The document is a 139-page research report from 2012 on China's PV power station operators. It provides an overview of China's solar energy resources and industry, analyzes data from 23 major operators, and discusses the trends in China's PV power market. The report also includes an investment return analysis of a 10MW PV power station project based on China's solar subsidies at the time. It aims to provide an in-depth look at China's PV power station industry through market statistics, case studies of operators, and conclusions on industry developments.
On-grid PV Opportunities in University Campuses: A case study at Nazarbayev U...Luis Ram Rojas-Sol
The universities around the world are taking every day a more decisive role in fighting global warming. Indeed,
many campuses are not only teaching established and disrupting clean energy technologies, but also are practicing
their lectures. For example, the University of Arizona, USA, leads the campuses with 28 MW of installed On-Grid
PV systems (http://www.aashe.org/resources/campus-solar-photovoltaic-installations/top10/). Furthermore,
campuses of emerging universities, as Nazarbayev University (NU), located in Astana, Kazakhstan, which is
developing with the firm aim to become a leader world class research university in the heart of Eurasia, are taking
this commitment as well. Additionally, being Kazakhstan the host of EXPO-2017 which has the motto: ¨Future
Energy¨, it is natural to evaluate if NU campus would be a good candidate to support and exhibit, with demonstrated
technical and economic advantages, its own On-Grid PV in-campus system. Therefore, in this investigation, a
feasibility study of installing PV panels on the rooftop of School of Engineering at NU is carried out. A 24 kWp rooftop
PV installation with a 14.7% capacity factor, capable to export 31 MWh of electricity to the grid per year, is assumed
to be the system for the purpose of this analysis. The financial analysis has a horizon of 20-year lifetime and 25%
debt ratio financed at 15% interest over 20 years. Selection of appropriate equipment and calculation of financial
outcomes under three different scenarios or policy options are presented. The policies or scenarios corresponded
to having or not government grants (GG) and having attractive Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) rates in order to determine their
financial benefits. The GG scenario was stretched up to consider 30% of the total project cost and FIT was varied
from current offered FIT rate by KEGOC (Kazakhstan utility company) of 36,410 KZT/MWh to a more attractive rate
of 70,000 KZT/MWh. Results demonstrate that current scenario of FIT is marginally favorable (IRR on Equity: 15.1%,
Benefit-Cost Ratio: 1.37, Equity Payback: 8.8 years), while the 30% of incentives on top of current FIT moderatedly
improves the benefits of the project (IRR on Equity: 20.9%, Benefit-Cost Ratio: 1.47, Equity Payback: 7.2 years).
Nevertheless, upgrading current FIT to 70,000 KZT/MWh, even without incentives, proved to be enough to
dramatically improve the outcome of the project for investors (IRR-Equity > 28%, Equity Payback of 5 years and
Benefit-Cost ratio > 3.6), demonstrating that with a subtle change in policies, Nazarbayev University as many other
campuses in the country, may easily justify the investment in their On-Grid PV systems and therefore, become part
of the “green” universities in the world with direct contribution to tackle climate change.
A Roadmap for Indonesia’s Power Sector: How Renewable Energy Can Power Java-Bali and Sumatra Summary for Policy
Makers was produced by Monash University’s Grid Innovation Hub partnering with the Australia Indonesia Centre, supported by Agora Energiewende and the Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR).
On-grid PV Opportunities in University Campuses: A case study at Nazarbayev U...Luis Ram Rojas-Sol
The universities around the world are taking every day a more decisive role in fighting global warming. Indeed,
many campuses are not only teaching established and disrupting clean energy technologies, but also are practicing
their lectures. For example, the University of Arizona, USA, leads the campuses with 28 MW of installed On-Grid
PV systems (http://www.aashe.org/resources/campus-solar-photovoltaic-installations/top10/). Furthermore,
campuses of emerging universities, as Nazarbayev University (NU), located in Astana, Kazakhstan, which is
developing with the firm aim to become a leader world class research university in the heart of Eurasia, are taking
this commitment as well. Additionally, being Kazakhstan the host of EXPO-2017 which has the motto: ¨Future
Energy¨, it is natural to evaluate if NU campus would be a good candidate to support and exhibit, with demonstrated
technical and economic advantages, its own On-Grid PV in-campus system. Therefore, in this investigation, a
feasibility study of installing PV panels on the rooftop of School of Engineering at NU is carried out. A 24 kWp rooftop
PV installation with a 14.7% capacity factor, capable to export 31 MWh of electricity to the grid per year, is assumed
to be the system for the purpose of this analysis. The financial analysis has a horizon of 20-year lifetime and 25%
debt ratio financed at 15% interest over 20 years. Selection of appropriate equipment and calculation of financial
outcomes under three different scenarios or policy options are presented. The policies or scenarios corresponded
to having or not government grants (GG) and having attractive Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) rates in order to determine their
financial benefits. The GG scenario was stretched up to consider 30% of the total project cost and FIT was varied
from current offered FIT rate by KEGOC (Kazakhstan utility company) of 36,410 KZT/MWh to a more attractive rate
of 70,000 KZT/MWh. Results demonstrate that current scenario of FIT is marginally favorable (IRR on Equity: 15.1%,
Benefit-Cost Ratio: 1.37, Equity Payback: 8.8 years), while the 30% of incentives on top of current FIT moderatedly
improves the benefits of the project (IRR on Equity: 20.9%, Benefit-Cost Ratio: 1.47, Equity Payback: 7.2 years).
Nevertheless, upgrading current FIT to 70,000 KZT/MWh, even without incentives, proved to be enough to
dramatically improve the outcome of the project for investors (IRR-Equity > 28%, Equity Payback of 5 years and
Benefit-Cost ratio > 3.6), demonstrating that with a subtle change in policies, Nazarbayev University as many other
campuses in the country, may easily justify the investment in their On-Grid PV systems and therefore, become part
of the “green” universities in the world with direct contribution to tackle climate change.
A Roadmap for Indonesia’s Power Sector: How Renewable Energy Can Power Java-Bali and Sumatra Summary for Policy
Makers was produced by Monash University’s Grid Innovation Hub partnering with the Australia Indonesia Centre, supported by Agora Energiewende and the Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR).
Operation and Control of Grid Connected Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid using Various RESIAES-IJPEDS
This paper proposes a Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid in alliance with Photo Voltaic (PV) energy, Wind Energy and Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel cells. Microgrids are becoming increasingly attractive to the researchers because of the less greenhouse gases, low running cost, and flexibility to operate in connection with utility grid. The Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid constitutes independent AC and DC subgrids, where all the corresponding sources and loads are connected to their respective buses and these buses are interfaced using an interfacing converter. The Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid increases system efficiency by reducing the multiple reverse conversions involved in conventional RES integration to grid. A Small Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid in grid connected mode was modeled and simulated in MATLAB- SIMULINK environment. The simulation results prove the stable operation considering the uncertainty of generations and loads.
Government of India is aiming towards a capacity of about 100,000 MW to come from Solar Energy by the year 2022. This includes a capacity of 40,000 MW to come up on the rooftops of various buildings and houses spread throughout the country. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy sources is looking for training about 50,000 Suryamitra in next 3 years Considering the huge technically trained manpower requirement to meet this ambitious goal, Skill Council for Green Jobs is targeting a special skilling course on Solar PV Installer with the name called Suryamitra. The Solar PV Installer (Suryamitra) would be specialised for mechanical, civil and electrical installations of rooftop Solar Photovoltaic systems as well as maintaining them.
This Participant book is designed to enable theoretical and practical training on Rooftop Solar PV Installation, Operation and Maintenance as per Solar PV Installer (Suryamitra) Qualification Pack, SGJ/Q0101 and is available for free download at www.sscgj.in.
This book is designed considering the minimum education qualification of Suryamitra to be ITI/Diploma. However, as part this book, efforts have been made to revise their knowledge of electrical and civil concepts required for this job. The contents of this book are in simple language, without going into too much theoretical details and calculations. It is envisaged that this training manual will provide the participants with the knowledge and skills required for installing and maintaining a rooftop Solar Photovoltaic System, complying with all applicable codes, standards, and safety requirements; and enable them to actively participate in the growing solar rooftop market.
Grid Integration of Large PV Power Systems Using HVDC LinkIJERA Editor
This paper explores the interconnection of large scale Photo-Voltaic (PV) systems to the grid though a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) link. HVDC link is recently utilized for transmission lines longer than 50 km. It is usually utilized to interconnect two asynchronous grids with the same or different frequencies while avoiding stability disturbances greatly. A suitable Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques is employed to control the performance of the integrated PV system. The system of the HVDC link has two 12-pulse converter using thyristor-bridges. The delay and the extinction angles at the rectifier and the inverter units control the flow and the quantity of the transmitted power from the PV system into the grid. Fixed capacitors and filters are used to provide the AC side with the required reactive power and reduce the harmonic contents. For evaluation purposes, different simulation investigations are carried out with a detailed modeling using the MATLAB. These tests corroborate the efficacy of HVDC link for integrating large PV systems to electrical grids
A survey on power management strategies of hybrid energy systems in microgrid IJECEIAES
The power generation through renewable energy resources is increasing vastly, Solar energy and Wind Energy are the most abundantly available renewable energy resources. The growth of small scale distributed grid networks increasing rapidly in the modern power systems and Distributed Generation (DG) plays a predominant role. Microgrid is one among the emerging techniques in power systems. Power Management is mainly required to have control over the real and reactive power of individual DG and for smooth operation, maintaining stability and reliability. This paper presents a survey of the research works already reported focusing on power management of hybrid energy systems such as mainly solar and wind systems in microgrid. Six different approaches have been studied in detail for AC, DC and hybrid AC/DC microgrid.
This paper presents a modeling of 185W Mono-crystalline Solar Panel Using Matlab/Simulink approach. The objective of this project to carried out the efficiency and performance of Solar Panel. The type of solar panel in this project is a mono-crystalline by the SC Origin Company. A temperature and irradiance are the input parameters of the system. The outputs of the system are voltage, current and power. In addition, the data of temperature and irradiance from August to December 2017 by RETScreen Website. This data are used as an inout for PV System and the curve of I-V and P-V as the output. The data are collected at location 1.86° N, 103.09° E which is in Bandar Penggaram, Johor. The output result of I-V and P-V will be used to compare with the reference.
Operation and Control of Grid Connected Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid using Various RESIAES-IJPEDS
This paper proposes a Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid in alliance with Photo Voltaic (PV) energy, Wind Energy and Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel cells. Microgrids are becoming increasingly attractive to the researchers because of the less greenhouse gases, low running cost, and flexibility to operate in connection with utility grid. The Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid constitutes independent AC and DC subgrids, where all the corresponding sources and loads are connected to their respective buses and these buses are interfaced using an interfacing converter. The Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid increases system efficiency by reducing the multiple reverse conversions involved in conventional RES integration to grid. A Small Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid in grid connected mode was modeled and simulated in MATLAB- SIMULINK environment. The simulation results prove the stable operation considering the uncertainty of generations and loads.
Government of India is aiming towards a capacity of about 100,000 MW to come from Solar Energy by the year 2022. This includes a capacity of 40,000 MW to come up on the rooftops of various buildings and houses spread throughout the country. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy sources is looking for training about 50,000 Suryamitra in next 3 years Considering the huge technically trained manpower requirement to meet this ambitious goal, Skill Council for Green Jobs is targeting a special skilling course on Solar PV Installer with the name called Suryamitra. The Solar PV Installer (Suryamitra) would be specialised for mechanical, civil and electrical installations of rooftop Solar Photovoltaic systems as well as maintaining them.
This Participant book is designed to enable theoretical and practical training on Rooftop Solar PV Installation, Operation and Maintenance as per Solar PV Installer (Suryamitra) Qualification Pack, SGJ/Q0101 and is available for free download at www.sscgj.in.
This book is designed considering the minimum education qualification of Suryamitra to be ITI/Diploma. However, as part this book, efforts have been made to revise their knowledge of electrical and civil concepts required for this job. The contents of this book are in simple language, without going into too much theoretical details and calculations. It is envisaged that this training manual will provide the participants with the knowledge and skills required for installing and maintaining a rooftop Solar Photovoltaic System, complying with all applicable codes, standards, and safety requirements; and enable them to actively participate in the growing solar rooftop market.
Grid Integration of Large PV Power Systems Using HVDC LinkIJERA Editor
This paper explores the interconnection of large scale Photo-Voltaic (PV) systems to the grid though a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) link. HVDC link is recently utilized for transmission lines longer than 50 km. It is usually utilized to interconnect two asynchronous grids with the same or different frequencies while avoiding stability disturbances greatly. A suitable Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques is employed to control the performance of the integrated PV system. The system of the HVDC link has two 12-pulse converter using thyristor-bridges. The delay and the extinction angles at the rectifier and the inverter units control the flow and the quantity of the transmitted power from the PV system into the grid. Fixed capacitors and filters are used to provide the AC side with the required reactive power and reduce the harmonic contents. For evaluation purposes, different simulation investigations are carried out with a detailed modeling using the MATLAB. These tests corroborate the efficacy of HVDC link for integrating large PV systems to electrical grids
A survey on power management strategies of hybrid energy systems in microgrid IJECEIAES
The power generation through renewable energy resources is increasing vastly, Solar energy and Wind Energy are the most abundantly available renewable energy resources. The growth of small scale distributed grid networks increasing rapidly in the modern power systems and Distributed Generation (DG) plays a predominant role. Microgrid is one among the emerging techniques in power systems. Power Management is mainly required to have control over the real and reactive power of individual DG and for smooth operation, maintaining stability and reliability. This paper presents a survey of the research works already reported focusing on power management of hybrid energy systems such as mainly solar and wind systems in microgrid. Six different approaches have been studied in detail for AC, DC and hybrid AC/DC microgrid.
This paper presents a modeling of 185W Mono-crystalline Solar Panel Using Matlab/Simulink approach. The objective of this project to carried out the efficiency and performance of Solar Panel. The type of solar panel in this project is a mono-crystalline by the SC Origin Company. A temperature and irradiance are the input parameters of the system. The outputs of the system are voltage, current and power. In addition, the data of temperature and irradiance from August to December 2017 by RETScreen Website. This data are used as an inout for PV System and the curve of I-V and P-V as the output. The data are collected at location 1.86° N, 103.09° E which is in Bandar Penggaram, Johor. The output result of I-V and P-V will be used to compare with the reference.
2010 Deep Research Report on Global and China PV Inverter Industry'was professional and depth research report on global and China PV Inverter industry.
Dc-Dc boost converter topologies and MPPT techniques for Grid connected PV sy...rameshwar meena
1. Modeling of Dc-Dc boost converter in MATLAB Simulink.
2. MATLAB Simulink of P&O techniques and Incremental conductance.
3. Ac grid connected to solar PV array via dc-dc boost converter and Dc-Ac converter.
A Review on Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques under Partial Shading Con...ijtsrd
Partially shaded condition PSC is one of the major problems in large photovoltaic generation systems. It causes losses in output power and hot spot effects. Under PSC, PV characteristic curve exhibits multiple peaks having one global maximum power point and multiple local maximum power points. Tracking the global maximum power point is one of the main challenges the design engineers have to face. The paper presents the recent work done on the development of Global Maximum Power Point Tracking GMPPT algorithms under partial shading condition and their comparative analysis. To have focus on GMPPT techniques used in PSC, traditional MPPT techniques that cannot distinguish GMPP from local maximum power points have not been discussed. Rishi Kumar Gupta | Nita Vishwakarma "A Review on Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques under Partial Shading Condition" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50590.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/50590/a-review-on-maximum-power-point-tracking-techniques-under-partial-shading-condition/rishi-kumar-gupta
Particle Swarm Optimization PSO Algorithm Based MPPT for PV System Operating ...ijtsrd
With ever increasing demand, solar energy has emerged as one of the most significant renewable energy sources consequently, operating photovoltaic panels to maximize efficiency is vital. However, solar panels have difficulties, such as the Partial Shading Condition, which has a substantial influence on the efficiency of the PV system. MPPT plays a critical role in improving the power of PV systems. PV trajectories will be diverse and exceedingly complicated due to the numerous peaks accessible during PSC. Traditional MPPT approaches will fail to achieve the Global Maximum Power Point and instead will linger at the Local Maximum Peak Point, decreasing the PV modules efficiency and performance. The Particle Swarm Optimization technique is used in this work to determine the GM PP by measuring peak power. In terms of Maximum Power Point, this approach offers a high degree of reliability, robustness, and proficiency. MATLAB Simulink is used to verify the suggested approach. Sarad Kumar | Pramod Kumar Rathore "Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm Based MPPT for PV System Operating under Partial Shading Condition" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52182.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/52182/particle-swarm-optimization-pso-algorithm-based-mppt-for-pv-system-operating-under-partial-shading-condition/sarad-kumar
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Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
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LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
2012 deep research report on china pv power station operator
1. 2012 Deep Research Report on China PV Power Station Operator
2012 Deep Research Report on China PV Power Station Operator
Hard copy: 2500 USD
Electronic copy (PDF):2500USD
Global License: 4500USD
Pages: 139
Tables and Figures: 166
Published Date: Apr 20 2012
Publisher: QY Research Group
Contact: Mr. Zhang Dong 86-10-82945717 86-13811796901 sales@qyresearch.com
Summary
<2012 Deep Research Report on China PV Power Station Operator > was a professional and depth
research report on China PV Power Station Industry. Firstly the report describes the background
knowledge of PV Power Station, including Concepts Classification solar energy resource and
utilization grid off grid pv power station and related technologies analysis etc; then statistics China
23 operators PV Power Station installed capacity grid installed capacity grid price power cost
system cost power revenue profit margin and other relevant data, statistics these enterprises PV
Power Station samples, company background information, then summary statistics and analysis
the relevant data on these enterprises. The report got China PV Power Station installed capacity
market share, China PV Power demand supply and shortage,China PV Power Station 2009-2016
installed capacity grid installed capacity power price cost profit power revenue profit margins, etc.
At the same time, the report analyzed and discussed supply and demand changes in PV Power
market and business development strategies, conduct a comprehensive analysis on China PV
Power industry trends. Finally, the report also introduced 10MW PV Power Station project
investment return analysis and related research conclusions. In a word, It was a depth research
report on China PV Power Station operator industry. And thanks to the support and assistance
from PV Power Station industry chain related experts and enterprises during QYResearch Team
survey and interview.
QYResearch Mr. Zhangdong sales@qyresearch.com 13811796901 8610-82945717 1(10 Total)
2. 2012 Deep Research Report on China PV Power Station Operator
Table of Contents
Chapter One Solar Energy Overview 1
1.1 Solar Energy Summary 1
1.2 China Solar Energy Resource Overview 1
1.3 China Energy Utilization and Power Status 3
1.4 Solar Energy Application 4
Chapter Two Solar PV Power System 5
2.1 Solar PV Power System 5
2.1.1 On-grid PV Power Station 6
2.1.2 Off Grid PV Power Station 9
2.2 Solar PV Power System Composition 10
2.2.1 PV Module 11
2.2.2 Convergence Box 12
2.2.3 DC Power Distribution Cabinet 13
2.2.4 Grid PV Inverter 14
2.2.5 AC Power Distribution Cabinet 14
2.2.6 Grid Access System (Transformer, Metering Equipment, etc) 15
2.2.7 DC/AC Cable 16
2.2.8 Monitoring and Communications System 16
2.2.9 Lightning Protection and Grounding Equipment 17
2.2.10 Other Equipment 17
Chapter Three PV Power Generation Principle and Grid Connection 18
3.1 PV Power Generation Principle 18
3.1.1 Semiconductor Photoelectric Effect 18
3.1.2 Solar Cell Power Generation Principle 19
3.2 PV Circuit Profile 19
3.3 PV Power Station Classification and Grid Connection 21
3.4 PV Power Station Grid Connection Technology Analysis 24
3.4.1 Active Power Regulation Technology 24
3.4.2 Reactive Power Compensation Technology 24
3.4.3 Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) Technology 25
3.4.4 Middle or High Voltage Direct Grid Connection Technology 26
3.4.5 Energy Storage Technology 26
3.4.6 Maximum Power Point Tracking(MPPT) Technology 27
3.4.7 Island Effect 28
3.5 Grid Connection Requirement 29
3.6 Power Generation Calculation and Influence Factor 29
3.6.1 Calculation Formula 29
3.6.2 Influence Factor 30
Chapter Four China PV Power Market Analysis 31
QYResearch Mr. Zhangdong sales@qyresearch.com 13811796901 8610-82945717 2(10 Total)
3. 2012 Deep Research Report on China PV Power Station Operator
4.1 China PV Power Installation 31
4.2 PV Power System Industry Chain Overview 32
4.3 China PV Power Industry Structure 34
4.4 China PV Power Market Development Trend 35
4.5 China PV Power Development Policy 36
Chapter Five China PV Power Station Installed Capacity Statistics 38
5.1 2009-2016 China PV Power Station Installed Capacity Overview 38
5.2 China 23 Operators Grid PV Power Station Power Generation Overview 45
5.3 Ground Building PV Power Installed Capacity Statistics50
5.4 2009-2016 PV Power Supply Demand and Shortage 51
5.5 2009-2016 China PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity Power
Generation Grid Price Cost Profit Margin 51
5.6 PV Power Station Projects Operator EPC List 52
Chapter Six China PV Power Station Operators 56
6.1 China Power Investment (Beijing) 56
6.2 CECEP (Beijing) 59
6.3 CGDC (Beijing) 62
6.4 CGNPC (Guangdong) 64
6.5 Datang Group (Beijing) 67
6.6 Chint Solar (Zhejiang) 69
6.7 Huadian Group (Beijing) 72
6.8 SDIC (Beijing) 74
6. 9 Ningxia Electric Power Group (Ningxia) 76
6.10 Linuo Group (Shandong) 79
6.11 Huaneng Group (Beijing) 82
6.12 GCL (HongKong) 84
6.13 Jingneng New Energy (Beijing) 87
6.14 Yutian New Energy (Xinjiang) 89
6.15 AKCOME (Jiangsu) 92
6.16 Hangtian SAAE (Shanghai) 94
6.17 Hi-Tech Wealth (Guangxi) 97
6.18 Hainan Sun Power (Hainan) 99
6.19 Renesola (Zhejiang) 102
6.20 EOPLLY New Energy (Shanghai) 104
6.21 LDK Solar (Jiangxi) 107
6.22 UMC (Taiwan) 110
6.23 Enfinity (Beijing) 112
Chapter Seven PV Power Station EPC Installers 114
7.1 GCL (Jiangsu) 114
7.2 Zhenfa New Energy (Jiangsu) 117
7.3 TBEA Solar (Xinjiang) 119
7.4 Guodian Solar (Jiangsu) 122
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7.5LDK Solar (Jiangxi) 124
7.6 Beijing Corona (Beijing) 126
7.7 Hangtian SAAE (Shanghai) 128
Chapter Eight China PV Power Station Project Investment Return Analysis 131
8.1 PV Power Station Project SWOT Analysis 131
8.2 2012 Golden Sun Policy 132
8.2.1 Support Range 132
8.2.2 Support Condition 132
8.2.3 Subsidy Standard 132
8.3 10MW PV Power Station Project Investment Return Analysis 133
8.3.1 Project Overview 133
8.3.2 Project Design 133
8.3.3 10MW PV Power Station Investment Items List 134
8.3.4 PV Power Station Power Generation Calculation 135
8.3.5 Project Investment Return Analysis 137
Chapter Nine PV Power Station Research Conclusions 139
Tables and Figures
Figure Global and China Solar Energy and Traditional Energy Resources Comprison1
Figure China Annual and Daily Solar Radiation (KWH/M2) Distribution 2
Figure China Solar Energy Resource (MJ/m2.Year) Distribution 3
Figure 2010 and 2020 China Power Structure (Coal Hydro Nuclear and Power Shortage) 4
Figure Solar Energy Applications List 4
Figure Solar PV Power System Schematic Diagram 5
Figure Solar Energy On-grid PV Power Station 6
Figure Reversible System Schematic Diagram 7
Figure Non-countercurrent System Schematic Diagram 7
Figure No Energy Storage System Schematic Diagram 7
Figure Energy Storage System Schematic Diagram 8
Figure Residential Grid System Schematic Diagram 8
Figure Solar Energy Off Grid PV Power Station 9
Figure DC Power Supply System 10
Figure AC Power Supply System 10
Figure Large-scale Grid-connected PV Power Station Composition 11
Figure PV Module Series and Parallel Install Schematic Diagram 11
Figure PV Module Product Picture (Mono Multi and Thin Film) 12
Figure PV Connector Product Picture 12
Figure Convergence Box Product Picture 13
Figure DC Mine Power Distribution Cabinet Principle Diagram 13
Figure PV Inverter Schematic Diagram (String Central) 14
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Figure AC Mine Power Distribution Cabinet Principle Diagram 15
Figure PV Power Station Grid Access Equipments List15
Figure Hierarchical Structure Monitoring Schematic Diagram 16
Figure PV Inverter Common Communication Method 17
Figure Large Scale PV Poer Station Typical Mine-awareness Programs 17
Figure Semiconductor Photoelectric Effect Principle 18
Figure Solar Cell Power Generation Principle 19
Figure Basic Photovoltaic Circuit Principle 20
Figure Series Photovoltaic Circuit Principle 20
Figure Parallel Photovoltaic Circuit Principle 20
Figure Series/Parallel photovoltaic circuit Principle 21
Table PV Power Station Classification and Grid Connection21
Figure Large or Middle PV Power Station Grid Connection Schematic Diagram22
Figure Small PV Power Station Grid Connection Schematic Diagram 23
Figure 0-100% Active Power Regulation Technology 24
Figure Reactive Power Compensation Principle 24
Figure Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) Technology Principle25
Figure Middle or High Voltage Direct Grid Connection Technology Schematic Diagram 26
Figure Energy Storage Technology Application Principle 26
Figure Maximum Power Point Tracking(MPPT) Through Perturb and Observe Schematic
Diagram 27
Figure Island Effect Schematic Diagram 28
Table IEEE Std.2000-929 Max Tripping Time Table When Active Island Effect 28
Figure 2009-2016 China PV Power Station New Install Capacity and Cumulative Install Capacity
(MW) 32
Figure Grid PV Power System Industry Chain Structure 32
Figure PV Power System Upstream Downstream Millde Stream Industry Chain Structure 33
Table China 14 Provinces PV Power Key Development Plans List 35
Table China PV Power Station Key Application and Demand (GW) List 37
Table 2009-2016 China 23 Operators PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW) List 38
Table 2009-2016 China 23 Operators PV Power Station Installed Capacity Market Share List 39
Table 2009-2016 China 23 Operators PV Power Station Grid Installed Capacity (MW) List 40
Table 2009-2016 China 23 Operators PV Power Station Grid Installed Capacity Market Share List
41
Figure 2009-2016 China PV Power Station Installed Capacity and Grid Installed Capacity (MW)
and Growth Rate 42
Table 2009-2016 China PV Power Station Grid Rate List 42
Figure 2009-2016 China PV Power Station Grid Rate Trend43
Figure 2009-2016 China PV Power Station New Installed Capacity and Cumulative Installed
Capacity (MW) 44
Figure 2011 China Key Operators PV Power Station Installed Capacity Market Share 44
Figure 2012 China Key Operators PV Power Station Installed Capacity Market Share 45
Table 2009-2016 China 23 Operators Grid PV Power Station Power Generation (10K kwh) List
45
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Table 2009-2016 China 23 Operators Grid PV Power Station Power Generation Market Share List
47
Table 2009-2016 China 23 Operators New Grid PV Power Station Power Generation Rate
(kwh/watt) List 48
Table China 31 Provines 1 Watt PV Power Station Power Generation (kwh/year) Distribution 49
Figure 2011 Qinghai Ningxia Jiangsu Gansu Inner Mongolia Hebei Tibet Shanxi etc Regional PV
Power Installed Capacity (MW) List 50
Table 2009-2016 China Ground and Building PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW) List 50
Table 2009-2016 China Ground and Building PV Power Station Installed Capacity Market Share
List 50
Table 2009-2016 China PV Power Supply Demand and Shortage (MW) 51
Table 2009-2016 China PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity (MW) Power
Generation (10K kwh) Grid Price Cost (RMB/kwh) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin List 51
Table 2011 China Selected PV Power Station Projects Building Time Status Capacity (MW)
Operators EPC Installers List 52
Figure China Power Investment Geermu 200MW Grid PV POEWR Station Picture 57
Table 2009-2016 China Power Investment PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid
Installed Capacity (MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System
Cost(RMB/W) Power Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 58
Figure 2009-2016 China Power Investment PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed
Capacity (MW) and Growth Rate 59
Figure CECEP Jiangsu Sheyang 20MW Shoals PV Power Station Picture 60
Table 2009-2016 CECEP PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed Capacity
(MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W) Power
Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 60
Figure 2009-2016 CECEP PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity (MW) and
Growth Rate 61
Figure CGDC Inner Mongolia Wulanchabu Siziwangqi 40MW PV Power Station Picture 62
Table 2009-2016 CGDC PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed Capacity
(MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W) Power
Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 63
Figure 2009-2016 CGDC PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity (MW) and
Growth Rate 64
Figure CGNPC Xitieshan 100MW Grid PV Power Station Picture 65
Table 2009-2016 CGNPC PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed Capacity
(MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W) Power
Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 65
Figure 2009-2016 CGNPC PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity (MW)
and Growth Rate 66
Figure Datang Group Qingtongxia 20MW Grid PV Power Station Picture 67
Table 2009-2016 Datang Group PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed
Capacity (MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W)
Power Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 68
Figure 2009-2016 Datang Group PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity
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(MW) and Growth Rate 69
Figure Chint Solar Geermu 20MW Grid PV Power Station Picture 70
Table 2009-2016 Chint Solar PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed Capacity
(MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W) Power
Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 70
Figure 2009-2016 Chint Solar PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity (MW)
and Growth Rate 71
Figure Huadian Group Hongshagang 10MW PV Power Station Picture 72
Table 2009-2016 Huadian Group PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed
Capacity (MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W)
Power Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 73
Figure 2009-2016 Huadian Group PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity
(MW) and Growth Rate 74
Figure SDIC Shizuishan 10MW Grid PV Power Station Picture 75
Table 2009-2016 SDIC PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed Capacity
(MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W) Power
Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 75
Figure 2009-2016 SDIC PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity (MW) and
Growth Rate 76
Figure Ningxia Electric Power Group Hongsibao 50MWp PV Power Station Picture 77
Table 2009-2016 Ningxia Electric Power Group PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid
Installed Capacity (MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System
Cost(RMB/W) Power Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 78
Figure 2009-2016 Ningxia Electric Power Group PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid
Installed Capacity (MW) and Growth Rate 79
Figure Linuo Group Rikeze 10MW Grid PV Power Station Picture 80
Table 2009-2016 Linuo Group PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed Capacity
(MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W) Power
Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 81
Figure 2009-2016 Linuo Group PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity
(MW) and Growth Rate 82
Figure Huaneng Group Geermu 50MW Grid PV Power Station Picture 83
Table 2009-2016 Huaneng Group PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed
Capacity (MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W)
Power Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 83
Figure 2009-2016 Huaneng Group PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity
(MW) and Growth Rate 84
Figure GCL Xuzhou 20MW Grid PV Power Station Picture 85
Table 2009-2016 GCL PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed Capacity
(MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W) Power
Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 85
Figure 2009-2016 GCL PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity (MW) and
Growth Rate 86
Figure Jingneng New Energy Taiyangshan 10MW Grid PV Power Station Picture 87
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Table 2009-2016 Jingneng New Energy PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed
Capacity (MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W)
Power Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 88
Figure 2009-2016 Jingneng New Energy PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed
Capacity (MW) and Growth Rate 89
Figure Yutian New Energy Qiemoxian 6MW Grid PV Power Station Picture 90
Table 2009-2016 Yutian New Energy PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed
Capacity (MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W)
Power Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 90
Figure 2009-2016 Yutian New Energy PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed
Capacity (MW) and Growth Rate 91
Figure AKCOME Gonghe PV Power Station Picture 92
Table 2009-2016 AKCOME PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed Capacity
(MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W) Power
Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 93
Figure 2009-2016 AKCOME PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity (MW)
and Growth Rate 94
Figure Hangtian SAAE Jiayuguan 27MW Grid PV Power Station Picture 95
Table 2009-2016 Hangtian SAAE PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed
Capacity (MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W)
Power Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 96
Figure 2009-2016 Hangtian SAAE PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity
(MW) and Growth Rate 97
Figure Hi-Tech Wealth Qinghai Hainanzhou 20MW Grid PV Power Station Picture 98
Table 2009-2016 Hi-Tech Wealth PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed
Capacity (MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W)
Power Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 98
Figure 2009-2016 Hi-Tech Wealth PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity
(MW) and Growth Rate 99
Figure Hainan Sun Power Lingao 20MW Grid PV Power Station Picture 100
Table 2009-2016 Hainan Sun Power PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed
Capacity (MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W)
Power Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 101
Figure 2009-2016 Hainan Sun Power PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity
(MW) and Growth Rate 102
Figure Renesola Qinghai Wulan 20MW Grid PV Power Station Picture 103
Table 2009-2016 Renesola PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed Capacity
(MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W) Power
Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 103
Figure 2009-2016 Renesola PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity (MW)
and Growth Rate 104
Figure EOPLLY New Energy 1.73MW Building PV Power Station Picture 105
Table 2009-2016 EOPLLY New Energy PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed
Capacity (MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W)
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Power Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 106
Figure 2009-2016 EOPLLY New Energy PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed
Capacity (MW) and Growth Rate 107
Figure LDK Solar Nanchang Yaohu Plants Building Roof PV Power Station Picture 108
Table 2009-2016 LDK Solar PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed Capacity
(MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W) Power
Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 108
Figure 2009-2016 LDK Solar PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity (MW)
and Growth Rate 109
Figure Zoucheng UMC 1st Phase 20MW Thin Film Solar PV Power Station Picture 110
Table 2009-2016 UMC PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed Capacity
(MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W) Power
Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 111
Figure 2009-2016 UMC PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity (MW) and
Growth Rate 112
Figure Enfinity Shizuisha 10MW Grid PV Power Station Picture113
Table 2009-2016 Enfinity PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW)Grid Installed Capacity
(MW)New Power Generation (KWH) Grid Price (RMB/KWH) System Cost(RMB/W) Power
Cost(RMB/KWH) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin(%) List 113
Figure 2009-2016 Enfinity PV Power Station Installed Capacity Grid Installed Capacity (MW)
and Growth Rate 114
Figure GCL EPC for CECEP Dezhou 10MW PV Power Station Picture 115
Table 2009-2016 GCL PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW) Installed Cost (RMB/W) PV
System Price (RMB/W) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin List 116
Figure 2009-2016 GCL PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW) and Growth Rate 116
FFigure Zhenfa New Energy EPC for China Power InvestmentJiangsu Jianhu 1st Phase 20MW
PV Power Station Picture 117
Table 2009-2016 Zhenfa New Energy PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW) Installed Cost
(RMB/W) PV System Price (RMB/W) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin List 118
Figure 2009-2016 Zhenfa New Energy PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW) and Growth
Rate 119
Figure TBEA Solar EPC for Datang International Qingtongxia PV Power Station 2nd Phase
20MW PV Power Station Picture 120
Table 2009-2016 TBEA Solar PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW) Installed Cost
(RMB/W) PV System Price (RMB/W) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin List 121
Figure 2009-2016 TBEA Solar PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW) and Growth Rate 121
Figure Guodian Solar EPC for Guodian Group Ningxia Zhongweimachanghu 10MW PV Power
Station Picture122
Table 2009-2016 Guodian Solar PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW) Installed Cost (RMB/
W) PV System Price (RMB/W) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin List 123
Figure 2009-2016 Guodian Solar PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW) and Growth Rate124
Figure LDK Solar EPC for Guodian Zhangye 10MW PV Power Station Picture 125
Table 2009-2016 LDK Solar PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW) Installed Cost (RMB/W)
PV System Price (RMB/W) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin List 125
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Figure 2009-2016 LDK Solar PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW) and Growth Rate 126
Figure Beijing Corona EPC for CECEP Dezhou 10MW PV Power Station Picture 127
Table 2009-2016 Beijing Corona PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW) Installed Cost
(RMB/W) PV System Price (RMB/W) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin List 127
Figure 2009-2016 Beijing Corona PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW) and Growth Rate
128
Figure Hangtian SAAE EPC for Huadian Jiayuguan 10MW PV Power Station Picture 129
Table 2009-2016 Hangtian SAAE PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW) Installed Cost
(RMB/W) PV System Price (RMB/W) Revenue (10K RMB) Profit Margin List 130
Figure 2009-2016 Hangtian SAAE PV Power Station Installed Capacity (MW) and Growth Rate
131
Table China PV Power Station Project SWOT Analysis List 131
Figure 1MW Grid PV Power Station Structure 133
Table 10MW PV Power Station Investment Items List 134
Table China Regional Solar Radiation (MJ/m2.Year) and Average Illumination Time (Hour/day)
135
Table 10MWp Grid PV Power Station 25 Years Power Generation Calcution 136
Table 10MW PV Power Station Project Investment Return Analysis 137
Table 10MW PV Power Station Project Finance Data List 138
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