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Fundamental
Concepts
1
Fundamentals ofFundamentals of
ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
Fundamentals ofFundamentals of
ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
What is Thermodynamics?What is Thermodynamics?
• The science of energy, that concerned
with the ways in which energy is stored
within a body.
• Energy transformations – mostly involve
heat and work movements.
• The Fundamental law is the conservation
of energy principle: energy cannot be
created or destroyed, but can only be
transformed from one form to another.
System, surroundings and boundarySystem, surroundings and boundary
• System: A quantity of matter or a
region in space chosen for study.
• Surroundings: The mass or region
outside the system
• Boundary: The real or imaginary
surface that separates the
system from its surroundings.
Type of systemType of system
(isolated system)(isolated system)
• Isolated system – neither mass nor
energy can cross the selected
boundary
• Example (approximate): coffee in a
closed, well-insulated thermos bottle
Type of systemType of system
(Closed system)(Closed system)
• Closed system – only energy can
cross the selected boundary
• Examples: a tightly capped cup of coffee
Type of systemType of system
(Open system)(Open system)
• Open system – both mass and energy
can cross the selected boundary
• Example: an open cup of coffee
Properties of a systemProperties of a system
Properties of a system is a measurable characteristic of a system that is in
equilibrium.
Properties may be intensive or extensive.
• Intensive – Are independent
of the amount of mass: e.g:
Temperature, Pressure, and
Density,
• Extensive – varies directly with
the mass
e.g: mass, volume, energy,
enthalpy
Specific properties
The ratio of any extensive property of a system to that of the mass of the system is
called an average specific value of that property (also known as intensives property)
Properties of a systemProperties of a system
State, Equilibrium and ProcessState, Equilibrium and Process
• State – a set of properties that describes
the conditions of a system. Eg. Mass m,
Temperature T, volume V
• Thermodynamic equilibrium - system that
maintains thermal, mechanical, phase
and chemical equilibriums.
State, Equilibrium and ProcessState, Equilibrium and Process
• Process – change from one equilibrium
state to another.
Process Property held
constant
isobaric pressure
isothermal temperature
isochoric volume
isentropic entropy
The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process for which a particular property
remains constant.
State, Equilibrium and ProcessState, Equilibrium and Process
Isobaric process: A process during which the pressure P remains constant.
Pressure is Constant (ΔP = 0)
Isothermal process: A
process during which the
temperature T remains
constant.
Isochoric (or isometric)
process: A process during
which the specific volume v
remains constant
State, Equilibrium and ProcessState, Equilibrium and Process
Process Property held
constant
isobaric pressure
isothermal temperature
isochoric volume
isentropic entropy
Types of Thermodynamics ProcessesTypes of Thermodynamics Processes
• Cyclic process - when a system in a given initial state goes
through various processes and finally return to its initial
state, the system has undergone a cyclic process or cycle.
• Reversible process - it is defined as a process that, once
having take place it can be reversed. In doing so, it
leaves no change in the system or boundary.
• Irreversible process - a process that cannot return both
the system and surrounding to their original conditions
Types of Thermodynamics ProcessesTypes of Thermodynamics Processes
• Adiabatic process - a process that has no heat transfer into or out
of the system. It can be considered to be perfectly insulated.
• Isentropic process - a process where the entropy of the fluid
remains constant.
• Polytropic process - when a gas undergoes a reversible process in
which there is heat transfer, it is represented with a straight line,
PVn
= constant.
• Throttling process - a process in which there is no change in
enthalpy, no work is done and the process is adiabatic.
Zeroth Law of ThermodynamicsZeroth Law of Thermodynamics
“ If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body,
there are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.”
Application Areas of ThermodynamicsApplication Areas of Thermodynamics
Skillcruise.com

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Fundamentals

  • 2. What is Thermodynamics?What is Thermodynamics? • The science of energy, that concerned with the ways in which energy is stored within a body. • Energy transformations – mostly involve heat and work movements. • The Fundamental law is the conservation of energy principle: energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can only be transformed from one form to another.
  • 3. System, surroundings and boundarySystem, surroundings and boundary • System: A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study. • Surroundings: The mass or region outside the system • Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings.
  • 4. Type of systemType of system (isolated system)(isolated system) • Isolated system – neither mass nor energy can cross the selected boundary • Example (approximate): coffee in a closed, well-insulated thermos bottle
  • 5. Type of systemType of system (Closed system)(Closed system) • Closed system – only energy can cross the selected boundary • Examples: a tightly capped cup of coffee
  • 6. Type of systemType of system (Open system)(Open system) • Open system – both mass and energy can cross the selected boundary • Example: an open cup of coffee
  • 7. Properties of a systemProperties of a system Properties of a system is a measurable characteristic of a system that is in equilibrium. Properties may be intensive or extensive. • Intensive – Are independent of the amount of mass: e.g: Temperature, Pressure, and Density, • Extensive – varies directly with the mass e.g: mass, volume, energy, enthalpy
  • 8. Specific properties The ratio of any extensive property of a system to that of the mass of the system is called an average specific value of that property (also known as intensives property) Properties of a systemProperties of a system
  • 9. State, Equilibrium and ProcessState, Equilibrium and Process • State – a set of properties that describes the conditions of a system. Eg. Mass m, Temperature T, volume V • Thermodynamic equilibrium - system that maintains thermal, mechanical, phase and chemical equilibriums.
  • 10. State, Equilibrium and ProcessState, Equilibrium and Process • Process – change from one equilibrium state to another. Process Property held constant isobaric pressure isothermal temperature isochoric volume isentropic entropy
  • 11. The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process for which a particular property remains constant. State, Equilibrium and ProcessState, Equilibrium and Process Isobaric process: A process during which the pressure P remains constant. Pressure is Constant (ΔP = 0)
  • 12. Isothermal process: A process during which the temperature T remains constant. Isochoric (or isometric) process: A process during which the specific volume v remains constant State, Equilibrium and ProcessState, Equilibrium and Process Process Property held constant isobaric pressure isothermal temperature isochoric volume isentropic entropy
  • 13. Types of Thermodynamics ProcessesTypes of Thermodynamics Processes • Cyclic process - when a system in a given initial state goes through various processes and finally return to its initial state, the system has undergone a cyclic process or cycle. • Reversible process - it is defined as a process that, once having take place it can be reversed. In doing so, it leaves no change in the system or boundary. • Irreversible process - a process that cannot return both the system and surrounding to their original conditions
  • 14. Types of Thermodynamics ProcessesTypes of Thermodynamics Processes • Adiabatic process - a process that has no heat transfer into or out of the system. It can be considered to be perfectly insulated. • Isentropic process - a process where the entropy of the fluid remains constant. • Polytropic process - when a gas undergoes a reversible process in which there is heat transfer, it is represented with a straight line, PVn = constant. • Throttling process - a process in which there is no change in enthalpy, no work is done and the process is adiabatic.
  • 15. Zeroth Law of ThermodynamicsZeroth Law of Thermodynamics “ If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, there are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.”
  • 16. Application Areas of ThermodynamicsApplication Areas of Thermodynamics