used as an external wall finish exposed to rain.
2. Tools for applying clay plaster include hawks, trowels, sprayers, buckets, and masks. Walls should be moistened before application depending on material and weather.
3. Clay plaster is mixed by adding dry powder to water in increments and mixing until it reaches a mousse-like consistency. It is applied in one or two thin coats, smoothed after setting, and can be finished with hard troweling, sponging, or glazing.
This document provides information on different wallpaper printing processes:
1. Flexographic printing uses rubber rollers to transfer ink in a process similar to surface printing.
2. Rotary screen printing uses cylindrical screens to apply ink one color at a time on an in-line machine.
3. Surface printing applies ink from engraved rollers onto paper, allowing for unpredictability and blending of colors.
4. Pan or trough printing draws paper through ink-filled channels to apply solid background colors evenly.
Ceramic tile installation involves several steps:
1) Preparing the subfloor to be structurally sound, smooth, flat and free of contaminants
2) Laying out the room using chalk lines for guidance
3) Applying thinset mortar to the subfloor using a notched trowel, then pressing tiles into the mortar
4) Allowing the thinset to set before grouting the following day
5) Grouting involves spreading grout over tiles using a float and cleaning excess grout from the tiles.
The document discusses various types and styles of printing fabrics. It describes three main approaches to printing color on fabric: direct printing, discharge printing, and resist printing. It then provides details on different printing techniques like block printing, roller printing, screen printing, and others; explaining their process, advantages, and disadvantages. The document also covers various pattern styles used in printing like stripes, checks, dots, geometrical prints, and others.
Once your floor tiles are laid and set, it’s time to grout! Grout completes the look of your tiles and also gives strength to your tiles, preventing them from moving and cracking. Our guide makes grouting easy.
Cross lining walls involves hanging lining paper horizontally to provide an even surface before hanging vertical sheets of wallpaper. It helps create an even colour, texture and absorption of moisture. Key reasons for cross lining include providing an even finish, preventing shrinkage of the top paper, and allowing the lining paper to expand width-wise without distortion. Proper preparation, tools, technique and attention to details like switches and joints are required to achieve a smooth final surface.
Printing techniques were summarized including:
1. Printing involves applying dyes or pigments locally to fabrics to create designs through techniques like screen printing and block printing.
2. Screen printing uses a mesh screen to block ink from transferring in some areas to create sharp-edged images, while block printing carves designs into wooden blocks.
3. Other techniques include discharge printing which dyes the whole fabric and then removes dye in a pattern, and resist printing which applies a dye-repelling substance before dyeing.
Plastering Process (Cement/Masonry/Finishing Layer)Zelkhan
Plastering process which involve plastering on brick walls. This paper explains the mono plastering process which involve only 1 layer of plaster, rather than the usual 3 layer of plaster.
If you find these presentation to be beneficial, I would like to welcome you to donate, and support my work in Cement & Concrete Industry. Donation can be made using the following currency/medium:
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The document discusses plastering and pointing techniques. Plastering involves applying a thin coat of mortar to walls and surfaces to make them smooth. Three types of mortar are described for plastering - lime, cement, and lime-cement mixes. The process of plastering involves preparing the surface, applying coats of mortar such as rendering and floating coats, and finishing. Pointing involves filling mortar joints between masonry units. Different types of pointing styles are outlined such as flush, recessed, and tuck pointing. Common defects in plaster like cracking and remedies are also mentioned.
This document discusses procedures for plastering and problems that can arise. It outlines the general plastering method which involves cleaning the surface, applying a cement/sand slurry and plaster dots for reference, then applying coats of plaster while curing between coats. Problems discussed include cracking from background movement, shrinkage or poor workmanship; bond failure from a smooth surface or moisture; and hair cracks from excessive suction or rich cement mixes.
This document provides instructions for polishing hard floor surfaces. It lists the necessary cleaning equipment and materials, which include a floor polisher, polishing pad, steel wool, wax, mop, broom, dustpan, gloves, and caution sign. The procedures describe installing a caution sign, scrubbing or stripping the floor to remove dirt and scratches, damp mopping to absorb loose soil, applying and drying wax before polishing for a shiny finish, and sweeping up remaining dust with a soft broom.
Decorating an apartment with starchey fabricSarah Zidan
1. Starchy fabric can be used to decorate apartment walls as an alternative to wallpaper or paint by applying fabric and starch to the wall.
2. Light, colorful fabrics with graphic prints work well and small sections or borders can be done alone but a full wall requires help.
3. Materials needed include fabric starch, roller brush, paint pan, fabric, thumbtacks, sponge and utility knife.
The power point presentation is all about plaster of paris (pop) and its information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, tools, application, finishing, defects, market forms and its market rate.
Plastering involves covering rough surfaces with a plaster mixture to create smooth surfaces. The document discusses the process of cement plastering, which is the most common type. It involves mixing cement, sand, lime and water then applying it in layers to walls and ceilings. Proper preparation, application technique and curing time are important for achieving durable, long-lasting plastering without defects like cracks or blistering. Safety precautions should also be followed when plastering at heights.
The document discusses various finishing defects that can occur such as greying, color changes, inadequate adhesion, stickiness, and more. It provides the causes and remedies for each defect. The main causes include poor binder selection, improper drying conditions, excessive amounts of fillers or modifiers, and contamination during application. The remedies focus on avoiding the causes by adjusting the binder, drying properly, filtering coats, and using adhesion promoters when needed.
This document provides flooring material recommendations for different areas of a building. For areas requiring fire resistance, it recommends concrete flooring sealed with polyurethane. For bathrooms, it recommends porcelain floor tiles. For the lounge, it recommends thick carpet. For lobbies and offices, it recommends cork flooring sealed with polyurethane. For kitchens and storage areas, it recommends resilient vinyl plank flooring sealed with polyurethane. The recommendations include product names, sizes, and protective polyurethane coatings tailored to each area's needs.
This document summarizes common plastering defects:
1. Plaster de-bonding from the background due to background movement, poor bonding, moisture issues, or thick plaster application. Prevention involves cleaning, drying walls, and applying bonding agents.
2. Bond failure between finish plaster and cement undercoat from applying plaster over a wet undercoat or lack of keying. Stripping and re-plastering is needed after drying.
3. Cracking occurs from structural movement or drying shrinkage. Structural cracks follow building cracks while drying cracks are hairline. High cement or rapid drying can cause non-structural cracks.
The document discusses color theory as it relates to painting and decorating. It defines primary colors as red, yellow, and blue. Secondary colors are produced by mixing two primary colors - orange from red and yellow, purple from red and blue, and green from blue and yellow. A color circle or chromatic circle arranges all the colors in a circle with primary, secondary, and intermediate colors. Color schemes include monochromatic using one color, complementary using opposite colors, analogous using adjacent colors, and contrasting using different colors from anywhere on the wheel. Neutrals are grey mixtures of black and white while tints add white, shades add black, and tones add grey to colors.
Hue refers to the basic colour, such as red, blue, yellow, etc. BS 4800 is the British Standard for colour coordination. It contains 100 colours divided into categories based on hue, greyness, and tone. Colour schemes can be warm/advancing using red, yellow and orange hues, or cool/receding using blue and green hues. Monochromatic schemes use tints and shades of a single hue. Harmonious schemes use analogous or related hues. Complementary schemes pair hues directly opposite each other on the colour wheel.
This document provides an introduction to color schemes and color theory. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The document begins by explaining that color is derived from light and defines white light as originating from the sun. It describes how Isaac Newton showed that sunlight is made up of a spectrum of colors. The learning outcomes cover topics like the color wheel, how humans perceive color, and how color is affected by artificial lighting sources.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
This document discusses safety requirements for various types of access equipment commonly used in construction, including stepladders, ladders, trestle platforms, scaffolding, and fall protection. It provides brief descriptions of stepladders, ladders, trestle platforms, mobile tower scaffolds, and asks questions about safety checks and regulations that should be considered for each type of equipment prior to use.
This document discusses several important topics in workplace health and safety:
- The Health and Safety at Work Act establishes duties for employers and employees to protect worker and public safety.
- The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations provide guidelines for handling hazardous materials safely.
- Proper safety procedures and personal protective equipment are necessary for tasks like manual handling, working with fire or electricity, and working at heights to prevent accidents.
- First aid training and supplies, accident reporting, and risk assessments are required to ensure worker health and safety.
This document provides information for students in the Painting & Decorating program at City of Glasgow College. It outlines the daily class schedule, student rights and obligations, required personal protective equipment, fire evacuation procedures, library hours, information about the student association and computer/parking access. Safety is a priority, as students must wear proper protective gear like steel-toe boots and follow all health and safety rules while in the workshop.
Wallpaper has been used for interior decoration since ancient times. The earliest forms of paper were developed in China in the 2nd century BC and papermaking spread from there to the Middle East and Europe over subsequent centuries. By the 16th century, wallpaper with printed repetitive patterns was being produced in Europe. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, innovations such as machine printing allowed wallpaper manufacturing to scale up and designs to become more intricate, making wallpaper a widespread decorative feature in homes.
Paperhanging tools include brushes, shears, rules, paste boards, plumb bobs, seam rollers, trimming knives, wall brushes, buckets, and sponges. These tools are used for measuring, cutting, applying, and smoothing wallpaper and fabrics on walls and ceilings. Proper cleaning and storage helps maintain the tools.
The document discusses various techniques for hanging wallpaper, including:
- Marking starting points and using a plumb line for vertical hangs
- Hanging paper vertically in lengths, keeping it folded at first
- Hanging paper horizontally by measuring positions and cross-lining
- Hanging paper on ceilings using concertina folds and working away from light sources
- Hanging paper around windows by starting on one side and working across
The document discusses color wheels and color terminology. A color wheel is a diagram that displays primary, secondary, and sometimes tertiary colors in a radial pattern. It was first discovered in 1672. There are many terms connected to color, including hue (the name of the color), tint (a color made lighter by adding white), shade (a color made darker by adding black), and value (lightness or darkness of a color). The BS 4800 series is a coding system that identifies colors using a code with three parts representing hue, greyness, and weight or lightness.
Surface coatings are applied to materials like steel and timber to protect them from corrosion and rotting, to decorate surfaces and add special effects, and to sanitize items by making them easier to clean. Paint consists of a thinner, binder, and pigment and dries through the processes of evaporation, oxidation, and coalescence as the binder particles fuse together into a film. When mixing a two-part coating, it is important to follow the manufacturer's recommendations on ratios and be aware of the mixture's pot life, which refers to the usable life of the mixture before it starts to cure and become unusable.
Dustsheets made of polythene or canvas should be used to protect furniture, floors, and other items from dust and splashes of paint when decorating. Polythene sheeting can be used to cover floors and protect vehicles, windows, and other items that cannot be removed from the work area. Tenting in with scaffolding and polythene sheeting cordons off an area for spray painting.
Surface coatings are applied to materials like steel and timber to protect them from corrosion and rotting, to decorate surfaces and add special effects, and to sanitize items by making them easier to clean. Paint consists of a thinner, binder, and pigment and dries through the processes of evaporation, oxidation, and coalescence as the binder particles fuse together into a film. When mixing a two-part coating, it is important to follow the manufacturer's recommendations on ratios and be aware of the mixture's pot life, which refers to the usable life of the mixture before it starts to cure and become unusable.
This document discusses various types of painting and tin defects including surface defects, internal paint failures, external paint defects, and defects in tin that can occur. It focuses on identifying and addressing issues that may arise with paint and tin coatings.
This document discusses several important topics in workplace health and safety:
- The Health and Safety at Work Act establishes duties for employers and employees to protect worker and public safety.
- The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations provide guidelines for handling hazardous materials safely.
- Proper safety techniques and personal protective equipment are necessary for tasks like manual handling, working at heights, and using hazardous substances to prevent injuries.
- Other important safety practices covered include first aid, accident reporting, use of safety signs, fire safety, and conducting risk assessments. Following these procedures helps create a safe working environment.
Building materials like paints, wallpapers, timber, sheet materials, ironmongery, adhesives, bricks, blocks, drainage pipes, aggregates, bagged materials, and glass each have specific storage requirements due to factors like chemical makeup, breakability, and regulations. Poor storage can cause issues like materials becoming unusable, contamination, or safety hazards. Proper storage is important to keep materials in good condition until they are ready for use on a construction site.
There are three main types of structural loading: tension, compression, and shear. Tension pulls or stretches material, compression squeezes material, and shear occurs when one part of a component slides over another. All buildings have a substructure below ground, including foundations, and a superstructure above ground. Primary elements of the superstructure are the main supporting, enclosing, and protecting elements like floors and walls that divide space and provide access between floors. Secondary elements are not essential for strength but provide specific functions like completing openings in walls. Finishing elements are the final surfaces of a building like flooring or wall finishes that can be functional or decorative.
The document discusses various topics related to construction including types of construction work, careers in the construction industry, roles of building team members, methods of communication, common site paperwork, bar charts and work programming, components of apprenticeship frameworks, and what is included in a contract of employment.
Working drawings are scale drawings showing plans, elevations, sections and details of a proposed construction. Common types of drawings include working drawings, plans, elevations and sections. Scales are used on drawings to accurately represent measurements and dimensions, symbols represent objects or features, and abbreviations are used to shorten words or phrases. Bench marks reference known elevations, while projections define how objects are viewed, and schedules list components or details.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
2. Surface Preparation
• Manufacturers and suppliers of wall coverings often give
comprehensive instructions regarding surface preparation for
their products. These cover the various types of untreated
substrates that are usual in painting and buildings and various
paint systems that may be superimposed on them; and
treatment for surfaces in good and poor condition
Due regard should be shown to this information
Wall coverings are expensive and it is imperative that
the preparation is carried out as near to perfection as
circumstances permit
3. Lining Paper
• A most important aspect of preparation is the application of
lining paper prior to the wall covering.
• The Benefits are.
Evens out the porosity on surfaces of uneven porosity
Provides a surface controlled even porosity
Prevents springing of joints on non-porous surfaces
I.E. Eggshell and Gloss oil painted surfaces
Ensures drying out. Its controlled porosity takes
moisture from the pasted wall covering and prevents
it remaining wet which can result in delamination
and staining
Helps mask irregularities in the surface
4. Wallboards
• This type of surface should be stripped dry, unless prior knowledge as to
whether or not the surface had been sealed before being papered, if
sealed then it would be possible to remove the paper using water. Care
must be taken to ensure that the surface is not over soaked as this would
damage the surface
Removing the paper dry can be very difficult, only extreme care and
patience will ensure that the removal of the paper takes place
without damaging the surface. Dry abrading the surface after the
paper being removed ensures that the surface will be suitable for
further wall covering
It is essential that prior to any re-papering, sealing of the surface
should take place using an oily sealer. This will make the
subsequent stripping of the surface easier
5. Previously Painted surfaces
• Previously painted, non-porous surfaces require after removal
careful preparation by the abrading to roughen the surface in
order to provide extra adhesion for the wall paper paste
Filling Cracks
Cracks on the surface should be cut out, wetted and
filled with filler. It may be necessary to refill over the
cracks a second time to ensure cracks are filled flush
with the surface
6. Filling Holes
• Any deep holes must have all loose deposits removed before
“wetting”. Plaster filler should have sand added in order to
reduce shrinkage and cracking, after this filling has set it may
be necessary to go over the filled surface again with neat
plaster filler in order to ensure holes are filled flush with the
surface
Mould Growth
Any old paper which has been effected with mould
growth should be burnt in order to eradicate the
spread of mould. Surfaces should then be washed
with a mould inhibitor. It is necessary to ensure that
the cause of the mould growth has been rectified
before re-papering takes place
7. New Plaster
• If possible all furniture, fittings and carpets should be
removed before commencing the stripping of wall and ceiling
papers. Anything which cannot be removed. Particularly
carpets must be protected with polythene waterproof sheets
8. 1st
Method
• Ceilings are normally stripped before walls
• Soak the paper with water as hot as can be tolerated
• Scratch the surface of washable papers with a nail block or
wire brush
• Re-soak the paper
• With the blade of the scraper held at a shallow angle to the
wall, carefully scrape away the saturated paper
• Remove all paper whilst wet
• Wash the stripped surface to remove paste
• Dry Off
• Clean away stripped paper
• Mop up water as required
9. Tools and Equipment
• Flexible scraper or stripping knife
• Steam stripping equipment
• Sponges and leathers
• Container for stripped paper
• Brush and shovel
• Mop and Bucket
• Nail Block or coarse wire brush
Materials
Liquid detergent or proprietary wetting agent
10. Method 2
• Place steaming concentrator pad of steam stripper
flat on the working surface
• After a few seconds, slide the pad to a dry area
• Scrape the area already steamed, as the next is being
soaked
11. Points to watch
• Stripping hangings from ceilings whilst using a steam stripper
can be dangerous because of hot dripping water
Make sure all paper is removed whilst wet. It is much
easier an cleaner than having to dry rub ‘NIBS’
afterward
Do not damage plaster by scraping to soon or by
stabbing at the surface
If Vymura or vinyl papers are to be stripped, the
surface must be peeled off first
If using a brush commence ‘soaking’ at the top of the
wall
12. • Do not let stripped paper dry, it is easier and cleaner to
remove whilst wet
Do not forget to clean away any bits of paper stuck to
window frames, doors etc
13. Operating a steam stripper
A. Fill with clean water until the water level indicator
almost full
B. Replace the filler cap, ensuring it is closed properly
C. Connect hose to outlet and concentrator
D.Plug into mains
14. • E. Wait until steam is produced; steam coming from the
concentrator pad indicates the equipment is ready for use.
• F. Concentrator is held against the wall or ceiling surface until
the paper is soft enough to remove readily with a scraper
• G. The concentrator should be held in the next position whilst
stripping off to soften the next section to be stripped and so
on until the surface area has been completely stripped
15. Pastes and Adhesives
• Cold Water paste, stir the powder slowly into cold water, it has a high
water content and can be used for light to medium weight papers
Standard Cellulose, stir the powder slowly into cold water and allow to
stand, it has a high water content and can be used for light to medium
weight papers
Heavy duty cellulose, stir the powder slowly into cold water and
allow to stand, it has a medium water content and can be used for paper
and cloth backed vinyl's and expanded polystyrene
Hot water Powder, Make powder into a batter with a little cold
water, quickly stir in boiling water allow to cool and then beat up, it has
a low water content and can be used for all papers except vinyl's
16. • Tub Paste, This paste is ready mixed but may require thinning slightly, it has a
low water content and is suitable for all types of paper except vinyl's
Glue size powder, Mix with a little cold water. Allow to soak for
about 15- 20 minutes, stir in boiling water and allow to cool. For coating
porous surfaces before paperhanging. The adhesive evens out porosity and
provides ‘slip’
Clearcole (claircolle), mix as for glue size and stir thoroughly, for
coating non-porous surfaces to aid in adhesion
PVA, This is a ready mixed paste with a medium to high water content
and is used with paper and cloth backed vinyl’s
17. • Paste powders, mix to a stiff consistency, if it is to stiff it can always be eased
to a thick but smooth consistency
Tub paste, Beat up vigorously; this will make the paste softer and
smoother, ease with water until desired consistency is obtained
PVA Adhesives, Use as provided, do not thin unless absolutely
necessary and then fine judgement must be exercised
Impact Adhesives, must be used exactly according to
manufacturers instructions. Particular care should be exercised as
these adhesives are highly inflammable and give off intoxicating
vapours which are dangerous in close, unventilated conditions
18. Paste Consistency
• Thin paste is very easy to apply but will cause:- Over soaking,
Overstretching, Weak Adhesion, Opening Joints, Delamination
• Thick paste is difficult to apply and will cause:- Uneven
Application, Uneven Soaking and Stretching, Lumpiness in
smooth faced coverings
20. Screen Printing
Printed by squeezing each colour through a stencil
design on nylon
This method can also be carried out mechanically
21. Hand block Printing
Printed by a method using hand operated carved
wooden blocks
Used in the more expensive wallpapers
22. Machine Printing
This is the method by which most wallpapers are
produced including patterns, textures etc.
Contains up to 22 colours
23. Embossing rollers
Used for pressing (embossing) wallpapers into
relief texture so that the back of the paper is
hollowed
24. Types of Wallpaper
• Grounds :- Paper completely coated with a casein-
bound paint before being printed with a repeating
pattern. Pattern or texture. It has a non washable
surface
Machine Prints:- Repeating pattern, overall
surface textures or stripes printed by rollers and
containing up to 22 colours. This is the method
by which most papers are produced. Some
grounds have a particular character and may be
known by other titles
25. The Following are the most common of the
other Titles
• Jaspe:- A fine irregular vertical texture similar to that of scumble texture
dragging
Chintz:- Patterns based on natural forms treated in a realistic
manner to imitate the cotton furnishing fabric of the same name
Satin:- Ground colours polished or glazed to produce a sheen before
being printed
Moir:- Satin or satinette ground finely textured to produce a water silk
effect. Most commonly produced as a vinyl
Satinette:- Fine mica flakes incorporated in ground colour to produce
a sheen
Metallic:- Bronze or aluminium powder included in a ground colour or
print to produce a metallic sheen
26. Hand Prints
• Good quality ground coated papers printed by hand
process. There are two principle types and are as
follows.
• Block Prints:- Printed by the hand method using
hand-operated carved wooden blocks.
• Screen Prints:- Each colour of design is squeezed through a
stencil through a stencil design which is mounted on a nylon
material stretched tight over a printing frame
27. • Pulps:- Self coloured papers upon which the
pattern or texture is printed direct without the
surface being complete coated first. They are
generally cheaper than grounds.
• Although paper quality and design quality may vary
they constitute the lowest price range of a
manufacturers stock
28. Embossed Papers
• Papers which have been pressed into relief texture
so the back of the paper is hollow
Dry Embossed Papers
Printed papers passed between embossing
rollers, either steel roller with the pattern or
texture in relief presses the paper into a soft
roller. One male and one female rollers are
used. The following are produced in this manner
29. • Embossed :- The most common and the cheapest range.
Either with an all-over random relief texture or with a pattern
in the relief. Depth of relief may decrease considerably after
hanging
Duplex:- Two papers bonded together before being
embossed, to produce a more pronounced relief.
Usually the pattern is only embossed
30. Low Relief Anaglypta-Type
• A duplex paper embossed while the adhesive
bonding the two papers is still wet, which helps to
retain maximum relief after hanging. The top paper
is craft type for stretch and whiteness. These papers
differ from those described before as the are not
coloured or printed with a pattern.
• Generally available either in textures such as
pebbledash; plaster swirl; broken glass or in
geometrical patterns. Available in white only and can
be painted after hanging
31. Wet Embossed Paper
• A much heavier quality paper than Anaglypta. While in a wet
state it is moulded between a steel roller and its counter
made if gutta percha. Available in white only and is painted
after hanging. Comes in the following
Supaglypta:- Available in rolls and range of
textures similar to anaglypta
Relief Papers:- Papers having a relief texture on the
face, but with a smooth backing, there are three main
types.
1. Ingrains (woodchip, Oatmeal) paper which has small
particles of wood or cork sandwiched between a heavy
backing paper and a thin surface paper
32. • 2. Plastic Paint Prints:- A ground printed with a colour
thickened with plaster or similar filler
3. Blown Vinyl's:- A paper backed material having an
expanded coating of PVC which is textured in a variety
of random or repeating Patterns. Usually available in a
neutral colour suitable for painting with alkyd or
emulsion paint after hanging. Also available in finished
colours
33. Washable Papers
• Papers which have a surface that can be cleaned without
damaging the pattern.
Ordinary Washable Papers:- A ground or embossed paper
that has been machine coated with a clear glaze based on poly vinyl
acetate PVA. It will withstand regular wiping with a damp sponge,
but not usually saturation washing or scrubbing with a brush or
abrasive
Vinyl's:- Smooth or textured thin film of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
bonded to a paper backing and printed with PVC inks heat-fused on
to the surface
Ready Pasted Paper:- Vinyl or washable paper which has been
coated on the back with a water-activated fungicidal paste. More
expensive than similar non-pasted papers but this may be offset by the
saving of pasting time
34. • Coated Washable:- Most pulps, grounds and embosses which are
not produced with a washable finish can be coated after hanging has been
completed and the paste has dried.
• The coating that is used is based on PVA and is brushed, rolled or sprayed
onto the paper. It is best to test a piece first because some papers are
poorly bound which may result in the colour lifting
Wood Grain:- Vinyl or washable paper which is treated to
represent various types of wood such as oak, mahogany, teak
pine and cedar
Metallic Folis:- Made by either laminating a paper backing
with a tarnished leaves of various metals, or by spraying
metallic or coloured polyester resin on to a paper backing
35. • Expanded Polystyrene:- Foam polystyrene resin cut into thin
sheets, being 98% air it has exceptional heat insulation properties but is
highly flammable. It can be painted with emulsion paint covered with
wallpaper if a decorative finish is required
Scrim Backed Lining:- Heavy quality white lining bonded
to a fine cotton material or scrim
Pitch Paper (foil Damp):- Paper coated with bitumen or
applied to expanded polystyrene to increase its resistance to
moisture penetration. Recommended as a temporary expedient
only, for damp walls