This document discusses different methods of printing on silk fabric, including hand block printing, screen printing, and machine printing. It provides details on the hand block printing process, which uses thick wooden blocks to apply colored paste to silk in a traditional method. Screen printing is described as a common modern method that uses nylon screens to apply colorful designs. Direct, discharge, and resist styles of printing are also summarized, along with processes like degumming, bleaching, and washing involved. Key methods like wax resist batik, starch resist, tie-dye, and tritik resist are briefly explained.
Now we are in the age of printing, textile printing becomes popular day by day. Screen printing has been taken large place in textile printing sector. Trying to give a short description on it.
Flocking is defined as the application of fine particles to adhesive coated surfaces. Nowadays, this is usually done by the application of a high-voltage electric field. In a flocking machine the "flock" is given a negative charge whilst the substrate is earthed. Flock material flies vertically onto the substrate attaching to previously applied glue.
Flock printing or Flocking is a printing process in which Short Fibers of Rayon ,cotton wool or another Natural or synthetic Material are applied to an Adhesive –coated surface
Now we are in the age of printing, textile printing becomes popular day by day. Screen printing has been taken large place in textile printing sector. Trying to give a short description on it.
Flocking is defined as the application of fine particles to adhesive coated surfaces. Nowadays, this is usually done by the application of a high-voltage electric field. In a flocking machine the "flock" is given a negative charge whilst the substrate is earthed. Flock material flies vertically onto the substrate attaching to previously applied glue.
Flock printing or Flocking is a printing process in which Short Fibers of Rayon ,cotton wool or another Natural or synthetic Material are applied to an Adhesive –coated surface
This procedure is sometimes referred to as “Burn Out”. A cotton / polyester blended fabric can be printed with a print paste containing the burn out chemicals, and after fixation, the cotton portion is destroyed and only the polyester remains. Burn-out textiles is a technique used to develop raised designs on fabric surface. This is primarily being done in fabrics with at least 2 different fibre content i.e. Cotton-Polyester, Silk-Rayon etc.
Puff print is a common print in Fashion Industry. Some time we can call it Emboss Print or foam print . It is almost similar to the rubber print we can make this print in any color. Mainly buyer asked this print on Knitted T-Shirt.
This procedure is sometimes referred to as “Burn Out”. A cotton / polyester blended fabric can be printed with a print paste containing the burn out chemicals, and after fixation, the cotton portion is destroyed and only the polyester remains. Burn-out textiles is a technique used to develop raised designs on fabric surface. This is primarily being done in fabrics with at least 2 different fibre content i.e. Cotton-Polyester, Silk-Rayon etc.
Puff print is a common print in Fashion Industry. Some time we can call it Emboss Print or foam print . It is almost similar to the rubber print we can make this print in any color. Mainly buyer asked this print on Knitted T-Shirt.
Textile wet processing
Textile wet processing is the process that use in any finishing treatment. Where, this process is applied on textile in form of liquid with involves some for chemical action on the textile.
Examples: bleaching, printing, dyeing and printing.
Introduction to Dyeing and Printing
Color is one of the most significant factors in the appeal and marketability of textile products.
Color can be added to textile objects by either dyes or pigments.
Most colored textiles is achieved by dye or pigment mixtures rather than a single dye or pigment.
Dyeing is a method which imparts beauty to the fabric by applying various colors and their shades.
Dyeing operations are used at various stages of production to add color and intricacy to textiles and increase product value.
It chemically changes a substance so that the reflecting light appears coloured .
The property of color fastness depends upon two factors- selection of proper dye and selection of the method for dyeing the fiber, yarn or fabric.
Dyes are used for coloring the fabrics.
Dyes are molecules which absorb and reflect light at specific wavelengths to give human eyes the sense of color.
There are two major types of dyes - natural and synthetic dyes.
The natural dyes are extracted from natural substances such as plants, animals, or minerals.
Synthetic dyes are made in a laboratory. Chemicals are synthesized for making synthetic dyes. Some of the synthetic dyes contain metals too.
Dyeing processes may take place at any of several stages of the manufacturing process (fibers, yarn, piece-dyeing). Stock dyeing is used to dye fibers.
Top dyeing is used to dye combed wool sliver.
Batik
resist dyeing process- designs - made with wax on a fabric which is subsequently immersed in a dye to absorb the colour on the un-waxed portions - batik dyeing.
done notably in India, Japan and Indonesia.
patterns - geometric, moral, bird or animal motifs.
melted wax mixed with resin - traced on the areas not to dyed with a tjanting- small instrument - short, straight reed handle -attached a small, funnel shaped copper cub with one or more spouts.
After application of wax, the fabric is dipped into dye - particular colour desired.
After dye - fixed - material dried- cloth is boiled and rinsed - remove the wax.
Any traces of wax remaining - scraped off.
primary colours used -red, yellow, blue /blacks and white.
light and dark shades - brown, green, violet, orange and pink - also used.
method light colours - applied first followed by the wax; the deeper shades are then built in.
Kalamkari
The finest of Indian art textiles all over the world - exquisiteness almost to a point of magic - category of cotton fabrics.
term kalamkari originates - Persian Words Kalam or pen brush and Kari or workmanship literally implying pen-work.
Kalamkari - wax resists process in which dyeing printing and painting with a pen brush .
process of kalamkari - elaborate and intricate.
kalam - nothing but
The slides will help someone to know basic things on textile technology. Introductory knowledge on textile technology that will help to get introduction. The slides are prepared for some other engineering working in textile sector, specially for energy and water efficiency.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. Printing on silk fabric is the process of
applying colour to fabric in
definite pattern or designs.
In properly printed fabrics the colour is
bonded with the fibre, so as to
resist washing and friction.
Colourants used in printing
contain dyes thickened to prevent the colour
from spreading by capillary attraction beyond
the limits of the pattern or design.
3. Methods of Printing :
1. Hand block
printing
2. Screen printing
3. machine
printing
4. Hand printing
Traditional & primitive method
Popular in Varanasi
Thick wooden blocks (8-10Cm thick)are
employed
The fabric printed is fixed on wooden table
covered with cloth by fetched with sponge to
give cushion effect.
7. Process of hand block printing
• The fabric printed is fixed
on wooden table covered
with cloth by fetched
with sponge to give
cushion effect.
• Colour is taken in
specially made trays for
the purpose, made into
paste and mixed with
gum, which are viscous
and sticky.
•
• Required design pattern
should be marked over a
cloth before printing
impression
• Blocks with design
portion are dipped into
colour and printed on
cloth or fabric
10. Screen printing
It is common method of printing through out
world.
The print obtain by screen print are brighter,
colourful and attractive.
Printing is carried out using nylon printing
screen having designs through which
colour/printing paste is forced to print the
design on fabric.
11.
12. Screen Printing Process
• Printing is carried out on table.
• Fabric is placed on it &full width fixed either
by wax / pin/tape.
• Printing is done with selected screen design
and colours on it with the help of screen
mesh.
• Heating arrangement is from bottom to
facilitate immediate drying of print.
19. Direct printing
• Suitable thickened
coloured paste is
applied to a light or
white coloured
background.
• Generally acid, metal
complex, reactive dyes
are used to get brilliant
shades in their style of
printing
20. Discharge
• The pretreated fabric is
first dyed and treated
with selected discharging
agent applied through
printing paste.
• During the subsequent
steaming the dye in the
pattern area will be
completely bleached out
or discharged, result
white area appeared
which can be reprint in
colour.
21. • In this process, a part/portion of dyed
background is removed chemically to create
designs.
• If removed portion kept white – Discharge
white printing.
• If white portion is filled by colour pigments-
coloured discharge printing.
• Presently this method is very popular.
23. • In this method printing is done first followed
by dyeing.
• The colour of the printing part will not be
affected by dye colourant either chemically
or physically.
26. Starch resists:
• Soluble starch(Flour)
paste is applied to the
cloth, allowed to dry
and thus forms a resist
to dye.
27. Tie & Dye resists :
(Patola, Bandan)
In which the place or area
where we want print in
which tieing with thread,
later the fabric dipped into
dye.
• After dyeing the fabric the
threads are removed the
place where the tieing is
there that part is white.
28. Tritik resist :
• This makes use of
simple stitches seen
into the cloth and
dyed. Later on stitches
are removed.
