- The objective of this project is to make a smart solar panel which is follow the sun light. Solar panel converts sun light into electricity. It is eco-friendly and low-cost energy. But the solar panel is unable to move in front of the light source, hence solar panel not produces electricity of its full capacity. Solar panel is unable to move, it is fixed at one position. If we want full energy output from solar panel thenwe need to move manualy solar panel in front of the sun light
In this project,
This report aims to let the reader understand the project work which I have done. A brief introduction to Solar Panel and Solar Tracker is explained in the Literature Research section. Basically the Solar Tracker is divided into two main categories, hardware and software. It is further subdivided into six main functionalities: Method of Tracker Mount, Drives, Sensors, Motors, Data Acquisition/Interface Card and Power Supply of the Solar Tracker is also explained and explored. The reader would then be brief with some analysis and perceptions of the information.
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, through directly using photovoltaic (PV). Photovoltaic convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.
- The objective of this project is to make a smart solar panel which is follow the sun light. Solar panel converts sun light into electricity. It is eco-friendly and low-cost energy. But the solar panel is unable to move in front of the light source, hence solar panel not produces electricity of its full capacity. Solar panel is unable to move, it is fixed at one position. If we want full energy output from solar panel thenwe need to move manualy solar panel in front of the sun light
In this project,
This report aims to let the reader understand the project work which I have done. A brief introduction to Solar Panel and Solar Tracker is explained in the Literature Research section. Basically the Solar Tracker is divided into two main categories, hardware and software. It is further subdivided into six main functionalities: Method of Tracker Mount, Drives, Sensors, Motors, Data Acquisition/Interface Card and Power Supply of the Solar Tracker is also explained and explored. The reader would then be brief with some analysis and perceptions of the information.
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, through directly using photovoltaic (PV). Photovoltaic convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.
An Overview of Photovoltaic Systems or PV Systems. This PPT outlines what a solar systems is and what it is consisted of. From solar panels to charge controller to deep cycle batteries to the inverter.
Design and Construction of Automatic Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System Using Li...Mahfuza Mansura
Solar energy is most promising green energy resource.. This project was done to increase the power produced by solar PV Cells by developing a advance dual-axis solar tracking system.
Hybrid power generation by and solar –windUday Wankar
With the development of industry and
agriculture, a great amount of energy such as coal, oil
and gas has been consumed in the world. Extensive
use of these fossil energies deteriorates a series of
problems like energy crisis, environmental pollution
and so on. Everybody knows that the fossil energy
reserves are finite, some day it will be exhausted.
It is possible that the world will face a
global energy crisis due to a decline in the
availability of cheap oil and recommendations to a
decreasing dependency on fossil fuel. This has led to
increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research
such as fuel cell technology, hydrogen fuel, biodiesel,
Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy,
tidal energy and wind. Today, solar energy and wind
energy have significantly alternated fossil fuel with
big ecological problems.
With the development of the science and
technology, power generation using solar energy and
wind power is gradually known by more and more
people. And it is widespread used in many developed
countries. The merits of the solar and wind power
generation are very obvious-infinite and nonpolluting.
The raw materials of the solar and wind
power generation derived from nature, and wind
power generation can work twenty-four hours a day,
solar power generation only works by daylight. In
addition, this kind of power generation has no
exhaust emission and there is no influence to the
nature. But it also has some shortcomings. Because
of the imperfect of the technology, equipment of the
solar and wind power generation is very expensive.
By far, it cannot be widely used.
In addition, solar and wind power
generation system affected by the changing of the
weather very much, so it has obvious defects in
reliability compared with fossil fuel, and it is difficult
to make it fit for practical use the lack of economical
efficiency .Because of these problems it needs to
increase the reliability of energy supply by
developing a system which interacts Solar and wind
energy. This kind of system is usually called windsolar
hybrid power generation system significantly
the prototype of floating solar power plant is goal of this minor project, in this project we only study of floating solar power plant and do some calculation for future projects of floating solar power plant.its all fact is based on search on inetrnet.
Seminar on AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEMRAKSHSAH
this is the seminar presentation of automatic solar tracking system ,here i have present how it work and advantages and other things related to this.this presentation is our third year{pre finial year } presentation
so guys i hope you like this presentation
Solar tracking system, Full Report Submitted in B.Tech, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Final Year @ College of Engineering Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, INDIA.
An Overview of Photovoltaic Systems or PV Systems. This PPT outlines what a solar systems is and what it is consisted of. From solar panels to charge controller to deep cycle batteries to the inverter.
Design and Construction of Automatic Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System Using Li...Mahfuza Mansura
Solar energy is most promising green energy resource.. This project was done to increase the power produced by solar PV Cells by developing a advance dual-axis solar tracking system.
Hybrid power generation by and solar –windUday Wankar
With the development of industry and
agriculture, a great amount of energy such as coal, oil
and gas has been consumed in the world. Extensive
use of these fossil energies deteriorates a series of
problems like energy crisis, environmental pollution
and so on. Everybody knows that the fossil energy
reserves are finite, some day it will be exhausted.
It is possible that the world will face a
global energy crisis due to a decline in the
availability of cheap oil and recommendations to a
decreasing dependency on fossil fuel. This has led to
increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research
such as fuel cell technology, hydrogen fuel, biodiesel,
Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy,
tidal energy and wind. Today, solar energy and wind
energy have significantly alternated fossil fuel with
big ecological problems.
With the development of the science and
technology, power generation using solar energy and
wind power is gradually known by more and more
people. And it is widespread used in many developed
countries. The merits of the solar and wind power
generation are very obvious-infinite and nonpolluting.
The raw materials of the solar and wind
power generation derived from nature, and wind
power generation can work twenty-four hours a day,
solar power generation only works by daylight. In
addition, this kind of power generation has no
exhaust emission and there is no influence to the
nature. But it also has some shortcomings. Because
of the imperfect of the technology, equipment of the
solar and wind power generation is very expensive.
By far, it cannot be widely used.
In addition, solar and wind power
generation system affected by the changing of the
weather very much, so it has obvious defects in
reliability compared with fossil fuel, and it is difficult
to make it fit for practical use the lack of economical
efficiency .Because of these problems it needs to
increase the reliability of energy supply by
developing a system which interacts Solar and wind
energy. This kind of system is usually called windsolar
hybrid power generation system significantly
the prototype of floating solar power plant is goal of this minor project, in this project we only study of floating solar power plant and do some calculation for future projects of floating solar power plant.its all fact is based on search on inetrnet.
Seminar on AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEMRAKSHSAH
this is the seminar presentation of automatic solar tracking system ,here i have present how it work and advantages and other things related to this.this presentation is our third year{pre finial year } presentation
so guys i hope you like this presentation
Solar tracking system, Full Report Submitted in B.Tech, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Final Year @ College of Engineering Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, INDIA.
Project details - I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage with the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out.
Solar tracking system using 8051 microcontrollerVISHAL NAGAR
To increase the unit area illumination of sunlight on solar panels, we designed a solar tracking electricity generation system. The design mechanism holds the solar panel and allows the panel to perform an approximate3-dimensional (3-D) hemispheroidal rotation to track the sun’s movement during the day and improve the overall electricity generation. This system can achieve the maximum illumination and energy concentration and cut the cost of electricity by requiring fewer solar panels, therefore, it has great significance for research and development. The main use of this report is to utilize the maximum power from the sun. Now a day we are in heavy need to use the solar power as in the coming days everything we use might depend on this kind of systems
Trackers direct solar panels or modules towards sun. These devices change their orientation throughout the day to follow the sun's path to maximize energy capture.In photovoltaic systems, trackers help minimize the angle of incidence (the angle that a ray of light makes with a line perpendicular to the surface) between the incoming light and the panel, which increases the amount of energy the installation produces. Concentrated solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar thermal have optics that directly accepts sunlight, so solar trackers must be angled correctly to collect energy
This project deals with the CAD design and construction of an automatic Solar Tracking system for Sun Tracking and Sun Following based upon the sun vector and the sun's position at any given time and the position of the sun for any GPS location on the earth. It drives hybrid solar Stirling technology for thermal and electricity generation and finds application in smart microgrid development for power and energy distribution an dispatch in off-grid and grid-tied applications. Automatic sun tracker positioner and control system for a motorized parabolic dish solar reflector and mechatronic solar tracking control system project describes the development and CAD design in a dual-axis sun tracker application for a stand-alone off-grid 3 kW solar electrical self-tracking concentrating solar power system. This autonomous power stand-alone solar tracking application and parabolic collector harness sunlight in a dish Stirling system or concentrated photovoltaic system by implementing a dynamic mechatronic platform and digital electronic control system for an autonomous concentrating solar power for CSP and CPV. The same sun tracker can also be used in solar PV photovoltaic where the solar panels follow the sun throughout the day.
The Project under construction is expected to track the sun position all the daytime in order to deliver the maximum electrical energy from the PV array panel by keeping the sunray perpendicular to the panel , the tracker has two linear actuators moving the panel in 2-axis motion horizontally and vertically . The unit has its own controller which consists of a microcontroller and driving circuits, the sun illumination intensity is measured with four photo sensors, two on each axis .
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Automatic solar tracker is a system which helps to boost the energy production of solar panel. The whole system even does not need any external power source,
Development of a Smart Mechatronic Tracking System to Enhance Solar Cell Pan...IJMER
Two degree of freedom Mechatronic solar tracking system was developed in the present study
to improve the performance of photovoltaic cell panels. The present tracking control algorithm was
applied on a small prototype, simulating a solar cells panel tracking system, designed and constructed in
this work. The Mechatronic tracking hardware section consists mainly of a commercial arduino micro-controller with built in, two servo motor drivers, data input/output, and micro processor modules. Other
components of the tracking hardware are, servo motors actuators and four LDR light intensity sensors. A
feedback control soft ware program, designed and constructed in the present work, enables the solar
tracker to automatically compensate for the sun location’s change to enhance the PV cells efficiency. The
LDR sensors are employed to continuously detect the sun rays intensity at four, light exposed isolated
positions, representing up-right, up-left, down-right, and down-left sides of the solar panel. LDRs data is
hence sent to the control software. The data is used to decide proper actuation actions and send them to
the servomotors to redirect the PV cells panel perpendicular to incident sun rays. Sensors and actuation
signals are exchanged via the in/out data module of the Arduino package. Results of the present
experimental work show that using the present tracking system increases the PV cell out power by about
38% compared with that of a fixed collector
Development of a Smart Mechatronic Tracking System to Enhance Solar Cell Pane...IJMER
Two degree of freedom Mechatronic solar tracking system was developed in the present study
to improve the performance of photovoltaic cell panels. The present tracking control algorithm was
applied on a small prototype, simulating a solar cells panel tracking system, designed and constructed in
this work. The Mechatronic tracking hardware section consists mainly of a commercial arduino microcontroller
with built in, two servo motor drivers, data input/output, and micro processor modules. Other
components of the tracking hardware are, servo motors actuators and four LDR light intensity sensors. A
feedback control soft ware program, designed and constructed in the present work, enables the solar
tracker to automatically compensate for the sun location’s change to enhance the PV cells efficiency. The
LDR sensors are employed to continuously detect the sun rays intensity at four, light exposed isolated
positions, representing up-right, up-left, down-right, and down-left sides of the solar panel. LDRs data is
hence sent to the control software. The data is used to decide proper actuation actions and send them to
the servomotors to redirect the PV cells panel perpendicular to incident sun rays. Sensors and actuation
signals are exchanged via the in/out data module of the Arduino package. Results of the present
experimental work show that using the present tracking system increases the PV cell out power by about
38% compared with that of a fixed collector
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
REPORT ON SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM
1. Solar Tracking System Page 1
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Chandkheda, Ahmadabad
Affiliated
Mahavir Swami College
Of
Engineering & Technology
A Report On-
SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM
Under subject of
DESIGN ENGINEERING – 1A
B.E. Ⅱ Semester – Ⅲ
(ELECTRICAL)
Submitted by:
1. SANANDIYA BHAUTIK C. (141110109031)
2. KAKADIYA MAULIK D. (141110109011)
3. VALAKI TEJASH V. (141110109039)
4. TADKESHVARWALA ALISH H. (151113109031)
Guided by:
Assist. Prof. MANISHA PATEL
Academic year
(2015-2016)
Internal’s sign. External’s sign. HOD’s sign.
2. Solar Tracking System Page 2
APPROVAL SHEET
At Mahavir Swami collage of eng. and tech. for partial fulfilment of
degree in electrical eng. with specialization awarded by GTU. This
research work has been carried out under my supervision and is a
satisfaction of department. The student has been published accepted for
publication.
____________________________
External Examiner
Date: ____________
Place: ___________
3. Solar Tracking System Page 3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful
completion of any task would be incomplete without the mentioning of the
people whose constant guidance and encourage made it possible. We
express gratitude to the Head of Department of Electrical Engineering
Mrs. SUMITA CHAKRABORTTY and our guide Mrs. MANISHA
PATEL and also to all staff members for the constant guidance and
encouragement throughout. Also, we express our gratitude to all other
people who directly or indirectly helped us for the completion of this
project.
4. Solar Tracking System Page 4
INDEX
SR
NO.
TITLE PAGE
NO.
1. Design thinking & its importance 5
2. Introduction 6
3. Reverse Engineering
Advantage
Disadvantage
7
4. Scamper Technique 10
5. Introduction of Canvas
Mind map
AEIOU
Empathy Mapping
Ideation Canvas
Product Development Canvas
17
6. User Feedback 23
7. Summary of Prior Art Search 24
8. Summary of Reverse Engineering 26
9. Pre-Design ( Learning Need Matrix( LNM ) ) 27
10. Prototype Model 30
5. Solar Tracking System Page 5
DESIGN THINKING & ITS IMORTANCE
Design Thinking is a method used by designers to solve complex
problems, and find desirable solutions for clients. When design principles
are applied to strategy and innovation the success rate for innovation
dramatically improves. Design thinking is at the core of effective strategy
development and organizational change. Design can be applied to
products, services, processes, physical locations, etc. anything that needs
to be optimized for human interaction. You can design the way you lead,
manage, create and innovate.
6. Solar Tracking System Page 6
INTRODUCTION
In photovoltaic systems, trackers help minimize the angle of
incidence (the angle that a ray of light makes with a line perpendicular to
the surface) between the incoming light and the panel, which increases the
amount of energy the installation produces. Concentrated solar
photovoltaic and concentrated solar thermal have optics that directly
accept sunlight, so trackers must be angled correctly to collect energy. All
concentrated solar systems have trackers because the systems do not
produce energy unless directed correctly toward the sun.
Single-axis trackers rotate on one axis moving back and forth in a
single direction. Different types of single-axis trackers include horizontal,
vertical, tilted, and polar aligned, which rotate as the names imply. Dual-
axis trackers continually face the sun because they can move in two
different directions. Types include tip-tilt and azimuth-altitude. Dual-axis
tracking is typically used to orient a mirror and redirect sunlight along a
fixed axis towards a stationary receiver. Because these trackers follow the
sun vertically and horizontally they help obtain maximum solar energy
generation.
There are also several methods of driving solar trackers. Passive
trackers move from a compressed gas fluid driven to one side or the other.
Motors and gear trains direct active trackers by means of a controller that
responds to the sun’s direction. Finally, a chronological tracker counteracts
the Earth’s rotation by turning in the opposite direction.
Selecting a solar tracker depends on system size, electric rates, land
constraints, government incentives, latitude and weather. Utility-scale and
large projects usually use horizontal single-axis trackers, while dual-axis
trackers are mostly used in smaller residential applications and locations
with high government Feed-In-Tariffs. Vertical-axis trackers are suitable
for high latitudes because of their fixed or adjustable angles.
7. Solar Tracking System Page 7
REVERSE ENGINEERING
What is Reverse Engineering?
Reverse engineering is also called back engineering is the processes
of extracting knowledge or design information from anything man-made
and reproducing any new thing based on extracted information .The
process often involves disassembling something like electronic
component, computer program, any type of hardware and analyzing its
components and works in detail. Reverse engineering is generally used
when a person or business organization cannot recollect how something
was done so reversely analysis is done.
Why Reverse Engineering?
The aim of reverse engineering is to draw out many kinds of
information from existing software and using this information for system
renovation and program understanding. Based on traditional practice,
reverse engineering and requirements engineering are two separate
processes in software round trip engineering.
In this paper, we argue that it is necessary to recover requirements
from the reverse engineered outcome of legacy system and by integrating
this outcome in the requirements phase of software life cycle, it is possible
to have a better requirements elicitation, and clear understanding of what
is redundant, what must be retained and what can be re-used.
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Advantages:-
Trackers generate more electricity than their stationary counterparts
due to increased direct exposure to solar rays. This increase can be as
much as 10 to 25% depending on the geographic location of
the tracking system.
There are many different kinds of solar trackers, such as single-
axis and dual-axis trackers, all of which can be the perfect fit for a
unique jobsite. Installation size, local weather, degree of latitude and
electrical requirements are all important considerations that can
influence the type of solar tracker best suited for a specific solar
installation.
Solar trackers generate more electricity in roughly the same amount of
space needed for fixed tilt systems, making them ideal for optimizing
land usage.
In certain states some utilities offer Time of Use (TOU) rate plans for
solar power, which means the utility will purchase the power
generated during the peak time of the day at a higher rate. In this case,
it is beneficial to generate a greater amount of electricity during these
peak times of day. Using a tracking system helps maximize the energy
gains during these peak time periods.
Advancements in technology and reliability in electronics and
mechanics have drastically reduced long-term maintenance concerns
for tracking systems.
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Disadvantages:-
Solar trackers are slightly more expensive than their stationary
counterparts, due to the more complex technology and moving parts
necessary for their operation. This is usually around a $0.08 –
$0.10/W increase depending on the size and location of the project.
Even with the advancements in reliability there is generally more
maintenance required than a traditional fixed rack, though the quality
of the solar tracker can play a role in how much and how often this
maintenance is needed.
Trackers are a more complex system than fixed racking. This means
that typically more site preparation is needed, including additional
trenching for wiring and some additional grading.
Single-axis tracker projects also require an additional focus on
company stability and bankability. When it comes to getting projects
financed, these systems are more complex and thus are seen as a
higher risk from a financier’s viewpoint.
Fixed racking systems offer more field adjustability than single-axis
tracking systems. Fixed systems can generally accommodate up to
20% slopes in the E/W direction while tracking systems typically
offer less of a slope accommodation usually around 10% in the N/S
direction.
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SCAMPER TECHNIQUE
The SCAMPER idea generation technique is founded on the belief that
everything new is an alteration of something already in existence. The
term ‘SCAMPER’ is actually an acronym.
The full form of the individual letters is given below:
S – Substitute
C – Combine
A – Adapt
M – Modify
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P – Put to another use
E – Eliminate
R – Reverse
Substitute:-
Take away a part of the selected thing, concept or situation and
replace it with something else. Anything can be an item for substitution.
The possibilities include steps in a process, product parts, the people or the
place. Substitution is a technique of trial and error, of replacing one object
with another till you are able to determine the correct idea.
Some questions:
What resources or materials can you swap or substitute to enhance
the product?
What process or product could you utilize?
Can you utilize other materials or ingredients?
Can you change its colour, sound, smell or roughness?
Can you modify its shape?
Which rules can you substitute or change?
Is it possible to replace someone involved?
Can you utilize the idea in another place?
What would happen if you modified your attitude or feelings towards
the product?
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Combine:-
The next step is to contemplate combining elements of the situation
or problem you’re facing so as think up something new. This is in line
with the view of many creativity experts that creativity has to do with
combining already existing things in a fresh way.
So join, force together or affiliate two or more elements pertaining to
your subject matter and contemplate routes by which such a combination
could possibly take you to a solution.
Some questions:
What parts, ideas or materials could be possibly combined?
What could they be combined with to optimize uses?
What could be the result of combining the product in question with
another, to develop something new?
What could be the result of combining objectives or purposes?
How to combine resources and talent to develop a new way of
thinking directed at the product?
Can different elements be combined to enhance it?
Adapt:-
Think if there’s a solution for another problem that you may mold to
suit your situation.
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Some questions:
Is there a solution you can take from somewhere else and mold it to
suit this one?
Is there a similarity between the current situation and something
else?
Is there another context you can position your product in?
What or who could you imitates to adapt this product to fulfill
another use or purpose?
What else does the product resemble?
What other ideas or products can you utilize for inspiration?
Are there any ideas outside your field that you can incorporate?
Modify:-
Pose a question to yourself about which ideas you can produce if
you magnify or modify your situation or problem. Magnifying parts of or
the whole of your idea may enhance its perceived worth or furnish fresh
insight pertaining to which components are most significant.
Some questions:
Can you change an aspect of your process or product to enhance it?
Can you think of any ways to modify the shape, feel, appearance,
color or form of your product?
What can you add to change this product?
What can you highlight or emphasize to produce more value?
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What aspect of the product can you make stronger to develop
something new?
What would happen if you modified the process in some way?
Put to another use:-
Contemplate how you can put your current idea to different uses or
what could be reused from elsewhere so as to fix your own problem.
Frequently, an idea only turns out to be great when applied in a different
manner than first imagined. Modify the goal of the subject. Contemplate
why it exists, its purpose of use and what it is assumed to do. Confront all
of these suppositions and propose new and strange purposes.
Some questions:
Is it possible to utilize this product elsewhere, maybe in another
industry?
Who else can utilize this product?
Would this product function differently in a different setting?
Is it possible to recycle the product’s waste to create something new?
What else could it is utilized for?
How could a child or older person utilize it?
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Eliminate:-
Contemplate what would happen if you eliminated components or
elements of your idea or if you minimized, reduced or simplified aspects
of it. By way of repeated elimination or trimming of ideas, processes and
objects, it is possible to steadily constrict your challenge to that function or
part of the most significance.
Some questions:
How can you simplify or streamline this product?
What can you tone down or understate?
What components can be taken out without changing function?
What would be the outcome should you take away a component of
the product? What would replace the component/part?
Reverse:-
Contemplate what you would do if a portion of your
process/product/probortunity was done or worked in another order, or in
reverse. Reverse the orientation or direction. Turn it inside-out, upside-
down, or backwards – just make it go against the direction it was meant to
be used or to proceed.
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Some questions:
Can you interchange components?
Can you transpose cause and effect?
Can you transpose negatives and positives?
Can you interchange the patterns or layout?
What is the best way to interchange the patterns or layout?
What other sequence, layout or patterns can you use? Can you think
of any?
Can you modify the schedule of delivery or pace?
How can you reorganize this product?
Can you modify the order of steps in your process?
What other arrangement may be better?
What would be the outcome of process reversal?
What if you turned it upside down?
How can you reverse roles?
Can you rearrange or reverse the concept you already have?
What if you engaged in the exact opposite of what you originally
intended?
How could you accomplish the opposite effect?
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INTRODUCTION OF CANVAS
This report is all about mind mapping, AEIOU summary, empathy
mapping, ideation canvas, and product development canvas. Team
members have chosen the topic is solar tracking system. We had visited
the different areas and observed the atmosphere and the environment of
our topic; we all have Visited different areas of solar power plant and take
some pictures from it. Design Engineering is the subject which gives us
better knowledge about our efficiency to observe. We have love to study
the design engineering subject, it’s all about great joy and pleasure to
creative our brain power and used the observation power and created mind
map, and some other important sheets by our observation.
Mind map:-
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AEIOU Summary:-
AEIOU Summary is describing all information like environment,
interaction, its user, activities and objects. Environment of solar power
plant area was sunny, green, dusty and wilderness. Some activities were
done by the people like employs are working their work. Sweepers are
cleaning the solar panel etc. Users of solar tracking system are
government, public and industries. Objects of solar tracking system is
solar panel , dc motor , microcontroller , wires , stepper motor , dc motor
driver etc.
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Empathy Mapping:-
We made empathizing canvas on our topic solar tracking system.
The selected users are government, public, industries. The stake holders of
the topics are domestic users like hostels, hotels, hospital etc... The users
in empathy mapping had done many activities in the related of solar
tracking system like: construction of the panel, employs are working,
sweepers are cleaning the solar panel, etc...The sad moment is that the
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invention of solar energy is been to mankind. The solar panel was
connected to roof for energy utilization. The problem with this system is
the utilization of solar energy. The maximum energy is available when the
sun is on head so the problem in whole day to receive energy is major
problem. The happy moment is that now the scientists decide to place
south facing or north facing of sun where at the place the maximum solar
energy is incident. But also the energy in that area is available to major
extent.
Ideation Canvas:-
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The set of people mentioned in the ideation canvas are the workers,
engineer, operators, owner, manager, employs.
The activities shown in the above ideation canvas is listed as
below:
The activities like employs are working their work, sweepers are
cleaning the solar panel, engineer repair the solar panel etc... Different
situation/context/location mentioned in the ideation canvas is listed as
sunny, clean, noiseless, rainy etc… The props/tools/objects/equipment are
mentioned in the ideation canvas are solar panel , dc motor ,
microcontroller , dc motor driver , wires , stepper motor , etc.
Product Development canvas:-
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Purpose:-
The main purpose of solar tracking system is use of renewable
energy and change the direction of solar panel to produce high electricity.
People:-
1. Public
2. Worker
3. Manager
4. Quality checker
5. Labour
ProductExperience:-
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The solar tracking system experience is this product is more
efficient, easy operation, safe and energy improvement.
ProductFunction:-
The product function is producing more electricity, easily
working and less man power.
ProductFeatures:-
The Product feature is easy construction and high efficiency.
Component:-
1. Solar panel
2. Microcontroller
3. Dc motor
4. Battery
5. Stepper motor
6. Wires
7. Dc motor driver
8. LDR etc...
USER FEEDBACK
Review 1. :-
The solar tracking device is awesome. After we purchase this
product the more electricity produce and use of this device is increase. The
efficiency of this product is high.
Review 2. :-
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This is the best product ever created by scientist. The operation of
this product is very easy and smooth. This product is good because this is
use renewable energy and produce electricity.
SUMMARY OF PRIOR ART SEARCH
1. Microcontroller based solar tracking system
Author:- Aleksandar stjepanovi
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Published in:- Telecommunication in Modern Satellite, Cable, and
Broadcasting Services, 2009.
Publisher:- IEEE
Abstract:-
Solar energy is very important means of expanding renewable
energy resources. In this paper is described the design and
construction of a microcontroller based solar panel tracking system.
Solar tracking allows more energy to be produce because the solar
array is able to remain aligned to the sun. The paper begins with
presenting background theory in light sensors and stepper motors as
they apply to the project. In the conclusions are given discussions of
design results.
2. Programmable logic controller based design and
implementation of multiple axes solar tracking system
Author:- Omar Talal Mahmood
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Published in:- Electrical, Communication, Computer, Power, and
Control Engineering (ICECCPCE), 2013 International Conference
Publisher:- IEEE
Abstract:-
The power generation using solar energy has been used widely
many years ago due to fuel shortage and its low cost. In this paper, a
design and implement of dual axis solar tracking system has been
implemented using programmable logic controller (PLC). This
proposed system, keeps the solar panels aligned with the sun during
the sunrise hours, in order to maximize solar power extracted from
the sun. In this work an open loop control systems been designed
and carried out using PLC, and direct current motors for solar cell
sun tracking. The tracking has done in two manners, that is, the
usual daily sun tracking vertically, and the seasonal
sun tracking horizontally. The second tracking technique, computes
the difference in the day hours per year in four seasons, with the aid
of PLC program, which is the solar time of the day hours or the
sunrise hours of the day. After the system has completely installed a
suitable measurement has been carried out for the fixed and
moving solar panel. As compared with usual fixed panels, the power
that has been obtained from the solar system is 38% better than the
fixed technique.
SUMMARY OF REVERSE ENGINEERING
The term "reverse engineering" includes any activity you do to
determine how a product works, or to learn the ideas and technology that
were originally used to develop the product. Reverse engineering is a
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systematic approach for analyzing the design of existing devices or
systems. You can use it either to study the design process, or as an initial
step in the redesign process, in order to do any of the following:
Observe and assess the mechanisms that make the device work
Dissect and study the inner workings of a mechanical device
Compare the actual device to your observations and suggest
improvements
Before you decide to re-engineer a component, be sure to make every
effort to obtain existing technical data. For example, you can proceed with
reverse engineering if replacement parts are required and the associated
technical data is either lost, destroyed, non-existent, proprietary, or
incomplete.
Reverse engineering may also be necessary if alternative methods of
obtaining technical data are more costly than the actual reverse
engineering process. Generally, many products are protected by copyrights
and patents. Patents are the stronger protection against copying since they
protect the ideas behind the functioning of a new product, whereas a
copyright protects only its look and shape. Often a patent is no more than a
warning sign to a competitor to discourage competition. If there is merit in
an idea, a competitor will do one of the following:
Negotiate a license to use the idea
Claim that the idea is not novel and is an obvious step for anyone
experienced in the particular field
Make a subtle change and claim that the changed product is not
protected by the patent.
.Pre-Design (Learnings Need Matrix (LNM))
In this semester we study about LNM (Learnings Need Matrix).in
this LNM sheet include four sections. In LNM we study about tools /
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methods / theories / application process involved of our project in first
section after in second section we study about applicable standards and
specification / principles and experiments of project. And in third section
we study about component material strength criteria (exploration-varieties
/ testing requirements) and last in fourth section we study about software /
simulation / skill / mathematical requirement of our project topic.
Section 1:-
Tools:-
1. Solar panel
2. Dc motor
3. Microcontroller
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4. Photovoltaic cells
Methods:-
1. Solar energy convert into electrical energy
2. Electrical energy convert into mechanical energy
3. Sun energy
Theories:-
Types of solar panel:-
1. Monocrystalline silicon panel
2. Polycrystalline siliconpanel
3. Multicrystalline siliconpanel
Section 2:-
Applicable standard:-
1. ISO
2. ANSI
3. IEC 61215
4. IEC 61730
Principle:-
1. Photo voltaic conversion
2. Solar power generation
3. Sunlight into electricity
Section 3:-
Components:-
1. Solar panel
2. Dc motor
3. Microcontroller
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4. Fibbers
5. Transformer
6. Wires
Testing requirement:-
1. Radiation test
2. Insulation test
3. Installation of solar panel
4. Safety test
5. 𝑉𝑜 𝑐 and 𝐼𝑠𝑐 test
Section 4:-
Software:-
1. 𝐶++
2. Keil µ vision IDE
Skill:-
1. Technical
2. Programming
3. Testing
Mathematical Requirement:-
1. 1 Kw = 103
w
2. 1 Mw = 106
w
PROTOTYPE MODEL