Solar energy is most promising green energy resource.. This project was done to increase the power produced by solar PV Cells by developing a advance dual-axis solar tracking system.
Solar tracking system, Full Report Submitted in B.Tech, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Final Year @ College of Engineering Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, INDIA.
I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage having the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out as well.
Solar tracking system, Full Report Submitted in B.Tech, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Final Year @ College of Engineering Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, INDIA.
I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage having the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out as well.
Automatic solar tracker is a system which helps to boost the energy production of solar panel. The whole system even does not need any external power source,
Seminar on AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEMRAKSHSAH
this is the seminar presentation of automatic solar tracking system ,here i have present how it work and advantages and other things related to this.this presentation is our third year{pre finial year } presentation
so guys i hope you like this presentation
PIC16F877A microcontroller:to control all the parts in the circuit.(I will use it because have analog to digital converter and I found it in all electronic store )
Light dependent resistor: to measure intensity of light.
LDR is a passive component whose resistance is
inversely proportional to the amount of light intensity directed towards it.
Stepper motor(unipolar): rotate solar panels and the light sensors to sense the max solar power
Stepper motor is an electromagnetic device that converts digital pulses intoMechanical shaft rotation. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discreteStep increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the properSequence.
The proposed block diagram of the project is shown in figure 1. The microcontroller reads the inputs form the light sensorthat is measured the direction of the light(sun) and performs the required operation that will rotate motor to track the motion of the sun . The inputs of the system is light sensor. The output is motor
PIC16F877A microcontroller:to control all the parts in the circuit.(I will use it because have analog to digital converter and I found it in all electronic store )
Light dependent resistor: to measure intensity of light.
LDR is a passive component whose resistance is
inversely proportional to the amount of light intensity directed towards it.
Stepper motor(unipolar): rotate solar panels and the light sensors to sense the max solar power
Stepper motor is an electromagnetic device that converts digital pulses intoMechanical shaft rotation. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discreteStep increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the properSequence.
ULN2003:is used as a stepper motor driver because we can't connect motor direct to MCU because the motor work by another power source that is between 9-15 v . As this figure this driver
Resistors.
Power supply.
10 k resistor to divide the 5v voltage between sensor and resistor .
Capacitors and crystal oscillator.
crystal oscillator: to generate pulses frequency
Solar powered led street light with auto intensity controlkanhaiya lal
This Project is all about Solar powered LED street light with auto intensity control.
Key Description :-
1. Solar Power
2. Solar Panel
3. LED
4. Batteries
5. 8051 IC
6. Regulator
7. MOSFET
8. Voltage Controller
9. Pro's and Con's
10. Features and Daily life usage
I've worked a lot on this PPt. It wont let you down so feel free to download it and rate my work so I can upload better Material regarding to this in near future.
Thank you!
Project details - I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage with the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out.
- The objective of this project is to make a smart solar panel which is follow the sun light. Solar panel converts sun light into electricity. It is eco-friendly and low-cost energy. But the solar panel is unable to move in front of the light source, hence solar panel not produces electricity of its full capacity. Solar panel is unable to move, it is fixed at one position. If we want full energy output from solar panel thenwe need to move manualy solar panel in front of the sun light
In this project,
This report aims to let the reader understand the project work which I have done. A brief introduction to Solar Panel and Solar Tracker is explained in the Literature Research section. Basically the Solar Tracker is divided into two main categories, hardware and software. It is further subdivided into six main functionalities: Method of Tracker Mount, Drives, Sensors, Motors, Data Acquisition/Interface Card and Power Supply of the Solar Tracker is also explained and explored. The reader would then be brief with some analysis and perceptions of the information.
Automatic solar tracker is a system which helps to boost the energy production of solar panel. The whole system even does not need any external power source,
Seminar on AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEMRAKSHSAH
this is the seminar presentation of automatic solar tracking system ,here i have present how it work and advantages and other things related to this.this presentation is our third year{pre finial year } presentation
so guys i hope you like this presentation
PIC16F877A microcontroller:to control all the parts in the circuit.(I will use it because have analog to digital converter and I found it in all electronic store )
Light dependent resistor: to measure intensity of light.
LDR is a passive component whose resistance is
inversely proportional to the amount of light intensity directed towards it.
Stepper motor(unipolar): rotate solar panels and the light sensors to sense the max solar power
Stepper motor is an electromagnetic device that converts digital pulses intoMechanical shaft rotation. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discreteStep increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the properSequence.
The proposed block diagram of the project is shown in figure 1. The microcontroller reads the inputs form the light sensorthat is measured the direction of the light(sun) and performs the required operation that will rotate motor to track the motion of the sun . The inputs of the system is light sensor. The output is motor
PIC16F877A microcontroller:to control all the parts in the circuit.(I will use it because have analog to digital converter and I found it in all electronic store )
Light dependent resistor: to measure intensity of light.
LDR is a passive component whose resistance is
inversely proportional to the amount of light intensity directed towards it.
Stepper motor(unipolar): rotate solar panels and the light sensors to sense the max solar power
Stepper motor is an electromagnetic device that converts digital pulses intoMechanical shaft rotation. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discreteStep increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the properSequence.
ULN2003:is used as a stepper motor driver because we can't connect motor direct to MCU because the motor work by another power source that is between 9-15 v . As this figure this driver
Resistors.
Power supply.
10 k resistor to divide the 5v voltage between sensor and resistor .
Capacitors and crystal oscillator.
crystal oscillator: to generate pulses frequency
Solar powered led street light with auto intensity controlkanhaiya lal
This Project is all about Solar powered LED street light with auto intensity control.
Key Description :-
1. Solar Power
2. Solar Panel
3. LED
4. Batteries
5. 8051 IC
6. Regulator
7. MOSFET
8. Voltage Controller
9. Pro's and Con's
10. Features and Daily life usage
I've worked a lot on this PPt. It wont let you down so feel free to download it and rate my work so I can upload better Material regarding to this in near future.
Thank you!
Project details - I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage with the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out.
- The objective of this project is to make a smart solar panel which is follow the sun light. Solar panel converts sun light into electricity. It is eco-friendly and low-cost energy. But the solar panel is unable to move in front of the light source, hence solar panel not produces electricity of its full capacity. Solar panel is unable to move, it is fixed at one position. If we want full energy output from solar panel thenwe need to move manualy solar panel in front of the sun light
In this project,
This report aims to let the reader understand the project work which I have done. A brief introduction to Solar Panel and Solar Tracker is explained in the Literature Research section. Basically the Solar Tracker is divided into two main categories, hardware and software. It is further subdivided into six main functionalities: Method of Tracker Mount, Drives, Sensors, Motors, Data Acquisition/Interface Card and Power Supply of the Solar Tracker is also explained and explored. The reader would then be brief with some analysis and perceptions of the information.
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Solar Tracking System by Using By-Pas...IJMREMJournal
Energy is a burning issue that almost every person experience now a days. Energy demand increases exponentially
since a decade. Due to the global warming and it’s threatening impacts on human life. Therefore, to overcome
such disastrous impacts on the planet, renewable energy resources play vital role now a days. Solar energy is one
of the vastest available renewable energy resources around the globe, but the main issue is its poor efficiency.
Pakistan is facing energy shortage that can be compensated through solar power and the need is to design a project
that maximizes its efficiency. So, the research is mainly focused on improving efficiency of solar panels against
shading loss by using different techniques. In this research, different results will be obtained and compared with
different techniques which are LDR based solar tracking system, by-pass diodes technology and super capacitors.
Fabrication of solar tracker is based on Microcontroller that drives L298N driver to operate stepper motor.
Development of a Smart Mechatronic Tracking System to Enhance Solar Cell Pan...IJMER
Two degree of freedom Mechatronic solar tracking system was developed in the present study
to improve the performance of photovoltaic cell panels. The present tracking control algorithm was
applied on a small prototype, simulating a solar cells panel tracking system, designed and constructed in
this work. The Mechatronic tracking hardware section consists mainly of a commercial arduino micro-controller with built in, two servo motor drivers, data input/output, and micro processor modules. Other
components of the tracking hardware are, servo motors actuators and four LDR light intensity sensors. A
feedback control soft ware program, designed and constructed in the present work, enables the solar
tracker to automatically compensate for the sun location’s change to enhance the PV cells efficiency. The
LDR sensors are employed to continuously detect the sun rays intensity at four, light exposed isolated
positions, representing up-right, up-left, down-right, and down-left sides of the solar panel. LDRs data is
hence sent to the control software. The data is used to decide proper actuation actions and send them to
the servomotors to redirect the PV cells panel perpendicular to incident sun rays. Sensors and actuation
signals are exchanged via the in/out data module of the Arduino package. Results of the present
experimental work show that using the present tracking system increases the PV cell out power by about
38% compared with that of a fixed collector
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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2. 2
Early in the 21century, Nuwayhid et al. (2001) adopted the open-loop and closed-loop
tracking methods into a parabolic concentrator attached to a polar tracking system.
In 2004, Abdallah and Nijmeh designed a two axis sun tracking system, a
programmable logic controller (PLC) was used to calculate the solar vector and to
control the sun tracker so that it follows the sun’s trajectory.
In addition, Shanmugam & Christraj (2005) presented a computer program written a
Visual Basic that is capable of determining the sun’s position and thus drive a
paraboloidal dish concentrator (PDS) along the east-west axis or north-south axis forparaboloidal dish concentrator (PDS) along the east-west axis or north-south axis for
receiving maximum solar radiation.
In 2007, Ali Al-Mohamad designed a Sun-tracking system, whereby the movement of a
photovoltaic module was controlled to follow the Sun’s radiation using a
programmable logic-controller (PLC) unit.
In 2008, Mohanad Alata, M.A. Al-Nimr and Yousef Qaroush demonstrated the design
and simulation of time controlled step sun tracking systems.
In Rajshahi University of engineering & Technology a project was done by Md.
Rokunuzzaman whereby the movement of a photovoltaic module was controlled to
follow the Sun’s radiation using a CMOS logical circuit.
3. 3
Photovoltaic cells are less productive when not pointed directly at the sun and operate at
maximum efficiency when pointed directly towards the sun. This project paper puts
forward a proposal of an improved “Dual-Axis (azimuth-altitude) Solar Tracking
System” to receive maximum sunbeam that has been designed and implemented by
using “Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)” sensors, ICs and Permanent Magnet DC
motors with gear arrangements to make the tracking system simple by eliminating the
use of microcontroller. Important points of this design are using minimum energy while
tracking, stability of trajectory, maximum energy efficiency and being cheaper and
simple than the other tracking systems. This tracking system is able to track the sun
efficiently throughout the year at any weather keeping the solar panel perpendicular to
the sun. The effectiveness of the Sun tracker is confirmed experimentally.
4. 4
• To design and construct a simple solar tracking system which can absorb
maximum amount of sunlight.
• To minimize the cost of installation and operation providing higher reliability.
5. 5
• Information were collected from related reference books and websites to find
out the possible improvement.
• Components were collected from local electronics market.
8. 8
The dual-axis solar tracker comprises of comparator IC LM339, H-bridge motor
driver IC L293D and a few discrete components. Light-dependent resistors LDR1
through LDR4 are used as sensors to detect the panel’s position relative to the sun. 4
LDRs are fixed at the edges of the solar panel along the X and Y axis, and connected
to comparator IC LM339.
LDR1 and LDR2 are used to track horizontal axis (x-axis). When LDR2 receives
more light than LDR1, it offers lower resistance than LDR1, providing a high input to
comparators A1 and A2 at pins 4 and 7, respectively. As a result, output pin 1 ofcomparators A1 and A2 at pins 4 and 7, respectively. As a result, output pin 1 of
comparator A2 goes high to rotate motor M1 in one direction (say, anti-clockwise) and
turn the solar panel.
When LDR1 receives more light than LDR2, it offers lower resistance than LDR2,
giving a low input to comparators A1and A2 at pins 4 and 7, respectively. As the
voltage at pin 5 of comparator A1 is now higher than the voltage at its pin 4, its
output pin 2 goes high. As a result motor M1 rotates in the opposite direction (say,
clock-wise) and the solar panel turns.
Similarly, LDR3 and LDR4 track the sun along Y axis.
9. 9
Solar panel
Light dependent resistor
Gear
Load (LED Light)
Charge controller circuit
X- Direction motor
Y- Direction motor
Charge controller circuit
Motor driving circuit
Battery (12volt)
Frame
Base
11. 11
• Mono Crystalline solar panel
• Cost effective
• More efficient and reliable
• Made of bulk type silicon
• Resistance decreases with increase in intensity of light
• Used to sense or detect light
• Made of high resistance semiconductor
12. 12
• Have four digital comparators in one IC.
• Output will be either high or low.
• Uses single supply unlike other comparators.
• Dual H-bridge motor driver IC
• Controls two DC motors simultaneously in both direction
• Wide Supply-Voltage Range
• Thermal Shutdown.
13. 13
• Field poles are made of permanent magnet
• Low power consumption
• Two PMDC motors used in X and Y direction.
• Used to transmit torque to the panel arrangement.• Used to transmit torque to the panel arrangement.
14. 14
• Average output power is 3.501 for dual axis solar tracker, 2.958 for single axis
tracker and 2.348 for static panel.
• Average practical efficiency of solar panel for dual axis tracking system is 7.75%,
where 6.55% for single axis and 5.20% for static panel.where 6.55% for single axis and 5.20% for static panel.
• Average power gain of the solar panel with dual axis tracking system is up to
49.06% over normal stationary arrangement and 18.32% over single axis tracking
system.
17. 17
SL
No
Name Quantity Cost
(BDT)
1 Solar Panel 1 400
2 Battery 1 400
3 PMDC Motor 2 1000
4 Pinium 4 200
6 Stand and Boards 2000
7 Accessories cost 1000
Total Cost 5000
18. 18
• Proposed dual axis solar tracker is cost effective.
• Average power gain of the solar panel with dual axis tracking system over
normal stationary arrangement is up to 40-50%.
• Less power consumption by internal circuit and PMDC motors.• Less power consumption by internal circuit and PMDC motors.
• Ability of tracking sun light at any weather.
• Installation is easy and operates automatically.
19. 19
— Dual axis sun tracker can be used for large & medium scale power generations.
— It can also be used for power generation at remote places.
— It may be used as domestic backup power systems.
— It can be used in solar street lighting system— It can be used in solar street lighting system
— It may be used in water treatment technologies and solar heating.
20. 20
The main theme of this project is to generate electricity using sun light efficiently by
developing a advance dual axis solar tracking system. Proposed dual axis solar
tracking system is more efficient than single axis & static panels and also cheaper
than the other trackers available in market.
Uses of four LDR's enable the tracker to keep the panel exactly perpendicular to the
sun throughout the day. It enables the panel to grab energy throughout the day, which
increase the efficiency of solar panel. Average power gain of the solar panel withincrease the efficiency of solar panel. Average power gain of the solar panel with
proposed dual axis tracking system is up to 40-50% over normal stationary
arrangement and 15-20% over single axis tracking system.
Basically, this project is a miniature model for large scale electrical generating
system. According to this implementation in future it can be implemented in large
scale in perspective of Bangladesh. A considerable amount of power could be
obtained if it is implemented as a large project with comparing of fossil fuel
resources.
21. 21
The proposed dual-axis solar tracking system will be reliable and accurate throughout
the year and maximize the output power when compared to static system and single
axis tracking system. It will be a good and competitive solution for the market place as
it is expected to compete with more complex and expensive systems.it is expected to compete with more complex and expensive systems.
22. 22
— Hybrid super-capacitor energy storage system can be used to store energy quickly.
— Solar thermal power plant may be included in large scale power generation.
— An automatic dust sensor wiper or cleaning robot can be provided for cleaning of
solar plate.solar plate.