Presentation by SUN Yan (National Heritage Center, Tsinghua University) on the impact evaluation of contemporary architecture from the perspective of HUL.
Robert Venturi was an influential American architect known for pioneering postmodern architecture. Some of his notable works include the Vanna Venturi House (1964), which rejected modernism's orthogonality and minimalism, and helped establish postmodernism. He also designed the Episcopal Academy Chapel (2008), with its layered walls that allow light and movement. Venturi believed architecture should communicate meaning and reference history through complexity, contradiction, and symbolism.
Christopher Alexander is an influential architect and design theorist known for developing the concept of pattern language. He authored A Pattern Language, which describes patterns that address problems in architecture, urban design and community livability. Alexander has designed over 100 buildings and his theories have impacted fields beyond architecture. He sees human-centered design as key and advocates an approach that creates living structures attuned to people's needs.
I.M. Pei is a renowned 97-year-old Chinese-American architect born in China in 1917. He studied architecture at MIT and Harvard and founded his own firm I.M. Pei & Associates in 1955. Some of Pei's most famous works include the glass pyramid entrance to the Louvre in Paris, the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library in Boston, and the Bank of China Tower in Hong Kong. Pei is considered a master of modern architecture and is known for his innovative use of materials like glass and concrete in his geometric and minimalist designs. He continues to work on projects around the world and has received many honors over his illustrious career spanning over 60 years.
Critical regionalism is an architectural approach that seeks to counter the placelessness of the International Style by being rooted in a specific geographical and cultural context, while still drawing from modern design traditions. It rejects both the lack of identity in the International Style as well as the whimsical individualism of postmodern architecture. The term was coined by architectural theorists Alexander Tzonis and Liane Lefaivre. Critical regionalism holds that both modern and postmodern architecture lack context and connection to place. Notable critical regionalist architects include Alvar Aalto, Kenzo Tange, and Tadao Ando, whose works emphasize simple geometric forms, natural light, and an honest use of materials to connect architecture to its unique environment.
Modernism arose in the late 19th century as a philosophical movement in response to industrialization. Notable modernist architects included Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright. Modern architecture developed new building materials and techniques. Styles included the Chicago School, Expressionism, the International Style, and Brutalism. Postmodernism emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against modernism. Deconstructivism from the 1980s fragmented and layered forms. Folding architecture from the 1990s integrated differences through smooth layering inspired by geology and cooking.
This document discusses the history and development of Chinese civilization and architecture from ancient to modern times. It begins with the earliest civilizations in China dating back thousands of years and highlights key dynasties and architectural achievements such as the use of wood, brick, and stone structures. The document also examines the influence of Confucianism on traditional architecture and preservation of important historical sites. More recently, China has embraced Western science and modern construction techniques while also drawing upon cultural traditions, as seen in projects like the Bund in Shanghai and proposals for skyscrapers that push technological limits. Overall, the document traces the evolution of Chinese architecture and how it both reflects and has helped shape Chinese civilization over millennia.
Robert Venturi was an influential American architect known for pioneering postmodern architecture. Some of his notable works include the Vanna Venturi House (1964), which rejected modernism's orthogonality and minimalism, and helped establish postmodernism. He also designed the Episcopal Academy Chapel (2008), with its layered walls that allow light and movement. Venturi believed architecture should communicate meaning and reference history through complexity, contradiction, and symbolism.
Christopher Alexander is an influential architect and design theorist known for developing the concept of pattern language. He authored A Pattern Language, which describes patterns that address problems in architecture, urban design and community livability. Alexander has designed over 100 buildings and his theories have impacted fields beyond architecture. He sees human-centered design as key and advocates an approach that creates living structures attuned to people's needs.
I.M. Pei is a renowned 97-year-old Chinese-American architect born in China in 1917. He studied architecture at MIT and Harvard and founded his own firm I.M. Pei & Associates in 1955. Some of Pei's most famous works include the glass pyramid entrance to the Louvre in Paris, the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library in Boston, and the Bank of China Tower in Hong Kong. Pei is considered a master of modern architecture and is known for his innovative use of materials like glass and concrete in his geometric and minimalist designs. He continues to work on projects around the world and has received many honors over his illustrious career spanning over 60 years.
Critical regionalism is an architectural approach that seeks to counter the placelessness of the International Style by being rooted in a specific geographical and cultural context, while still drawing from modern design traditions. It rejects both the lack of identity in the International Style as well as the whimsical individualism of postmodern architecture. The term was coined by architectural theorists Alexander Tzonis and Liane Lefaivre. Critical regionalism holds that both modern and postmodern architecture lack context and connection to place. Notable critical regionalist architects include Alvar Aalto, Kenzo Tange, and Tadao Ando, whose works emphasize simple geometric forms, natural light, and an honest use of materials to connect architecture to its unique environment.
Modernism arose in the late 19th century as a philosophical movement in response to industrialization. Notable modernist architects included Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright. Modern architecture developed new building materials and techniques. Styles included the Chicago School, Expressionism, the International Style, and Brutalism. Postmodernism emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against modernism. Deconstructivism from the 1980s fragmented and layered forms. Folding architecture from the 1990s integrated differences through smooth layering inspired by geology and cooking.
This document discusses the history and development of Chinese civilization and architecture from ancient to modern times. It begins with the earliest civilizations in China dating back thousands of years and highlights key dynasties and architectural achievements such as the use of wood, brick, and stone structures. The document also examines the influence of Confucianism on traditional architecture and preservation of important historical sites. More recently, China has embraced Western science and modern construction techniques while also drawing upon cultural traditions, as seen in projects like the Bund in Shanghai and proposals for skyscrapers that push technological limits. Overall, the document traces the evolution of Chinese architecture and how it both reflects and has helped shape Chinese civilization over millennia.
[Urban management policy training] beijing city presentationshrdcinfo
This document provides an overview of Beijing, China, including its history, geography, demographics, transportation systems, and modern development. It discusses Beijing's origins as a frontier town and eventual capital city. Key highlights of ancient Beijing described include the Forbidden City, city walls, temples, and traditional courtyard housing layout. The document also outlines efforts to conserve Beijing's historical and cultural areas while continuing modern development.
This document discusses several case studies of urban heritage projects in India that demonstrate good practices in conservation and management. It highlights four key categories: 1) Developing institutional infrastructure like heritage cells within local governments; 2) Integrating heritage into urban planning frameworks like master plans; 3) Revitalizing heritage areas through urban renewal focused on economic regeneration and upgrading environments; and 4) Engaging communities through participatory mapping and awareness programs. Example projects described include conservation efforts in Ahmedabad and Hyderabad, heritage management planning in Jaipur, urban renewal initiatives in Pondicherry and Muziris, and community mapping in West Bengal. The document emphasizes the importance of recognizing heritage as an asset, integrating it into urban planning, and
This document summarizes the Experimental Housing Project (PREVI) built in Lima, Peru between 1969-1973. The project comprised 1500 row houses on 40 hectares of land for low-income families. It used an open design approach with 24 different house designs and construction methods. The goal was to regulate the uncontrolled urban growth. The flexible and adaptable housing units allowed residents to modify and expand their homes over time. PREVI became a dense but diverse community where residents from different social classes chose to stay. It served as a model for integrating top-down planning with informal growth.
This document provides information about American architect Robert Venturi and his design philosophies and works. It discusses how Venturi rejected modernist ideas of simplicity and embraced complexity, contradiction, ambiguity, and references to popular and vernacular culture. It summarizes some of his key works like the Vanna Venturi House and additions to the Allen Memorial Art Museum. Venturi incorporated unexpected juxtapositions of elements and aimed to accommodate the inherent conflicts in a site or project. His buildings typically combine architectural styles and references in unconventional ways.
The document discusses architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's philosophy of "Less is More" as it relates to architectural design and several of his famous works that exemplified this philosophy. Some key points made in the document include:
- Mies van der Rohe believed that buildings should be stripped down to their essential structural and functional elements without unnecessary ornamentation or complexity.
- His works like the Barcelona Pavilion (1929) and Farnsworth House (1951) featured simple geometric forms, open floor plans, and use of industrial materials like steel and glass to let the structure take center stage.
- Other buildings like the Seagram Building (1958) and Lake Shore Drive Apartments (1951) in
Prof Binliang Lin briefed the background and a recent flood event in Beijing.
Flood impact assessment in mega cities under urban sprawl and climate change kick-off workshop
Louis Isadore Kahn was a 20th century American architect, educator, and philosopher. Some key aspects of his work include redefining architecture through structure, form, space and light. He is known for his use of geometric shapes, solid materials like brick and concrete, and intentional use of natural light. Two important projects he designed were the Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad, characterized by its diagonal layout and use of local brick, and the Salk Institute characterized by its two symmetrical buildings separated by a courtyard and stream.
Rapoport's theory of architecture focuses on the role of cultural variables and cross-cultural studies in shaping architecture. He authored several seminal books on this topic, including House Form and Culture (1969), which was the first to examine why house forms differ across cultures. Rapoport studied both primitive and vernacular housing to understand how culture influences housing design. His later work addressed the mutual interaction between people and their built environments from a cross-cultural perspective.
Louis Kahn was commissioned in 1963 to design the National Assembly Building in Dhaka, Bangladesh. His initial design included the Assembly Building itself with a legislative chamber, prayer hall, and offices, as well as dormitories and hostels. Kahn's design process began with sketches of a large square structure with corner towers for the Assembly Building. He later reconsidered making the prayer hall a more significant part of the design, given its purpose. Overall, Kahn's National Assembly Building design aimed to thoughtfully incorporate Bengali vernacular architecture traditions into a modern structure for this important civic building.
The Venice Charter from 1964 established principles for historic preservation that focused on physical fabric, original documents, and distinguishing modern additions. It advocated safeguarding structures as works of art and evidence of history. In contrast, the Burra Charter developed in Australia in the late 20th century emphasized cultural significance, intangible values, and allowing for respectful adaptive reuse. It established a process of identifying cultural significance through research and establishing a statement of significance to guide preservation, rehabilitation, and interpretation.
Expressionism architecture final edidationYazid Hamoda
Expressionism architecture developed in early 20th century Europe as artists sought new ways to convey emotional and spiritual ideas through abstract and distorted forms. Key characteristics included biomorphic shapes inspired by nature, asymmetric designs, and use of new materials like concrete and glass. Prominent expressionist architects included Erich Mendelsohn, Fritz Höger, Peter Behrens, and Rudolf Steiner. Mendelsohn's Einstein Tower and Höger's Chilehaus used innovative brick designs to distort forms for emotional effect. Steiner's Goetheanums in Dornach fused architecture, sculpture, color and space to convey spiritual concepts of metamorphosis.
ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION for history.pptxrubinsuresh1
Architectural conservation aims to maintain and prevent damage to objects of cultural significance through carefully planned projects. It requires a team with expertise on the objects who collectively decide the best course of action. The conservation movement began in the 19th century with the industrial revolution's demolition of historic buildings. This led to the founding of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings in 1877, marking the start of modern preservation efforts. John Ruskin was influential in identifying the values of historic buildings and establishing foundations for modern conservation philosophies.
Contemporary architecture is the architecture of the 21st century. It aims to break away from standard processes and thinking and is innovative. No single style is dominant, as contemporary architects work in postmodern, high-tech, and expressive styles. It features curved lines, composite volumes, new materials like glass and plants, large windows, and environmental considerations. Famous examples include Walt Disney Concert Hall with billowing stainless steel, Galaxy Soho with connected spherical structures, and Congregation Beth Sholom with an imposing pyramidal roof.
The document discusses the principles of form follows function and function follows form in architecture. It provides background on architect Louis Sullivan who believed that a building's exterior form should reflect its interior functions. It also introduces Frank Lloyd Wright's philosophy of function follows form, where the intended function dictates the overall form of a building rather than just its exterior. Examples provided include Wright's Guggenheim Museum whose spiral form was based on its function as an art gallery.
Sustainable Architecture is an effort to minimize the negative environmental impact of the buildings by using specific materials, energy and development space through strict moderation and efficiency
The Design of Spaces by William W Whyte
An article taken from the author's book "The city: Rediscovering the center"
Read & presented & discussed in class of ARCT421- Introduction to Urban design and planning by architecture student from the DAUP - Department of Architecture & Urban Planning - Qatar University
Architectural conservation_laws and practices_authenticityJoarder Hafiz Ullah
“Antiquity”
BNBC:
Definitions of Conservation
General Guidelines for Heritage Buildings and Sites
Promote cultural continuity
Integrate development with conservation
Outstanding Universal Value
Authenticity
Aspects of Authenticity
EBENEZER HOWARD - Garden city, Letchworth City and Welwyn. Life and Career of Sir Ebenezer Howard. Theory of 3 magnets. Inspiration of what lead to making of garden city.
This document discusses the planning, analysis, and design of a museum building located in Chennai, India. It begins with an abstract that outlines how architectural space influences human feelings and the importance of museums in societies. The paper then focuses on how the layout of space in a museum interacts with displays to convey messages to visitors. It includes the spatial and functional requirements for museum planning as well as design components. Literature on museum theory and the role of space in museums is also reviewed. Methodology includes requirement analysis, floor planning using AutoCAD, structural analysis using STAAD Pro, and conclusions on achieving iconic museum space over time.
The document discusses several key aspects of traditional Chinese architecture and culture:
1) Architectural features of Chinese buildings emphasized bilateral symmetry, enclosure through courtyards and sky wells, hierarchy in building placement, and horizontal emphasis.
2) Traditional wooden structures used modular construction of standardized bays ("jian") and exposed wooden frames.
3) Axial layouts following feng shui principles structured cities, complexes, and individual buildings to represent social order and relationships.
4) Religious philosophies like Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism influenced architectural styles of temples and homes.
[Urban management policy training] beijing city presentationshrdcinfo
This document provides an overview of Beijing, China, including its history, geography, demographics, transportation systems, and modern development. It discusses Beijing's origins as a frontier town and eventual capital city. Key highlights of ancient Beijing described include the Forbidden City, city walls, temples, and traditional courtyard housing layout. The document also outlines efforts to conserve Beijing's historical and cultural areas while continuing modern development.
This document discusses several case studies of urban heritage projects in India that demonstrate good practices in conservation and management. It highlights four key categories: 1) Developing institutional infrastructure like heritage cells within local governments; 2) Integrating heritage into urban planning frameworks like master plans; 3) Revitalizing heritage areas through urban renewal focused on economic regeneration and upgrading environments; and 4) Engaging communities through participatory mapping and awareness programs. Example projects described include conservation efforts in Ahmedabad and Hyderabad, heritage management planning in Jaipur, urban renewal initiatives in Pondicherry and Muziris, and community mapping in West Bengal. The document emphasizes the importance of recognizing heritage as an asset, integrating it into urban planning, and
This document summarizes the Experimental Housing Project (PREVI) built in Lima, Peru between 1969-1973. The project comprised 1500 row houses on 40 hectares of land for low-income families. It used an open design approach with 24 different house designs and construction methods. The goal was to regulate the uncontrolled urban growth. The flexible and adaptable housing units allowed residents to modify and expand their homes over time. PREVI became a dense but diverse community where residents from different social classes chose to stay. It served as a model for integrating top-down planning with informal growth.
This document provides information about American architect Robert Venturi and his design philosophies and works. It discusses how Venturi rejected modernist ideas of simplicity and embraced complexity, contradiction, ambiguity, and references to popular and vernacular culture. It summarizes some of his key works like the Vanna Venturi House and additions to the Allen Memorial Art Museum. Venturi incorporated unexpected juxtapositions of elements and aimed to accommodate the inherent conflicts in a site or project. His buildings typically combine architectural styles and references in unconventional ways.
The document discusses architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's philosophy of "Less is More" as it relates to architectural design and several of his famous works that exemplified this philosophy. Some key points made in the document include:
- Mies van der Rohe believed that buildings should be stripped down to their essential structural and functional elements without unnecessary ornamentation or complexity.
- His works like the Barcelona Pavilion (1929) and Farnsworth House (1951) featured simple geometric forms, open floor plans, and use of industrial materials like steel and glass to let the structure take center stage.
- Other buildings like the Seagram Building (1958) and Lake Shore Drive Apartments (1951) in
Prof Binliang Lin briefed the background and a recent flood event in Beijing.
Flood impact assessment in mega cities under urban sprawl and climate change kick-off workshop
Louis Isadore Kahn was a 20th century American architect, educator, and philosopher. Some key aspects of his work include redefining architecture through structure, form, space and light. He is known for his use of geometric shapes, solid materials like brick and concrete, and intentional use of natural light. Two important projects he designed were the Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad, characterized by its diagonal layout and use of local brick, and the Salk Institute characterized by its two symmetrical buildings separated by a courtyard and stream.
Rapoport's theory of architecture focuses on the role of cultural variables and cross-cultural studies in shaping architecture. He authored several seminal books on this topic, including House Form and Culture (1969), which was the first to examine why house forms differ across cultures. Rapoport studied both primitive and vernacular housing to understand how culture influences housing design. His later work addressed the mutual interaction between people and their built environments from a cross-cultural perspective.
Louis Kahn was commissioned in 1963 to design the National Assembly Building in Dhaka, Bangladesh. His initial design included the Assembly Building itself with a legislative chamber, prayer hall, and offices, as well as dormitories and hostels. Kahn's design process began with sketches of a large square structure with corner towers for the Assembly Building. He later reconsidered making the prayer hall a more significant part of the design, given its purpose. Overall, Kahn's National Assembly Building design aimed to thoughtfully incorporate Bengali vernacular architecture traditions into a modern structure for this important civic building.
The Venice Charter from 1964 established principles for historic preservation that focused on physical fabric, original documents, and distinguishing modern additions. It advocated safeguarding structures as works of art and evidence of history. In contrast, the Burra Charter developed in Australia in the late 20th century emphasized cultural significance, intangible values, and allowing for respectful adaptive reuse. It established a process of identifying cultural significance through research and establishing a statement of significance to guide preservation, rehabilitation, and interpretation.
Expressionism architecture final edidationYazid Hamoda
Expressionism architecture developed in early 20th century Europe as artists sought new ways to convey emotional and spiritual ideas through abstract and distorted forms. Key characteristics included biomorphic shapes inspired by nature, asymmetric designs, and use of new materials like concrete and glass. Prominent expressionist architects included Erich Mendelsohn, Fritz Höger, Peter Behrens, and Rudolf Steiner. Mendelsohn's Einstein Tower and Höger's Chilehaus used innovative brick designs to distort forms for emotional effect. Steiner's Goetheanums in Dornach fused architecture, sculpture, color and space to convey spiritual concepts of metamorphosis.
ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION for history.pptxrubinsuresh1
Architectural conservation aims to maintain and prevent damage to objects of cultural significance through carefully planned projects. It requires a team with expertise on the objects who collectively decide the best course of action. The conservation movement began in the 19th century with the industrial revolution's demolition of historic buildings. This led to the founding of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings in 1877, marking the start of modern preservation efforts. John Ruskin was influential in identifying the values of historic buildings and establishing foundations for modern conservation philosophies.
Contemporary architecture is the architecture of the 21st century. It aims to break away from standard processes and thinking and is innovative. No single style is dominant, as contemporary architects work in postmodern, high-tech, and expressive styles. It features curved lines, composite volumes, new materials like glass and plants, large windows, and environmental considerations. Famous examples include Walt Disney Concert Hall with billowing stainless steel, Galaxy Soho with connected spherical structures, and Congregation Beth Sholom with an imposing pyramidal roof.
The document discusses the principles of form follows function and function follows form in architecture. It provides background on architect Louis Sullivan who believed that a building's exterior form should reflect its interior functions. It also introduces Frank Lloyd Wright's philosophy of function follows form, where the intended function dictates the overall form of a building rather than just its exterior. Examples provided include Wright's Guggenheim Museum whose spiral form was based on its function as an art gallery.
Sustainable Architecture is an effort to minimize the negative environmental impact of the buildings by using specific materials, energy and development space through strict moderation and efficiency
The Design of Spaces by William W Whyte
An article taken from the author's book "The city: Rediscovering the center"
Read & presented & discussed in class of ARCT421- Introduction to Urban design and planning by architecture student from the DAUP - Department of Architecture & Urban Planning - Qatar University
Architectural conservation_laws and practices_authenticityJoarder Hafiz Ullah
“Antiquity”
BNBC:
Definitions of Conservation
General Guidelines for Heritage Buildings and Sites
Promote cultural continuity
Integrate development with conservation
Outstanding Universal Value
Authenticity
Aspects of Authenticity
EBENEZER HOWARD - Garden city, Letchworth City and Welwyn. Life and Career of Sir Ebenezer Howard. Theory of 3 magnets. Inspiration of what lead to making of garden city.
This document discusses the planning, analysis, and design of a museum building located in Chennai, India. It begins with an abstract that outlines how architectural space influences human feelings and the importance of museums in societies. The paper then focuses on how the layout of space in a museum interacts with displays to convey messages to visitors. It includes the spatial and functional requirements for museum planning as well as design components. Literature on museum theory and the role of space in museums is also reviewed. Methodology includes requirement analysis, floor planning using AutoCAD, structural analysis using STAAD Pro, and conclusions on achieving iconic museum space over time.
The document discusses several key aspects of traditional Chinese architecture and culture:
1) Architectural features of Chinese buildings emphasized bilateral symmetry, enclosure through courtyards and sky wells, hierarchy in building placement, and horizontal emphasis.
2) Traditional wooden structures used modular construction of standardized bays ("jian") and exposed wooden frames.
3) Axial layouts following feng shui principles structured cities, complexes, and individual buildings to represent social order and relationships.
4) Religious philosophies like Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism influenced architectural styles of temples and homes.
The document provides an abstract and index for a case study on the Suzhou Museum in China. It discusses the traditional Chinese courtyard housing typology known as siheyuan and its elements. It then examines how vernacular elements of the siheyuan were adapted in the modern courtyard design of the Suzhou Museum, designed by I.M. Pei. Key findings include how the museum incorporated a central courtyard like traditional siheyuan homes, used local materials to fit the context, and maximized natural light through the design. The study aims to show how traditional elements can be fused with modern architecture.
The document provides an abstract and index for a case study on the Suzhou Museum in China. It discusses the traditional Chinese courtyard housing typology known as siheyuan, including its history, elements, and role in Chinese culture. It then presents the methodology, limitations, and case study of the Suzhou Museum designed by I.M. Pei. Key findings include how the siheyuan layout has been adapted for Chinese museums, exemplified by the Shaanxi History Museum, and how the Suzhou Museum successfully integrated vernacular elements into its modern design to fit within the historical context.
This document provides details about a proposed new town called "Fog" that would float in the sky. It begins with an introduction and overview of the contents. Sections 2-5 include investigations of ancient, present, and future towns to gather information and elements that could be used. Section 6 discusses the choice of a floating sky town and its aims of providing a better lifestyle while avoiding risks from rising sea levels and natural disasters. Key elements that may be incorporated include a wall from an ancient Chinese city, an ez-link public transportation payment system, solar panels, wind turbines, and green spaces. The proposal seeks to establish a sustainable town for 150,000-300,000 Malaysian residents.
This document provides details about a proposed new town called "Fog" that would float in the sky. It begins with an introduction and overview of the contents. Sections 2-5 involve investigations of ancient, present, and future towns to gather information and elements that could be used. Section 6 discusses the choice of a floating sky town and its aims of providing a better lifestyle while avoiding risks from rising sea levels and natural disasters. Key elements that may be incorporated include a wall from an ancient Chinese city, an ez-link public transportation payment system, solar panels, wind turbines, and green spaces. The proposal seeks to establish a sustainable town for 150,000-300,000 Malaysian residents.
This document provides a comparative analysis of two Asian streets - Sisavangvong Road in Luang Prabang, Laos and Jalan Sulaiman in Kajang, Malaysia. It analyzes the streets based on their urban elements, social activities, and quality of public spaces. Sisavangvong Road has well-designed public spaces connected to cultural attractions that act as nodes, allowing various social activities. Jalan Sulaiman's public spaces are limited to narrow sidewalks, but commercial activities still draw people. Both streets activate their public spaces differently but invite people to enjoy city life.
Bernard Tschumi is a renowned architect known for his theory of fragmentation and disjunction in architecture. In the 1970s, he developed the "strategy of disjunctions" which expressed contemporary culture through non-unity. His works reference other disciplines like literature and film. Examples include the Glass Video Gallery which prioritized image over structure, and the Parc de la Villette which featured cultural "folly" pavilions superimposed on paths in an experimental cultural park design.
The Study of Safavi Northern Chahar-Bagh Street of Shiraz, Iran; from the Sta...Dorna Eshrati
The historical urban landscape is a new approach towards the historical city as the product
of human interaction with micro ecosystem over the passage of time that has recently gained a special
position in urban conservation. This paper begins with raising the question that how this approach can
be used to solve the challenges of conservation and development of historical cities. Exploring the
conservation documents indicate that viewpoint to historical city has shifted from ‘the atomistic perspective
to holistic’, ‘static to dynamic’, ‘product-oriented to process-oriented’, ‘conflict with micro-ecosystem
to interact with micro-ecosystem’, and ‘the contrast of conservation and development’ to the integration
of them. The purpose of this paper is to review the northern Safavi Chahar-Bagh street of shiraz in the
city master plan to find out how the street conservation and development is based on historical urban
landscape. The data for this research were collected through observations and documents review and
were analyzed qualitatively. The survey results show that the new doctrines of urban conservation seek
to integrate conservation and development based on historical urban landscape; however, the definition
of the Historical city boundary in the master plan of shiraz is still based on static and atomistic doctrines
that consider historical cities limited to the historical wall. This is while the northern Chahar-Bagh street
of shiraz which was the main historical axis of the city during the Safavi period was located outside the
historical wall of the city. Not paying attention to this street has caused the gradual destruction of this
historical urban landscape, despite the individual protection of some of its elements. Reviewing the case
study based on the historical urban landscape approach reveals the need for a reconsideration and revision
of the developments urban plans.
The document provides details about Ningbo Museum in Ningbo, China, designed by Wang Shu. It discusses:
1) The museum's design incorporates local cultural values through the use of salvaged materials and vernacular construction methods.
2) Salvaged bricks, tiles and other materials were used to construct thick Wapan walls, preserving traditional techniques.
3) Modern technologies like concrete panels were integrated to support the high walls while maintaining the handcrafted appearance.
The document provides information about investigating ancient, present, and future cities to propose a new livable town. It discusses the ancient city of Xi'an, China, highlighting its long history as the capital under several dynasties, cultural significance including the Terracotta Army and Silk Road, and defensive city walls. It also examines the present town of Choa Chu Kang, Singapore, describing its development from a rural village into a modern township with efficient public transportation including rail and bus networks connecting it to the larger city. The document aims to understand components and elements of different cities to inform the design of a new proposed floating skyscraper town.
The document discusses urban design theories and the metabolist movement in Japan. Some key points:
- The metabolist movement emerged in post-war Japan to address the need for efficient residential and urban housing. Metabolists rejected traditional architecture and envisioned cities with large, flexible structures that facilitate organic growth.
- Notable metabolist projects included Kisho Kurokawa's capsule tower and Kenzo Tange's plans for redeveloping cities like Tokyo that integrated the sea and sky into urban habitats.
- The metabolist movement was influenced by teams like Team X and sought to situate futuristic concepts in the context of Japan's reconstruction and rapid economic growth in the 1960s.
-
The philosophy of historical narrative in architectural heritageGunjan Gangey
This document discusses the relationship between historical narrative and architecture. It argues that stories and narratives have inspired art and design movements and played a major role in shaping architecture and conserving tangible and intangible heritage. The paper examines how prominent architects incorporated historical narratives into their designs through elements like planning principles, visual representations, and stylistic choices. It discusses examples like Vidhan Bhawan and temples to show how architects referenced historical narratives. The paper also introduces the concept of the 4Ps (People, Place, Purpose, Period) to analyze how historical narratives influence each aspect of architectural design. Overall, it concludes that historical narratives are important for architecture as they connect past, present and future and give buildings meaning and identity.
This document provides information about the Confucius Temple Qinhuai Scenery Belt in Nanjing, China. It is a 5A level tourist attraction centered around the ancient Confucius Temple. The scenic area features imperial and folk culture, as well as natural scenery along the Qinhuai River. It is divided into four scenic areas showcasing different historical and cultural aspects. The Confucius Temple itself is one of the four major Confucian temples in China and an important cultural and educational site in Nanjing's history.
The document is an architectural design report for a performing facility in Kuala Lumpur Chinatown. It summarizes the site context and history, presents the design statement and objectives. The design explores the relationship between permanent and temporary architecture in Chinatown to inform the design. Case studies of other architects' works on expansion and boundaries are analyzed. Environmental and structural analyses are included. Plans and elevations of the proposed four block facility are presented, with spaces for a cafe, museum, theatre and library.
The document summarizes the history of urban design from early settlements to modern times. It discusses how early cities like Jericho and Catal Huyuk formed near rivers and trade routes for agriculture. Catal Huyuk had houses made of mudbrick touching each other with roof entrances. Irrigation systems led to centralized planning and social stratification in early cities. Renaissance cities emphasized aesthetics with regular geometry, civic spaces, and separation of church and state. The industrial era brought reforms to hygiene, safety, and labor laws as cities grew rapidly. Modern urban design incorporated massive technological and social changes while new urbanism emphasizes traditional planning with modern efficiencies.
Architecture for the Masses by Koryo ToursKoryo Tours
he architecture of Pyongyang is one of the DPRK’s highlights. In any socialist regime, architecture plays a key part in the process of building up a new social and political environment following revolutionary events. The total destruction of Pyongyang during the Korean War gave Korean architects and construction workers a clean slate from which to build a perfect socialist capital anew, and they seized upon that opportunity with relish.
Do you know the reason some of the buildings in Pyongyang were built in the style they were? Is this style similar to that of Soviet buildings? What is/was the primary tool for transmitting the revolutionary message for the Korean people and foreign visitors? Read on to find out
Brought to you by: Koryo Tours - The world's leading DPRK (North Korea) Travel Specialist Since 1993
Visit http://www.koryogroup.com for more information, or get in touch by email with any questions you may have: info@koryogrop.com
Urban transformation in 1950’s the case of hacettepe district, ankaraAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on the urban transformation of the Hacettepe district in Ankara, Turkey during the 1950s due to modernist planning approaches. It provides historical context on Ankara's development as Turkey's capital city beginning in the 1920s. Plans in the 1950s to develop Hacettepe University led to significant physical and socio-cultural changes in the historical Hacettepe district. The paper analyzes how the modernist ideology of the time period shaped the transformation of the urban form and conservation approaches in Hacettepe through archival documents and interviews.
history of art and culture, definitions and overviewDrMujahidMehdi
This document outlines the course objectives, learning outcomes, assessment structure, and content for a course on the history of art and culture. The course aims to introduce students to global artistic expressions and their development over time, with a focus on understanding the intersections between art, culture and social contexts. It will examine significant civilizations and movements and their influence on modern and contemporary landscapes. Students will be assessed through quizzes, assignments, a midterm and final exam. The content will cover ancient civilizations, classical/medieval arts, the Renaissance, colonial impacts, and modern movements. Useful online resources on art history, images, fashion and more are also provided.
The document provides background information on architect Peter Eisenman, outlining his education, early career as part of the New York Five group, and development of an ideology aligned with deconstructivism. It then discusses several of Eisenman's key works in detail, including the City of Culture of Galicia in Spain, the University of Phoenix Stadium in Arizona, and the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin. The works are analyzed in terms of their conceptual origins, formal qualities, and how they embody Eisenman's exploration of fragmentation, instability in ordered systems, and challenging preconceptions through architecture.
Similar to Conservation of Beijing Central Axis, Sun yan (20)
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This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
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Suzanne Lagerweij - Influence Without Power - Why Empathy is Your Best Friend...Suzanne Lagerweij
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Conservation of Beijing Central Axis, Sun yan
1. The conservation of Beijing Central Axis
The impact evaluation of contemporary architecture from the perspective of HUL
LU, Zhou
SUN,Yan (Speaker)
National Heritage Center,Tsinghua University
NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
2. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
Cultural Heritages of Beijing
historic center:
- 6 world heritage sites
2 sites in the old city centre
- 43 conservation districts
33 districts in the old city centre
- around 100 national cultural
relics
3. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The main concerns on heritage conservation of Beijing
1. How to build up an inter-related heritage system based on these
individual monuments, sites and districts?
2. How to assess the integrity of the attributes?
3. How to evaluate the impact of contemporary architecture?
The HUL approach can help us to
Understand the values of BCA in a more wider perspective
Build up a more comprehensive heritage system
Evaluate the new construction on BCA integrity from a dynamic view of city development
4. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The case of Beijing central axis
The old city of Beijing was first built during the Yuan Dynasty (mid-13th
Century), and further developed and perfected during the Ming and Qing
Dynasties (14th Century to early 20th Century).With eight hundred years
of urban development, it is now the largest imperial capital city in China
and Beijing Central Axis was always its core spatial pattern and the best
preserved area.
Beijing Central Axis, extending 7.8 km from south to north of old Beijing
city, is an urban landscape complex exemplified by its meticulously
planned spatial organization. It can be seen as the most typical, most
complete example of an ideal city plan stated in 'Zhouli Kaogong
ji' (Records of Craftsmenship of rituals in Zhou dynasty), representing the
Chinese philosophy of 'harmony between man and nature'.
Beijing Central Axis also serves as an epitome that controls the
development of Beijing city over the long-term. Even in nowadays' urban
development, it has still received full respect.
Bell tower
Drum tower
Jing Mountain
Forbidden city
The alter of land
and grain
The temple
of ancestor
Zheng'yang Gate
Temple of agriculture
Temple of heaven
Six Lakes District
The area of Beijing Old city
The Central Axis of Beijing
5. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The city plan of Rome
The case of Beijing central axis
Not a real road
Central Axis =Control line
7. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
In the UNESCO Recommendation on Historic Urban Landscape (2011), the concept of HUL was stressed as
"a landscape approach for identifying, conserving and managing historic areas within the broader urban
contexts". HUL also suggests an integrated approach of civic engagement, knowledge and planning, regulatory
system, finance.
As we understand “urban historic areas as the result of long term- and still ongoing - dynamics and conceives
of change - social, economic and physical”, the HUL approach “stresses the link between physical form and
social evolution, defining historic cities as a system integrating natural and man-made elements, in an
historical continuum, representing a layering of expressions throughout history” (F. Bandarin and R. van
Oers, 2012).
Thus HUL approach gives us a new view to understand and conserve the values of historic cities, it
emphasizes:
1) the spatial system of urban heritage, which means the inter-relationships among physical forms, the spatial
organization, land-use pattern, natural features and settings are more important than one single monument;
2) the historic layering of diverse values and attributes of the evolving urban development;
3) the inter-action between the urban place and the local community, with their long-term social, cultural,
economic values and activities.
8. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
• The values of Beijing central axis should be
considered from its regional geography and the
chinese traditional urban planning philosophy;
Values
Property
Identification
Urban
Conservation
• Beijing central axis is not a group of
buildings, but a complex ensemble of
the urban patterns, lake system,
public infrastructures, cultural
p l a c e s w i t h c l o s e i n t e r-
relationship of the topography
and hydraulic features;
• Beijing central axis not only emphasizes
the ancient elements, but also stresses all
attributes of its successive
evolving processes;
•The conservation should not be limited to the physical
forms of urban heritage, but emphasize:
• the relationships between built heritage
and the surrounding environment;
• the visual connections;
• the long-term land use pattern and the
sustaining of cultural places.
The application of HUL in the case of Beijing central axis
10. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The values of Beijing Central Axis
1-A long tradition of Respecting the 'Center' Place
In traditional Chinese culture and political systems, ideas like
'Regarding Center as [Place] for Respect (yizhongweizun)'
took a prominent position. Chinese emperors considered
themselves as the descendent of heaven, their capital city had
to be the very center of the world.
The location of Beijing just reflected this ideal central axis of
China: it was at the "center of the earth" in the axis composed
by the great mountains in the east area of China. Beijing
central axis was the miniature of this ideal relationship which
revealed the traditional concept of the harmony between
heaven (god’s world) and an human being’s world.
The ideal Central Axis of China—Ming dynasty, first proposed by Zhu xi
In Song dynasty (14th century), the great philosopher
'Zhu Xi' proposed a central axis of China which came
across the east part of the country. The axis started
from 'Tian shou' Mountain in the north and ended at
the mountains in south east area.
'Kun lun' Mountain
'Tian shou' Mountain
Beijing
'Tai shan' Mountain
Mountain in South-east areas
Mountain in 'Huai nan' areas
River
11. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
2-A Reflection of the ideal city model of capital
In traditional urban planning practices, there are two most influential theories. One
is the ideal capital city model written in the chapters of ‘Jiang’ren ying’guo
(Craftsmen Constructing the State)’ in ‘Zhou’li Kao’gong Ji’ (Records of Craftsmen
of Zhou Rituals) during the Spring and Autumn Period.
The ideal capital city model of China:
"When building a state capital, (the crafts) creates a square
(city) of nine li (length dimension) on each side with three
gates on every edge.
In the city, there are nine north-south avenues and nine east-
west streets.The avenues are nine carriage tracks wide.
On the left (east side of city) is the ancestral temple and to
the right (west side) is the altar of land and grain.
In the front (south of city)is the court palace and the
behind(north of city) is the market."
The ideal city in "zhouli kaogongji"
'Zhouli Kaogong ji' is the records of Craftsmenships rules and
rituals in Zhou dynasty (around BC 8th century-BC 5th
century).In the chapters of "Jiangren yingguo (about Craftsmen
Constructing the State)", itillustrated an ideal capital
city for ancient Chinese emperors.
12. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The city planning of Beijing is one of the best example
following chinese ideal capital model in "Zhou'li Kao'gong'ji"
while Beijing central axis is the most representative and well
preserved urban pattern.
The main heritage elements of Beijing Cenntral Axis
following the ideal city model in "Zhou'li Kao'gong'ji"
'Yong'ding' Gate
Temple of HeavenTemple of Agriculture
Forbidden city
The temple of
ancesters
The market area
The alter of
land and grain
Beijing Old cityThe image of Beijing in Qing dynasty
2-A Reflection of the ideal city model of capital
13. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The values of Beijing Central Axis
Beijing Central Axis is a representative miniature of the idea "being in the center of the world",
which was close related to the whole territorial planning, revealing the ancient Chinese
philosophy.
Beijing Central Axis is a historic and architectural complex exemplified by its meticulously
planned location, intact spatial layout, unique land use and characteristic. A perfect synthesis
where one can observe the visual, functional, morphological and cultural relationship. Beijing
Central Axis shows the systematic and creativity of urban planning concept in ancient China:
the ideal capital model proposed by ‘Zhou’li Kao’gong Ji’ in Zhou dynasty, the principles of
‘Guan Zi’ in the Spring and Autumn period and etc.
Beijing Central Axis serves as an epitome of China's planning of a capital city that has been
evolved over thousands of years, where the highest level of artistic achievement in the design
and construction of a capital city during Ming-Qing period is still evident today.
15. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
1. the spatial system of urban heritage:
• site’s topography, geomorphology, hydrology and
natural features;
• important public infrastructures;
• open spaces;
• visual relationships...
HUL approach emphasizes the conservation of three
aspects of urban heritage
2. the time-depth of urban heritage:
• the driving forces in different development process
• historic and contemporary built environment
3. the inter-action between the place and community:
• land use patterns;
• social and cultural practices
• the associated intangible heritages
The integrity of Beijing Central Axis
1.An integrated urban spatial system:
• topography and hydrology features;
• urban patterns;
• public infrastructures;
• well preserved historic buildings;
• visual relationships;
2.The intact historic layers of urban development:
evolution fromYuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, to the
Republic of China and People's Republic of China;
3.The long-term sustaining land-use and culture
places:
• typical land use areas revealing Beijing traditional
urban life;
• representative cultural places
• the relationship with important historical events
16. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
1-The spatial system of Beijing central axis
The close relationship between the built heritage and the
topography and hydrology features of Beijing:
-the mountains in the north-west;
-Wen'yu river in the north-east and theYong'ding river in the
south-west area of the city;
-the 'six lakes' areas with its natural characters;
The hydrology system of Beijing
Yong'ding River
Wen'yu River
North moatSix lakes area
South moat
Mountains in the north-
The topography and hydrology
features of Beijing
17. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The importance of topography and hydrology features in the urban landscape of Beijing central axis
18. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The urban pattern and public infrastructures
Bell tower
Drum tower
Jing Mountain
Forbidden city
The alter of land
and grain
The temple
of ancestor
Tian'an'men
square
Zheng'yang Gate
Temple of agriculture
Temple of heaven
Yong'ding Gate
1-The spatial system of Beijing central axis
The urban pattern and public infrastructures of
Beijing Central Axis constitute the most remarkable
morphological character in Beijing old city. It
coordinates and orders the relations among the
imperial places, altars, markets, streets, and even the
Tian’an’men square architectural complex.
City Gate
(Disappearing)
Main street
19. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The different character of public infrastructures in Beijing Central Axis
20. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The important visual relationships:
-the aerial view
-the pedestrian view
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 2 2
3 5 7
1-The spatial system of Beijing central axis
21. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
2- The historic layers of urban development
Yuan Dynasty
1272-1368
Ming Dynasty
after 1553
Qing Dynasty
1636-1911
Center of the city
The formation of Beijing Central axis
Moving the city area to the south of 'Da'du'
Extending the central axis to the south
Respect the urban pattern of Ming
Maintain and rebuilt the important buildings
The location of the center of the city
The formation of the north section of
Beijing Central axis
The regeneration of Zheng'yang Gate area
The design of Tian'an'men Square
Recent Development
1911-today
22. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
3- Traditional land use and culture places
Four urban landscape areas with traditional land uses:
(South to north)
1)The place of worship outside Forbidden City, fromYongding
Gate in the south to Zhengyang Gate;
2) The modern political center, Zhengyang Gate to Tian'anmen
Square;
3) The imperial "Halls and Palaces", from Forbidden city to Jing
Mountain, and three lakes in the south
4) The "Market" and residential area - Drum Tower, Bell Tower,
Nan'luo'gu lane, IncliningYan'dai street, and the lakes.
The four areas make up a representative picture scroll of Beijing
Urban 'Landscape', presenting the vicissitudes about the city and
people.
1
2
3
4
23. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
Four areas with different urban landscape characters: fromYong'ding Gate to the north
jing Central Axis Urban Landscape
24. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
From Zheng'yang Gate to Tian'an'men Square
26. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The "Market" and residential area:
A typical image of civil life in Old Beijing
27. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The proposed nominated property and buffer zone
The zone of nominated property includes the overall urban pattern,
the important public infrastructures, the six lakes areas, and the well
preserved historic streets and constructions. The zone also covers all
the main elements of its historic processes from Yuan, Ming and Qing
dynasties to the Republic of China and People's Republic of China.
The buffer zone is consisted by the existing buffer zone of the
Forbidden City and the temple of heaven, which will control the
development in wider city area, preserving the visual relations of the
system.
Total conservation area
(property+buffer zone): 5143.44 ha
28. 4.A Critical Review of Contemporary Architectures on BCA
3 Cases
1960s-1970s, Tian'an'men square and the surrounding political buildings
1998, the Opera House of Beijing
2005, the rebuilt ofYong'Ding Gate
29. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The approved urban conservation regulations on Beijing historic center
Old city center
Conservation plan for the historic city
of Beijing,2002
The hydrology features of Beijing historic city
The visual relationships (no high buildings)
The building height control requirement
Conservation
areas
Conservation planning of historic
areas in Beijing old city, 2001
Conservation plan for the imperial city
of Beijing, 2004
The preservation of existing urban patterns(road
system)
The six types of maintenance and regeneration
strategies of different buildings
Cultural relics
The management regulations on the
cultural relics areas, 2007
Conservation areas
Built control areas
(The height control+building density control)
Picturesque image
Unified building form
The height control+building density control+land use adjustment
30. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The visual relationships of Beijing historic city
---from 'Conservation plan for the historic city of Beijing'
The height control of the areas outside of
conservation areas in Beijing old city area
12m
18m
24m
30m
31. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
Cultural relics conservation: the control requirements on
conservation areas and built control areas
Conservation areas: the requirement of the ‘law for the
preservation of cultural relics’;
Built control areas: five types
Type 1: no construction area;
Type II: one floor high area, height<3.3m, density<40%;
Type III: height<9m, density<35%;
Type IV: height<18m;
TypeV: specific built control areas.
The conservation areas and built control areas of
Beijing Imperial City
National cultural relics
Built control areas type I
Built control areas type II
Built control areas type III
Built control areas type IV
Built control areas typeV
32. 1960s-1970s, Tian'an'men square and the surrounding political buildings
1998, the Opera House of Beijing
2005, the rebuilt ofYong'Ding Gate
33. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
Tian' an' men
Monument to the People‘s Heroes
Chairman Mao Memorial Hall
Zheng'Yang Gate
Great Hall of the People
History Museum
The transformation of Tian' an' men Square
1952-54
The dismantlement of East and West Chang' An Gate
The dismantlement of the red walls, the expansion of south square
1959
The target of building the largest plaza in the world
The dismantlement of the Chinese Gate
The construction of the Great Hall of the People, the History Museum
and the Monument to the People's Heroes
1914 The dismantlement of Qian' Bu Corridor
1976 The construction of Chairman Mao Memorial Hall
34. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
Tian' an' men square before 1915 with the Qian' Bu Corridor Tian' an' men square in 1915 with the red walls of Imperial City
The location of Great Hall of the People before its construction The Zhong Hua Gate and the Monument to the People's Heroes
35. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The Tian' An' Men Square of Today
๏ The historic urban context
๏ The traditional building heights
✓ The Ideology of Beijing Central Axis
✓ Land-use/ Symmetrical building form
36. 1960s-1970s, Tian'an'men square and the surrounding political buildings
1998, the Opera House of Beijing
2005, the rebuilt ofYong'Ding Gate
37. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The fierce debate on the plan of National Opera House
The location of National Opera House
In 2000, a report criticizing the design of National Opera House from 49 academicians and 108
experts made this event become the headlines of media and induced a fierce and long-term debate.
The criticize mainly focused on the following aspects: the cost much beyond the budget; the
security issue caused by the irrational design; and the disorder brought by the too
avant-garde design in historic context. In order to evaluate the result of this event, we
need to comprehend the whole process of decision making.
38. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The process of National Opera House design competition
1958 The location(to the west of Great Hall of the People) was chosen by the
central authority. However, because of the political and economical reasons,
the project did not carry out at that time. The area was remained as
traditional residential buildings.
1998 The NOH project was proposed again CPPCC and was passed through by the
state council.
The international competition on architecture design invited public biding and
the design of Paul Andren was chosen after two selections.
Land area: 118,900 sq meter
Total construction area: 149,500 sq meter
Investment budget: 2688,000,000RMB (336 million Euro)
2000 The criticizes from academicians and the wide debate of experts and public
2001 A series of expert meetings in 2001 urged Andren modify his plan, reducing
the investment budget, solving the emergency problems and etc.
The final project was officially approved by the central authority and experts,
the construction work was started at the end of 2001.
2007 The completion of New National Opera House
39. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The architecture designs of National Opera House, Beijing
The design from Tsinghua University The first and second design from Terre Farell & Partners (UK)
The selected design of Paul Andren
The requirements of urban planning on NOH
In 1998, the conservation plan for the historic city of Beijing
was not drawn up, the new construction mainly controlled by
the master plan of Beijing.This document only defined the land
use of the site (for public infrastructure) and the max height
(less than 30m). In this case, all these requirements were
followed by the architectural designs.
40. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The perspective from Mountain Jing before (left) and
after (below) the construction of National Opera House
✓ The building height/ Building density
✓ Land-use function
๏ Visual integrity
๏ The urban pattern (morphology scale)
๏ Local identity
๏ The environmental micro-climate (glazing materiel)
41. 1960s-1970s, Tian'an'men square and the surrounding political buildings
1998, the Opera House of Beijing
2005, the rebuilt ofYong'Ding Gate
42. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The History and Rebuilt ofYong' Ding Gate
1564
The expansion of Beijing Inner City from 1553 and the
construction ofYong' Ding Gate in 1564
Yong' Ding Gate:The beginning of BCA
1950-1957
The dismantlement for the development of transportation
2004
The Rebuilt ofYong' Ding Gate and the plaza as the beginning point
of BCA
22,000 sqm.
3 football stadium
A hanging garden over the 2nd ring road of Beijing
44. 6 Beijing Central Axis Urban Landscape✓ Rebuilt the Cultural Icon of the city
✓ More public greenery
๏ Not Authentic
๏ Not human-comfort morphology scale
๏ Not respect the need of local community
๏ No close inter-action with community
๏ Huge expenditure for routine maintenance
46. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The omission of existing urban planning strategies
If comparing the existing urban planning strategies with the HUL approaches applied in Beijing
Central Axis, it could be noticed that we need more solid urban conservation strategies on spatial
planning, the natural features, urban pattern and the visual relationships.
Today's measures still focus on the physical heritage, to some extent we ignore:
- connections of different properties or areas;
- more various aspect of components for the place characters;
- and the inter-action between physical heritage and people.
The HUL approach provides us a wider and more inter-related perspective to consider the values
and heritage attributes of Beijing central axis. With the view of HUL, a new frame of time and
space to identify the heritage attributes can be built, and a significant heritage system of Beijing
Central Axis could be established which will link the existing national, administrative cultural and
natural heritage of Beijing.
47. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The omission of existing urban planning strategies
For the existing urban conservation planning system of Beijing Central Axis, the following aspects
need to be improved:
1. The change of height control requirements in the buffer zone for the preservation of visual
relationships
2. More guidances on preserving the space characters and feeling by urban designs
-the continuity or variation of spaces in the axis
-the relations of cultural places with traditional land use or intangible heritage
3. More places open for the public in order to create more opportunities for public participation
48. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
The evaluation criteria of contemporary architecture project
Objective criteria
✓The building height control requirement
✓The building density of the site
✓Traditional land-use/ Function
Subjective criteria
๏The various aspects of historic/ cultural character of the site
๏ (urban pattern/building material/ scale/ techniques/ pedestrian feelings[Eco]...)
๏Visual integrity on spatial dimension
๏The social benefit of the project for the community
49. NHC THUNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTER . Tsinghua University
Conclusion
Thinking on HUL approach from the Chinese practices
Since the publication of UNESCO Recommendation on HUL in 2011, this concept and approach
have aroused a wide discussion in the field of heritage conservation and urban planning. In the
meetings about this theme last year, a common consensus on HUL still needs further debate.
Some experts believe that the 30-years practice of historic and cultural city (and village)
conservation in China shares some similar principles with HUL approach: both try to quest an
integrated conservation approach for historic cities. And some of the new ideas emphasized by
HUL approach, such as the importance of land use, visual relationships and etc. have already been
noticed in urban planning strategies of China, though lack of specific management strategies or
tools.Therefore, the creativity of HUL approach and its effectiveness in Chinese context still need
to test in practices.