IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document outlines a proposal for using iron-enhanced sand filters to remove phosphorus from wastewater. Small-scale testing showed that filters with 2% iron by mass removed over 90% of phosphorus. Full-scale filters would be installed in existing sand filters at wastewater treatment plants. Annual operating costs of $21,000 for the iron-enhanced filters are significantly lower than standard lime treatment costs of $127,000. The filters provide effective, low-cost phosphorus removal while generating less sludge waste than chemical precipitation methods.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the interaction between Thermus thermophilus ArsC enzyme, gold nanoparticles, and arsenic species. The researchers synthesized polyethylene glycol-stabilized gold nanoparticles and adsorbed the ArsC enzyme onto their surfaces. They then used various characterization techniques like transmission electron microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform surface plasmon resonance to study the interactions between the enzyme-linked nanoparticles and arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) solutions. The assays allowed the researchers to visually distinguish between the two arsenic species based on differences in nanoparticle aggregation even at low concentrations. The hybrid nanoparticles also showed some selectivity against other heavy metals.
This document summarizes a research study that used an anoxic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system to treat high-strength wastewater containing 1000 mg/L of nitrate and 4000 mg/L of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The SBR was able to simultaneously remove 98% of nitrate, 86% of phosphate, and 72% of COD after 180 days of operation. Pyrosequencing analysis of the microbial communities revealed that Proteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Rhodobacterales, Rhodobacteraceae, and Paracoccous were the dominant taxa present. The surplus electron donors and acceptors in the anoxic phase helped enrich denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms, while
A Review on Removal and Recovery of Phosphorus and Nitrogen from Domestic Was...paperpublications3
This document reviews struvite crystallization as a method to remove and recover phosphorus and nitrogen from domestic wastewater. Struvite crystallization occurs through an equimolar reaction between magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate ions under alkaline conditions. Factors that influence struvite formation include pH, temperature, aeration rate, and the presence of other ions. The document describes several lab-scale experiments investigating struvite precipitation from different wastewater sources using various magnesium sources. The experiments demonstrated high removal of phosphorus and nitrogen, producing struvite fertilizer. Struvite crystallization is an effective nutrient recovery process that can ease eutrophication while providing a slow-release fertilizer.
Bijay Thapa, Nawa Raj Khatiwada, Anish Ghimire and Bikash Adhikari . “Study of Pollutant Removal in Activated Sludge Process Using Lab Scale Plant by Intermittent Aeration” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 01-07.
This document summarizes a study that characterized the chemical properties and inherent phosphorus distribution in 15 water treatment residues from South Africa. The study found that the pH, calcium content, and organic carbon content varied significantly among the residues, ranging from 4.77-8.37, 238-8,980 mg/kg, and 0.50-11.6% respectively. Fractionation of the phosphorus showed it was distributed between soluble/loosely bound, aluminum/iron oxide bound, calcium bound, and residual fractions. Residues with higher calcium, aluminum, and iron concentrations had greater capacity to adsorb and retain phosphorus in unavailable forms. Understanding the natural phosphorus content and distribution in the residues provides insights into
Treatment of piggery wastewater through struvite precipitation and nitrogen r...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Piggery wastewater is a type of wastewater which contains large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus, therefore it needed to be treated before releasing to directly to the environment. The combination between struvite precipitation and nitrogen removal and poly-P bacteria into wastewater for piggery wastewater treatment has been found to be a cost-effective practice, a iable technology in terms of environmental protection and sustainability, especially in the developing-countries. For optimum struvite crystallization from piggery wastewater, the Mg:PO4 molar ratio as (1.2:1) was used, the pH of reaction was adjusted to 9 and the sample was stirred continuously during 40 minutes. The supernatant sample was then added 1% nitrogen removal bacteria (Pseudomonas stutzeri D3b strain) and 1% poly-P bacteria (Kurthia sp. TGT1013L strain), 5 g glucose/L and aeration 12/24h during 3 days, ammonium concentration reduced significantly from 1271 mg/L to 1.2 mg/L and orthophosphate concentration decreased noticeably from 24.91 mg/L to 16.1 mg/L.
The study of intermolecular interactions at interfaces is essential for a number of applications, in addition
to the understanding of mechanisms involved in sensing and biosensing with liquid samples. There are,
however, only a few methods to probe such interfacial phenomena, one of which is the atomic force
spectroscopy (AFS) where the force between an atomic force microscope tip and the sample surface is
measured. In this study, we used AFS to estimate adhesion forces for a nanostructured film of poly(oethoxyaniline)
(POEA) doped with various acids, in measurements performed in air. The adhesion force
was lower for POEA doped with inorganic acids, such as HCl and H2SO4, than with organic acids, because
the counterions were screened by the ethoxy groups. Significantly, the morphology of POEA both in the
film and in solution depends on the doping acid. Using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) we observed
that POEA dissolved in amixture of dimethyl acetamide exhibits a more extended coil-like conformation,
with smaller radius of gyration, than for POEA in water, as in the latter POEA solubility is lower. In AFS
measurements in a liquid cell, the force curves for a POEA layer displayed an attractive region for pH 5
due to van der Waals interactions, with no contribution from a double-layer since POEA was dedoped. In
contrast, for pH 3, POEA was doped and the repulsive double-layer force dominated. With AFS one is
therefore able to correlate molecular-level interactions with doping and morphology of semiconducting
polymers.
This document outlines a proposal for using iron-enhanced sand filters to remove phosphorus from wastewater. Small-scale testing showed that filters with 2% iron by mass removed over 90% of phosphorus. Full-scale filters would be installed in existing sand filters at wastewater treatment plants. Annual operating costs of $21,000 for the iron-enhanced filters are significantly lower than standard lime treatment costs of $127,000. The filters provide effective, low-cost phosphorus removal while generating less sludge waste than chemical precipitation methods.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the interaction between Thermus thermophilus ArsC enzyme, gold nanoparticles, and arsenic species. The researchers synthesized polyethylene glycol-stabilized gold nanoparticles and adsorbed the ArsC enzyme onto their surfaces. They then used various characterization techniques like transmission electron microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform surface plasmon resonance to study the interactions between the enzyme-linked nanoparticles and arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) solutions. The assays allowed the researchers to visually distinguish between the two arsenic species based on differences in nanoparticle aggregation even at low concentrations. The hybrid nanoparticles also showed some selectivity against other heavy metals.
This document summarizes a research study that used an anoxic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system to treat high-strength wastewater containing 1000 mg/L of nitrate and 4000 mg/L of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The SBR was able to simultaneously remove 98% of nitrate, 86% of phosphate, and 72% of COD after 180 days of operation. Pyrosequencing analysis of the microbial communities revealed that Proteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Rhodobacterales, Rhodobacteraceae, and Paracoccous were the dominant taxa present. The surplus electron donors and acceptors in the anoxic phase helped enrich denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms, while
A Review on Removal and Recovery of Phosphorus and Nitrogen from Domestic Was...paperpublications3
This document reviews struvite crystallization as a method to remove and recover phosphorus and nitrogen from domestic wastewater. Struvite crystallization occurs through an equimolar reaction between magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate ions under alkaline conditions. Factors that influence struvite formation include pH, temperature, aeration rate, and the presence of other ions. The document describes several lab-scale experiments investigating struvite precipitation from different wastewater sources using various magnesium sources. The experiments demonstrated high removal of phosphorus and nitrogen, producing struvite fertilizer. Struvite crystallization is an effective nutrient recovery process that can ease eutrophication while providing a slow-release fertilizer.
Bijay Thapa, Nawa Raj Khatiwada, Anish Ghimire and Bikash Adhikari . “Study of Pollutant Removal in Activated Sludge Process Using Lab Scale Plant by Intermittent Aeration” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 01-07.
This document summarizes a study that characterized the chemical properties and inherent phosphorus distribution in 15 water treatment residues from South Africa. The study found that the pH, calcium content, and organic carbon content varied significantly among the residues, ranging from 4.77-8.37, 238-8,980 mg/kg, and 0.50-11.6% respectively. Fractionation of the phosphorus showed it was distributed between soluble/loosely bound, aluminum/iron oxide bound, calcium bound, and residual fractions. Residues with higher calcium, aluminum, and iron concentrations had greater capacity to adsorb and retain phosphorus in unavailable forms. Understanding the natural phosphorus content and distribution in the residues provides insights into
Treatment of piggery wastewater through struvite precipitation and nitrogen r...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Piggery wastewater is a type of wastewater which contains large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus, therefore it needed to be treated before releasing to directly to the environment. The combination between struvite precipitation and nitrogen removal and poly-P bacteria into wastewater for piggery wastewater treatment has been found to be a cost-effective practice, a iable technology in terms of environmental protection and sustainability, especially in the developing-countries. For optimum struvite crystallization from piggery wastewater, the Mg:PO4 molar ratio as (1.2:1) was used, the pH of reaction was adjusted to 9 and the sample was stirred continuously during 40 minutes. The supernatant sample was then added 1% nitrogen removal bacteria (Pseudomonas stutzeri D3b strain) and 1% poly-P bacteria (Kurthia sp. TGT1013L strain), 5 g glucose/L and aeration 12/24h during 3 days, ammonium concentration reduced significantly from 1271 mg/L to 1.2 mg/L and orthophosphate concentration decreased noticeably from 24.91 mg/L to 16.1 mg/L.
The study of intermolecular interactions at interfaces is essential for a number of applications, in addition
to the understanding of mechanisms involved in sensing and biosensing with liquid samples. There are,
however, only a few methods to probe such interfacial phenomena, one of which is the atomic force
spectroscopy (AFS) where the force between an atomic force microscope tip and the sample surface is
measured. In this study, we used AFS to estimate adhesion forces for a nanostructured film of poly(oethoxyaniline)
(POEA) doped with various acids, in measurements performed in air. The adhesion force
was lower for POEA doped with inorganic acids, such as HCl and H2SO4, than with organic acids, because
the counterions were screened by the ethoxy groups. Significantly, the morphology of POEA both in the
film and in solution depends on the doping acid. Using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) we observed
that POEA dissolved in amixture of dimethyl acetamide exhibits a more extended coil-like conformation,
with smaller radius of gyration, than for POEA in water, as in the latter POEA solubility is lower. In AFS
measurements in a liquid cell, the force curves for a POEA layer displayed an attractive region for pH 5
due to van der Waals interactions, with no contribution from a double-layer since POEA was dedoped. In
contrast, for pH 3, POEA was doped and the repulsive double-layer force dominated. With AFS one is
therefore able to correlate molecular-level interactions with doping and morphology of semiconducting
polymers.
Enzymes activity and content of antioxidants in leaves of halophytes from sal...Innspub Net
The purpose of the given study was to investigate characteristics of antioxidant system and other biochemical indices of some salt resistans species growing on saline soils of Georgia. Activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and catalase) and nitrate reductase, also low molecular antioxidants (proline, ascorbic acid, soluble phenols, anthocyanins and carotenoids), and of content of total proteins, chlorophylls, and soluble carbohydrates has been investigated in leaves of salt resistnt plants-Salsola soda L.-opposite-leaved saltworth, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.-salt cedar, Chenopodium album L.-goosefoot, Artemisia lerchiana (Web.)-sagebrush, Achillea biebersteinii (Afan.)-allheal and Adonis bienertii (Butkov ex Riedl.)-pheasant's eye-growing coastwise and in surroundings of Kumisi Lake (East Georgia, lower Kartli), in order to study the influence of salinization level on the studied parameters. Spectrophotometrical, gazometrical and titration methods has been used for investigations. Increase of salinity induced activation of peroxidase, rise of proline and total proteins content in leaves of eu-and crynohalophytes (saltworth, goosefoot, salt cedar). Activation of catalase and peroxidase, also increase of the content of anthocyanins, phenols, total proteins and soluble carbohydrates was mentioned in leaves of glyco halophytes (sagebrush, allheal, peasant's eye) under the same conditions. Activation of peroxidase and increase of the content of total proteins seemed to be the uniting mechanism for adaptation to high level salinization among the studied species..
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the use of unmodified lignocellulosic fibrous layer of palm tree trunk (ULFPT) as a low-cost biosorbent for removing copper (Cu2+) and zinc (Zn2+) from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of pH, initial metal ion concentration, and contact time on biosorption. Equilibrium data were modeled using Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Temkin isotherm models. The Redlich-Peterson model provided the best fit for Cu2+ and Zn2+ biosorption. The Langmuir model also provided a good fit. Maximum Cu2+ removal (
My presentation video on Phosphorous Removal Technology. Approved by Ass Prof. Sukra Raj Poudel, IOE, Pulchowk Campus, Lalitpur, Nepal.
Date Presented: 2018/06/20
Youtube link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1KgrKeYTew
The document describes experiments on dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane over Pt supported catalysts. Among Pt supported on various metal oxides (Pt/MO), Pt supported on lanthanum oxide (Pt/La2O3) showed the highest activity with a hydrogen evolution rate of 21.1 mmol/gmet/min. Pt supported on perovskites exhibited even higher activity and selectivity than Pt/MO catalysts. In particular, Pt supported on lanthanum-yttrium nickelate (Pt/La0.7Y0.3NiO3) gave the best performance with a hydrogen evolution rate of 45 mmol/gmet/min and nearly 100% selectivity towards dehydrogenation. The catalysts were
Investigation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus recovery from swine wastewater by st...Nhuoc Tran
This document summarizes a study that investigated nitrogen and phosphorus recovery from swine wastewater through struvite crystallization. The study tested different parameters including pH, molar ratios of Mg:N:P, and reaction time to determine optimal conditions for struvite precipitation. Testing found that maximum nitrogen and phosphorus removal of 98.1% and 98.9% respectively occurred at pH 9.0, a Mg:N:P ratio of 1.6:1:1.5, and a reaction time of 30 minutes. Under these conditions, the highest crystallization mass of 14.6 g/L was obtained. Characterization of the produced struvite crystals confirmed their composition and structure. The study
Carbonaceous fullerene containing mineral shungite andAlexander Decker
This document discusses a mathematical model of the interaction between two natural minerals, shungite and zeolite, with water. Shungite is a carbon-containing mineral found in Russia, while zeolite is an aluminosilicate mineral found in Bulgaria. The minerals were treated with water and their energy spectra were analyzed using non-equilibrium and differential-equilibrium methods. Both shungite and zeolite were found to restructure the hydrogen bond energy between water molecules, increasing local maxima in the differential non-equilibrium spectra. The document proposes uses for these minerals in water treatment and purification due to their adsorption, catalytic, and bactericidal properties.
mpact of Some Ecological Factors on the Occurrence and Distribution of Mitosp...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Sensing of volatile organic compounds by MOFsMohammadRad12
1. The document discusses a presentation about sensing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using metal organic frameworks (MOFs).
2. MOFs are porous materials composed of metal ions or clusters linked by organic ligands to form one, two, or three-dimensional structures. They have potential applications for gas storage, separation, catalysis and sensing.
3. The presentation describes several MOFs that exhibit color changes or fluorescence changes when exposed to different VOCs, allowing them to function as sensors for VOCs.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed various biological techniques, including phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and Biolog substrate utilization profiles, to assess the impact of acid rock drainage (ARD) on microbial communities in sediments and waters of an Australian river system affected by a pyrite mine. Redundancy analysis of the PLFA and Biolog data identified pH as the main factor influencing microbial community composition. Sites impacted by ARD, salinity, and eutrophication could be separated based on multivariate analysis of the biological data and water quality parameters.
The presentation provides a brief background on phosphorus, introduces phosphates, gives examples of forms of phosphates. It further describes how to test for the forms of phosphates as well as how to regulate water phosphate level. It ends with some basic facts "Did you know".
The document discusses using ammonium nitrate injections to enhance monitored natural attenuation (MNA) at a site with dissolved petroleum contamination. Baseline testing found the aquifer had a microbial population but limited nutrients and terminal electron acceptors. Approximately 116 pounds of ammonium nitrate fertilizer was injected, providing a source of nitrate to drive biodegradation. Monitoring after injection found increased biological activity and degradation rates, showing nitrate addition can accelerate MNA by stimulating microbial growth where nutrients were previously limited.
Experimental and Modeling Column Study of Phosphorus Removal by Permeable Rea...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study evaluates the performance of permeable reactive materials for phosphorus removal from water by experimental and model development. A one dimensional solute transport model that describes adsorption process in porous media by mass transfer equation and surface area reduction was developed. Validity of the model was evaluated using several data sets from batch and column experiments. The marble dust, standard sand and volcanic ash were utilized as permeable reactive barriers and porous materials inside packed columns in this research. It was found that the calcium (Ca) content was the most important characteristic of the permeable reactive materials and a factor determining their phosphorus removal efficiency. A high Ca content material showed higher removal capacity of phosphorus. The results of this study demonstrated that the marble dust sorbent has a high efficiency to remove phosphorus from aqueous solution. Comparing the performances of three packed columns filled up with different combinations of the three investigated materials, the differences in permeability played an important role in the treatment residence time and its ensuing effect on the removal efficiencies of phosphorus from water. A combination of 70% marble dust and 30% volcanic ash (as porous packed layers in one column) made a reasonable compromise between high steady phosphorus removal efficiency (~80%) and longevity (over 180 days). A suggestion/recommendation in conclusion was proposed based on these results.
SEDIMENT QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF AVARAGERE LAKE, DAVANAGERE CITY - A CASE STUDYAM Publications
Avaragere Lake in Davangere was studied for chemical and physical parameters at five locations, for a period of six months (April 2014 to Sep 2014). Lake has been subjected to human interferences regularly and water quality was to be getting deteriorated profoundly. Major anthropogenic activities practiced in and around the stretch: agriculture, discharging of sewage waste etc was generating serious threat to the biota of the lake by altering the physical, chemical and biological concentration of the lake system. The other possibility is that since there are no major industries in the project area, the major source of organic pollutants is only the domestic source.
Monthly data’s been collected. Different parameters studied were pH, Conductivity, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, iron, organothiophosphate and pyrethroid content. The results obtained from the above study indicate that the water of Avaragere Lake organothiophosphate and pyrethroid content shows very low concentrations even at nanogram. Manganese and iron concentrations of sediment sample in avaragere lake shows high level of pollution and ecological balance of Lake is totally disturbed.
Inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus can promote excessive aquatic plant growth. They enter water bodies through runoff from fertilized areas and waste, as well as detergents, pipes, and weathering. This causes eutrophication and low oxygen levels that harm organisms. Common inorganic nutrients are nitrates, nitrites, and phosphates. They are analyzed using methods like ion chromatography and ascorbic acid tests. Standards limit nitrate to 50 mg/L and phosphate to 1 mg/L to protect water quality.
This document summarizes metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), including their properties and applications. MOFs are highly porous materials formed by combining metal ions or metal clusters with organic ligands. They have extremely large surface areas, often exceeding 7,000 m2/g. Due to their tunable porous structures, MOFs show promise for applications such as gas storage, carbon capture, catalysis, and luminescence. While MOF research has advanced significantly in recent decades, further developing their potential applications and improving stability remains an active area of research.
“Chemical and microbial treatment of toxic wastes from fertilizers industry”Omar Ali
Phosphate and fluoride are of commonly detected contaminants in the wastewater of fertilizer industries that produce nitro-phosphate. Chemical precipitation is the mainly responsible for remediation of TP and F-contaminated wastewater.
This document summarizes three methods for preparing hollow metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): 1) the exterior-template method where templates are coated with MOF shells and then removed, 2) the self-template method where intermediate products or reactants act as sacrificial templates, and 3) the two-phase interface method using gas-liquid, liquid-liquid, or solid-liquid interfaces. It also discusses using hollow MOFs for drug delivery by loading drugs through immersion or one-pot synthesis and zinc-based MOFs for delivering 5-fluorouracil.
The effect of reduction of aeration period on organic pollutants removal in s...SophieShi7
The authors investigated the possibility to reduce aeration time in one of the cycles of sequencing batch activated sludge reactors. It is known that there are microorganisms in activated sludge which can store organic materials temporarily in such forms as polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). It was expected that removal of organic materials in the cycle with reduced aeration was supplemented by the microbial activities to store organic materials temporarily. The authors operated sequencing batch reactors with 6 cycles/day with synthetic wastewater, and reduced aeration in one of the cycles. Short-term experiments were conducted to see the effects of aeration reduction for one time, and long-term experiments were conducted to see the effect of long term implementation of operation with aeration reduction. In both experiments, removal of DOC was greater than 92%, and no significant adverse effect was observed. The more aeration was reduced, the more PHA was carried over to the following cycles. It was estimated that about 17% to 50 % of PHA was carried over to the cycles following the cycles in which aeration was reduced. The operation with one-cycle reduced aeration was successfully implemented in the experiments. There is a big room to explore wastewater treatment technologies in the direction to flexibly control energy consumption.
Design and characterization of various shapes of microcantilever for human im...eSAT Publishing House
1) The document describes the simulation of various shaped microcantilevers (rectangular, triangular, V-shaped, and T-shaped) for detecting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through changes in the microcantilever's displacement.
2) A T-shaped microcantilever with a short paddle length of 500 micrometers was found to produce the greatest displacement of 3.24 x 10-7 micrometers when exposed to the force of a single HIV particle, allowing for easy detection.
3) The simulations were performed using Comsol Multiphysics software to analyze the displacement of microcantilevers made of silicon dioxide (SiO2) when subjected to the 9.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Enzymes activity and content of antioxidants in leaves of halophytes from sal...Innspub Net
The purpose of the given study was to investigate characteristics of antioxidant system and other biochemical indices of some salt resistans species growing on saline soils of Georgia. Activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and catalase) and nitrate reductase, also low molecular antioxidants (proline, ascorbic acid, soluble phenols, anthocyanins and carotenoids), and of content of total proteins, chlorophylls, and soluble carbohydrates has been investigated in leaves of salt resistnt plants-Salsola soda L.-opposite-leaved saltworth, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.-salt cedar, Chenopodium album L.-goosefoot, Artemisia lerchiana (Web.)-sagebrush, Achillea biebersteinii (Afan.)-allheal and Adonis bienertii (Butkov ex Riedl.)-pheasant's eye-growing coastwise and in surroundings of Kumisi Lake (East Georgia, lower Kartli), in order to study the influence of salinization level on the studied parameters. Spectrophotometrical, gazometrical and titration methods has been used for investigations. Increase of salinity induced activation of peroxidase, rise of proline and total proteins content in leaves of eu-and crynohalophytes (saltworth, goosefoot, salt cedar). Activation of catalase and peroxidase, also increase of the content of anthocyanins, phenols, total proteins and soluble carbohydrates was mentioned in leaves of glyco halophytes (sagebrush, allheal, peasant's eye) under the same conditions. Activation of peroxidase and increase of the content of total proteins seemed to be the uniting mechanism for adaptation to high level salinization among the studied species..
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the use of unmodified lignocellulosic fibrous layer of palm tree trunk (ULFPT) as a low-cost biosorbent for removing copper (Cu2+) and zinc (Zn2+) from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of pH, initial metal ion concentration, and contact time on biosorption. Equilibrium data were modeled using Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Temkin isotherm models. The Redlich-Peterson model provided the best fit for Cu2+ and Zn2+ biosorption. The Langmuir model also provided a good fit. Maximum Cu2+ removal (
My presentation video on Phosphorous Removal Technology. Approved by Ass Prof. Sukra Raj Poudel, IOE, Pulchowk Campus, Lalitpur, Nepal.
Date Presented: 2018/06/20
Youtube link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1KgrKeYTew
The document describes experiments on dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane over Pt supported catalysts. Among Pt supported on various metal oxides (Pt/MO), Pt supported on lanthanum oxide (Pt/La2O3) showed the highest activity with a hydrogen evolution rate of 21.1 mmol/gmet/min. Pt supported on perovskites exhibited even higher activity and selectivity than Pt/MO catalysts. In particular, Pt supported on lanthanum-yttrium nickelate (Pt/La0.7Y0.3NiO3) gave the best performance with a hydrogen evolution rate of 45 mmol/gmet/min and nearly 100% selectivity towards dehydrogenation. The catalysts were
Investigation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus recovery from swine wastewater by st...Nhuoc Tran
This document summarizes a study that investigated nitrogen and phosphorus recovery from swine wastewater through struvite crystallization. The study tested different parameters including pH, molar ratios of Mg:N:P, and reaction time to determine optimal conditions for struvite precipitation. Testing found that maximum nitrogen and phosphorus removal of 98.1% and 98.9% respectively occurred at pH 9.0, a Mg:N:P ratio of 1.6:1:1.5, and a reaction time of 30 minutes. Under these conditions, the highest crystallization mass of 14.6 g/L was obtained. Characterization of the produced struvite crystals confirmed their composition and structure. The study
Carbonaceous fullerene containing mineral shungite andAlexander Decker
This document discusses a mathematical model of the interaction between two natural minerals, shungite and zeolite, with water. Shungite is a carbon-containing mineral found in Russia, while zeolite is an aluminosilicate mineral found in Bulgaria. The minerals were treated with water and their energy spectra were analyzed using non-equilibrium and differential-equilibrium methods. Both shungite and zeolite were found to restructure the hydrogen bond energy between water molecules, increasing local maxima in the differential non-equilibrium spectra. The document proposes uses for these minerals in water treatment and purification due to their adsorption, catalytic, and bactericidal properties.
mpact of Some Ecological Factors on the Occurrence and Distribution of Mitosp...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Sensing of volatile organic compounds by MOFsMohammadRad12
1. The document discusses a presentation about sensing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using metal organic frameworks (MOFs).
2. MOFs are porous materials composed of metal ions or clusters linked by organic ligands to form one, two, or three-dimensional structures. They have potential applications for gas storage, separation, catalysis and sensing.
3. The presentation describes several MOFs that exhibit color changes or fluorescence changes when exposed to different VOCs, allowing them to function as sensors for VOCs.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed various biological techniques, including phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and Biolog substrate utilization profiles, to assess the impact of acid rock drainage (ARD) on microbial communities in sediments and waters of an Australian river system affected by a pyrite mine. Redundancy analysis of the PLFA and Biolog data identified pH as the main factor influencing microbial community composition. Sites impacted by ARD, salinity, and eutrophication could be separated based on multivariate analysis of the biological data and water quality parameters.
The presentation provides a brief background on phosphorus, introduces phosphates, gives examples of forms of phosphates. It further describes how to test for the forms of phosphates as well as how to regulate water phosphate level. It ends with some basic facts "Did you know".
The document discusses using ammonium nitrate injections to enhance monitored natural attenuation (MNA) at a site with dissolved petroleum contamination. Baseline testing found the aquifer had a microbial population but limited nutrients and terminal electron acceptors. Approximately 116 pounds of ammonium nitrate fertilizer was injected, providing a source of nitrate to drive biodegradation. Monitoring after injection found increased biological activity and degradation rates, showing nitrate addition can accelerate MNA by stimulating microbial growth where nutrients were previously limited.
Experimental and Modeling Column Study of Phosphorus Removal by Permeable Rea...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study evaluates the performance of permeable reactive materials for phosphorus removal from water by experimental and model development. A one dimensional solute transport model that describes adsorption process in porous media by mass transfer equation and surface area reduction was developed. Validity of the model was evaluated using several data sets from batch and column experiments. The marble dust, standard sand and volcanic ash were utilized as permeable reactive barriers and porous materials inside packed columns in this research. It was found that the calcium (Ca) content was the most important characteristic of the permeable reactive materials and a factor determining their phosphorus removal efficiency. A high Ca content material showed higher removal capacity of phosphorus. The results of this study demonstrated that the marble dust sorbent has a high efficiency to remove phosphorus from aqueous solution. Comparing the performances of three packed columns filled up with different combinations of the three investigated materials, the differences in permeability played an important role in the treatment residence time and its ensuing effect on the removal efficiencies of phosphorus from water. A combination of 70% marble dust and 30% volcanic ash (as porous packed layers in one column) made a reasonable compromise between high steady phosphorus removal efficiency (~80%) and longevity (over 180 days). A suggestion/recommendation in conclusion was proposed based on these results.
SEDIMENT QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF AVARAGERE LAKE, DAVANAGERE CITY - A CASE STUDYAM Publications
Avaragere Lake in Davangere was studied for chemical and physical parameters at five locations, for a period of six months (April 2014 to Sep 2014). Lake has been subjected to human interferences regularly and water quality was to be getting deteriorated profoundly. Major anthropogenic activities practiced in and around the stretch: agriculture, discharging of sewage waste etc was generating serious threat to the biota of the lake by altering the physical, chemical and biological concentration of the lake system. The other possibility is that since there are no major industries in the project area, the major source of organic pollutants is only the domestic source.
Monthly data’s been collected. Different parameters studied were pH, Conductivity, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, iron, organothiophosphate and pyrethroid content. The results obtained from the above study indicate that the water of Avaragere Lake organothiophosphate and pyrethroid content shows very low concentrations even at nanogram. Manganese and iron concentrations of sediment sample in avaragere lake shows high level of pollution and ecological balance of Lake is totally disturbed.
Inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus can promote excessive aquatic plant growth. They enter water bodies through runoff from fertilized areas and waste, as well as detergents, pipes, and weathering. This causes eutrophication and low oxygen levels that harm organisms. Common inorganic nutrients are nitrates, nitrites, and phosphates. They are analyzed using methods like ion chromatography and ascorbic acid tests. Standards limit nitrate to 50 mg/L and phosphate to 1 mg/L to protect water quality.
This document summarizes metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), including their properties and applications. MOFs are highly porous materials formed by combining metal ions or metal clusters with organic ligands. They have extremely large surface areas, often exceeding 7,000 m2/g. Due to their tunable porous structures, MOFs show promise for applications such as gas storage, carbon capture, catalysis, and luminescence. While MOF research has advanced significantly in recent decades, further developing their potential applications and improving stability remains an active area of research.
“Chemical and microbial treatment of toxic wastes from fertilizers industry”Omar Ali
Phosphate and fluoride are of commonly detected contaminants in the wastewater of fertilizer industries that produce nitro-phosphate. Chemical precipitation is the mainly responsible for remediation of TP and F-contaminated wastewater.
This document summarizes three methods for preparing hollow metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): 1) the exterior-template method where templates are coated with MOF shells and then removed, 2) the self-template method where intermediate products or reactants act as sacrificial templates, and 3) the two-phase interface method using gas-liquid, liquid-liquid, or solid-liquid interfaces. It also discusses using hollow MOFs for drug delivery by loading drugs through immersion or one-pot synthesis and zinc-based MOFs for delivering 5-fluorouracil.
The effect of reduction of aeration period on organic pollutants removal in s...SophieShi7
The authors investigated the possibility to reduce aeration time in one of the cycles of sequencing batch activated sludge reactors. It is known that there are microorganisms in activated sludge which can store organic materials temporarily in such forms as polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). It was expected that removal of organic materials in the cycle with reduced aeration was supplemented by the microbial activities to store organic materials temporarily. The authors operated sequencing batch reactors with 6 cycles/day with synthetic wastewater, and reduced aeration in one of the cycles. Short-term experiments were conducted to see the effects of aeration reduction for one time, and long-term experiments were conducted to see the effect of long term implementation of operation with aeration reduction. In both experiments, removal of DOC was greater than 92%, and no significant adverse effect was observed. The more aeration was reduced, the more PHA was carried over to the following cycles. It was estimated that about 17% to 50 % of PHA was carried over to the cycles following the cycles in which aeration was reduced. The operation with one-cycle reduced aeration was successfully implemented in the experiments. There is a big room to explore wastewater treatment technologies in the direction to flexibly control energy consumption.
Design and characterization of various shapes of microcantilever for human im...eSAT Publishing House
1) The document describes the simulation of various shaped microcantilevers (rectangular, triangular, V-shaped, and T-shaped) for detecting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through changes in the microcantilever's displacement.
2) A T-shaped microcantilever with a short paddle length of 500 micrometers was found to produce the greatest displacement of 3.24 x 10-7 micrometers when exposed to the force of a single HIV particle, allowing for easy detection.
3) The simulations were performed using Comsol Multiphysics software to analyze the displacement of microcantilevers made of silicon dioxide (SiO2) when subjected to the 9.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance evaluation of broadcast mac and aloha mac protocol for underwater...eSAT Publishing House
The document evaluates the performance of two MAC protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs): Broadcast MAC (BMAC) and ALOHA. BMAC uses carrier sensing and backoff to transmit data when the channel is free, while ALOHA allows nodes to transmit immediately without carrier sensing. The performance of the protocols is evaluated through simulation by varying bitrate and number of nodes and measuring energy consumption and delay. The results found that BMAC performed better in the scenarios designed, using less energy at optimal bitrates.
Genetic programming for prediction of local scour at vertical bridge abutmenteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
Open domain question answering system using semantic role labelingeSAT Publishing House
1. The document describes a proposed open domain question answering system that uses semantic role labeling to extract answers from documents retrieved from the web.
2. The system consists of three modules: question processing, document retrieval, and answer extraction. Semantic role labeling is used in the answer extraction module to identify answers based on the question type.
3. An evaluation of the proposed system showed it achieved higher accuracy compared to a baseline system using only pattern matching for answer extraction.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A short review on microemulsion and its application in extraction of vegetabl...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes microemulsion technology and its application in oil extraction. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, transparent systems containing oil, water, surfactant and co-surfactant that form spontaneously. They have droplet sizes below 100nm. Microemulsions can extract oils using less hazardous solvents than conventional methods. Winsor classified microemulsions into four types based on phase behavior. Microemulsions can be prepared by phase inversion, where the emulsion type changes with temperature or composition changes. Microemulsions provide an efficient approach for oil extraction from oilseeds with benefits over conventional extraction techniques.
Process design features of a 5 tonnesday multi – stage, intermittent drainage...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the process design features of a 5 tonnes per day vegetable oil solvent extraction plant using n-hexane. It describes the 7-stage continuous full immersion extraction process. Material and energy balances were performed and the plant efficiency was determined to be 0.70. Process calculations found the energy requirement to be 23.17Kj per kg of extracted oil and the diffusivity of oils in the solvent averaged 4.0 x 10-9 m2/s. The mass transfer coefficient was calculated to be 3.2 x 10-5 Kmole/m2.s.
An innovative way for computerized smith chart generation and transmission li...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a computer program that was developed to generate and interact with the Smith chart, a graphical tool used to solve transmission line problems. The program allows users to input transmission line parameters and see how they are represented on the Smith chart. It then demonstrates how to use the program to solve common transmission line problems by calculating reflection coefficients, impedances, admittances, and stub locations. The program is intended to help explain concepts of the Smith chart to students in an interactive way using a computer.
This document describes a system for automating power house control using wireless communication. The system uses microcontrollers, wireless modules like Zigbee, and a web interface to remotely monitor and control power outlets. Sensors measure current and send data to a server module over Zigbee. The system can automatically cut off power if a bill is unpaid or if overload is detected. A software module with PHP, JavaScript etc. allows users to view power status on internet-connected devices. The wireless system is low-cost, low data rate, self-healing and provides energy usage information to users for power management remotely.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparative study of chemically and mechanically singed knit fabriceSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance analysis of al fec raptor code over 3 gpp embms networkeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A comparative evaluation on the properties of hma with variations in aggregat...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses a study that evaluated the properties of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) mixtures designed using five different aggregate gradations within the specified limits for Bituminous Concrete Grade-I mixes according to Indian specifications. The study determined the optimum binder content and evaluated the Marshall properties and volumetric properties of mixes produced with each gradation. Results showed that mixes made with the mid-point gradation had higher stability values than other mixes. Optimum binder content increased from coarser to finer gradations. A gradation ratio parameter was also evaluated to indicate aggregate grading types and correlate them with mix design parameters for different gradations.
The document describes a proposed ZigBee-based smart fall detection and notification system called e-SAFE that uses a wearable accelerometer sensor. The system would automatically detect if a fall occurs and instantly notify predefined contacts via SMS and email. It analyzes acceleration data from the sensor to identify falls and transmits a signal via ZigBee to a base station if a fall is detected, which then sends alerts through a GSM modem. The system aims to reduce injuries and deaths from falls by quickly notifying others so they can provide immediate assistance.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of in filter phosphorus removal mechanisms in an aerated blast furnace ...eSAT Journals
This document discusses a study investigating the mechanisms of phosphorus removal from domestic wastewater in an aerated blast furnace slag filter. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses were performed on fresh and treated blast furnace slag samples, as well as particulates and sediments from the filter. The analyses revealed that the main mechanisms of phosphorus removal are adsorption onto the amorphous oxide phase of the blast furnace slag surface and precipitation within the filter, as phosphorus was found accumulated on the slag surface over time.
Wastewater treatment for a sustainable future: overview of phosphorus recoveryStefanus Muryanto
This document summarizes three methods for phosphorus removal and recovery from wastewater: chemical precipitation, biological uptake, and struvite crystallization. Chemical precipitation is commonly used but requires large amounts of chemicals. Biological uptake requires fewer chemicals but the process is complex and variable. Struvite crystallization converts phosphorus into struvite crystals that can be used as fertilizer, reducing fertilizer production and emissions. It also prevents scaling in wastewater treatment facilities. Fluidized bed reactors are an effective method for struvite crystallization and several industrial-scale projects now use this approach.
This document summarizes a study on using nano-composites to remove fluoride from water. Bermuda grass was converted to carbon nanofibers through heat treatment and mixed with metal oxides like iron oxide and titania. Testing found that the iron oxide nano-composite removed approximately 97% of fluoride within 60 minutes at pH 4, outperforming the titania composite and plain carbon fibers. The fluoride removal followed a Freundlich adsorption model. The nano-composites show potential as low-cost materials for defluoridation of groundwater.
Question 1 - 4 marks (750 words)Conceptual frameworks have ident.docxmakdul
Question 1 - 4 marks (750 words)
Conceptual frameworks have identified a number of qualitative criteria that financial information should possess if it is to be useful to decision making. The AASB framework Chapter 3 QC12-16 for example makes reference to ‘faithful representation’, with neutrality being one of the key components of ‘faithful representation’. Critically evaluate whether it is possible for financial information to ever be neutral and/or representationally faithful. In your discussion you should consider why standard setters might want to make reference to representational faithfulness within conceptual frameworks.
Question 3 - 4 marks (750 words)
The Conceptual Framework Chapter 1 OB2 states that "the objective of general purpose financial reporting is to provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity" Does the identification of these particular users have implications for the measurement basis chosen by the IASB? In your response you will need to consider whether fair values or historical costs will be more relevant to the users identified within the conceptual framework.
text book - Deegan, C. (2014). Financial accounting theory (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill: Sydney.
w a t e r r e s e a r c h 4 3 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 1 1 5 0 – 1 1 5 8
A v a i l a b l e a t w w w . s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / w a t r e s
Sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate
on activated carbons and resin: Kinetic and isotherm study
Qiang Yua,b,c, Ruiqi Zhanga, Shubo Denga,b,c,*, Jun Huanga,b,c, Gang Yua,b,c
aDepartment of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
bPOPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
cState Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 5 August 2008
Received in revised form
30 November 2008
Accepted 1 December 2008
Published online 13 December 2008
Keywords:
PFOS
PFOA
Activated carbon
Anion-exchange resin
Sorption kinetics
Sorption isotherm
* Corresponding author. Department of En
Tel.: þ86 10 6279 2165; fax: þ86 10 6279 4006
E-mail address: [email protected]
0043-1354/$ – see front matter ª 2008 Elsevi
doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.12.001
a b s t r a c t
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have increasingly attrac-
ted global concerns in recent years due to their global distribution, persistence, strong
bioaccumulation and potential toxicity. The feasibility of using powder activated carbon
(PAC), granular activated carbon (GAC) and anion-exchange resin (AI400) to remove PFOS
and PFOA from water was investigated with regard to their sorption kinetics and
isotherms ...
The document describes a column study that investigated the efficiency of removing phosphate from wastewater using drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS) and red mud (RM) as adsorbents. Experiments were conducted in glass columns packed with different ratios of DWTS and RM. The effects of adsorbent dose, bed height, contact time, agitation speed, pH, and DWTS-RM ratio on phosphate adsorption were evaluated. The results showed that adding RM to DWTS can significantly increase the operating time of the column, with 33% and 50% RM weight ratios decreasing operating time by 18% and 30% respectively compared to DWTS alone.
IRJET- A Review On Reduction of Phosphate from Industrial Cum Municipal Waste...IRJET Journal
This document reviews technologies for reducing phosphate from industrial and municipal wastewater using Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) technology. It discusses various methods for phosphate removal including physical, chemical, and biological treatments. Specifically, it provides details on MBBR technology, which combines activated sludge and trickling filter processes by using biomass in both suspended flocs and biofilm attached to carriers. The document concludes that MBBR is an effective biological treatment approach for phosphate removal as it can operate at high organic loads and is less sensitive to hydraulic overloading compared to other biological treatment methods.
Chemosphere 72 (2008) 1588–1593Contents lists available at S.docxchristinemaritza
Chemosphere 72 (2008) 1588–1593
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Chemosphere
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / c h e m o s p h e r e
Removal of perfluorinated surfactants by sorption onto granular activated
carbon, zeolite and sludge
Valeria Ochoa-Herrera, Reyes Sierra-Alvarez *
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 4 January 2008
Received in revised form 9 April 2008
Accepted 9 April 2008
Available online 3 June 2008
Keywords:
Adsorption
Biosorption
PFC
PFOS
PFOA
PFBS
0045-6535/$ - see front matter � 2008 Elsevier Ltd. A
doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.029
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 520 626 2896; fax
E-mail address: [email protected] (R. Sierr
Perfluorinated surfactants are emerging pollutants of increasing public health and environmental
concern due to recent reports of their world-wide distribution, environmental persistence and bioaccu-
mulation potential. Treatment methods for the removal of anionic perfluorochemical (PFC) surfactants
from industrial effluents are needed to minimize the environmental release of these pollutants. Removal
of PFC surfactants from aqueous solutions by sorption onto various types of granular activated carbon
was investigated. Three anionic PFC surfactants, i.e., perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic
acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), were evaluated for the ability to adsorb onto activated
carbon. Additionally, the sorptive capacity of zeolites and sludge for PFOS was compared to that of
granular activated carbon. Adsorption isotherms were determined at constant ionic strength in a pH
7.2 phosphate buffer at 30 �C. Sorption of PFOS onto activated carbon was stronger than PFOA and PFBS,
suggesting that the length of the fluorocarbon chain and the nature of the functional group influenced
sorption of the anionic surfactants. Among all adsorbents evaluated in this study, activated carbon
(Freundlich KF values = 36.7�60.9) showed the highest affinity for PFOS at low aqueous equilibrium
concentrations, followed by the hydrophobic, high-silica zeolite NaY (Si/Al 80, KF = 31.8), and anaerobic
sludge (KF = 0.95�1.85). Activated carbon also displayed a superior sorptive capacity at high soluble
concentrations of the surfactant (up to 80 mg l�1). These findings indicate that activated carbon adsorp-
tion is a promising treatment technique for the removal of PFOS from dilute aqueous streams.
� 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Perfluorinated (PFC) surfactants are emerging pollutants that
have been used for the last 50 years in a wide variety of industrial
processes and consumer-based products, including polymer addi-
tives, lubricants, fire retardants and suppressants, pesticides, and
surfactants (Kissa, 2001). Quantitatively, pefluorooctane sulfonate
(PFOS, C8F17SO3H) and ...
Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management (GJESM)
Application of amorphous zirconium (hydr)oxide/MgFe layered double hydroxides composite in fixed-bed column for phosphate removal from water.
EXPLORING PHOSPHATE-SOLUBILIZING ASPERGILLUS SP: ISOLATION AND OPTIMIZATION O...indexPub
Background: The global phosphorus crisis is an evolving concern as the world's phosphorus sources are running out and demand for agricultural production is rising. Phosphorus shortages undermine food security and demand long-term management practices to assure phosphorus availability. Methods: Aspergillus strains were first screened on PVK media to get phosphorus solubilizing species and then the best strain was used to produce acid phosphatases. Finally, the effect of various assay conditions was analyzed to characterize extracellular acid phosphatases. Results: Out of four isolated strains, only A. niger, A. oryzae, and A. flavus were able to solubilize phosphate on PVK, of which A. niger stood out with a maximum solubility index of 2.38. The optimal pH and temperature for enzyme activity were recorded as 4.5 and 30°C. Furthermore, the substrate concentration of 100 mM with a 40-minute incubation period was found as a standard condition to achieve maximum specific activity i.e. 12 U/mg and a 17% higher free phosphorus level. After optimization, a 43.8% increment in the activity of extracellular acid phosphatases was observed. Conclusion: The study concludes that A. niger was the prominent performer, with improved phosphate solubilization and enzyme activity, as well as higher phosphorus release, demonstrating its potential for enhancing phosphorus availability not only in agricultural and environmental fields but in setups with lower phosphate availability too.
IRJET- Study on Reduction of Phosphate from Industrial Cum Municipal Wastewat...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on reducing phosphate levels in industrial and municipal wastewater using a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). The researchers used polyurethane foam as bio-carriers in a cylindrical tank equipped with an aerator. The MBBR was operated under aerobic conditions at an aeration rate of 1.6 LPM. Results showed the MBBR was able to remove 55.06% of phosphorus from the wastewater. The document provides background on the need to remove phosphorus from wastewater to prevent eutrophication, and describes different phosphorus removal methods including chemical, physical and biological approaches like the MBBR system tested in this study.
Measuring Trace Concentrations of Phosphorus in Lake Auburn, ME using UV-Visi...Hannah Kiesler
This document presents a year-long thesis project analyzing methods to measure trace concentrations of phosphorus in Lake Auburn, Maine. The introduction provides background on the global phosphorus cycle and its importance in aquatic ecosystems. It describes how phosphorus naturally cycles through soil weathering and uptake by plants and animals, and how human activities have altered these cycles. Two analytical chemistry methods are tested: UV-visible spectrophotometry using the phosphomolybdate blue complex reaction, and chemiluminescence. The results suggest the chemiluminescence method provides better accuracy for measuring low phosphorus concentrations in freshwater samples like Lake Auburn.
The document discusses the removal of phosphate from wastewater using low-cost adsorbents. It examines the use of alum sludge, coal ash, class C fly ash, and ground granulated blast furnace slag to remove phosphates through adsorption. Batch and column tests were conducted to determine optimum conditions and adsorption capacities. The batch studies analyzed the effect of pH, dosage, and contact time on phosphate removal. Optimum pH and dosages were identified for each adsorbent. Column tests measured breakthrough curves and saturation times. Results showed the adsorbents were effective at removing phosphates from synthetic wastewater, with performance varying based on initial phosphate concentration and adsorbent type.
It is generally accepted that a low level of fluorine in mains water 0.4 to 1 mg -¢ L – 1 depending on the climate of the country concerned promotes the formation of tooth enamel and protects teeth from decay. On the other hand, too much fluorine will destroy this enamel and cause a range of endemic type disorders that are generally called “fluoroses- malformed teeth, staining of the enamel, decalcification, tendon mineralisation, digestive and nervous disorders, etc. These problems can appear in individuals for widely variable quantities of the product. Water must be discharged or treated as soon as it contains more than 1 to 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1 of F – . Some natural waters contain more than 10 mg -¢ L – 1 of fluorine. This concentration has to be reduced to approximately 1 mg -¢ L – 1 the acceptable concentration falling as the average annual temperature rises the European standard has set 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1. Many studies have been carried out to address the issue however little success has been reported up to date. Layered double hydroxides LDHs which readily undergo anion exchange reactions have been used as a suitable candidate for defluorination. Also there is regeneration of the material after removal of fluoride ions without releasing flouride ions back in to the water cycle. F elimination using a nanofiltration NF operation will solve problems for large scale pilot plants in the future.Many defluorination projects have significant effectiveness on the prevention of endemic fluorosis. The concentrations of water fluoride were below 1 mg L. Advanced on site methods, such as under sink reserve osmosis units, can remove fluoride but are too expensive for developing areas. Calcium carbonate as a cost effective sorbent for an onsite defluorination drinking water system. Batch and column experiments have been performed to characterize F removal properties. The present review discusses various techniques of defluorination of water. Dr. Atul Kumar Sharma | Dr. Harsukh Ram Chharang "Defluorination of Drinking Water" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46324.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/46324/defluorination-of-drinking-water/dr-atul-kumar-sharma
The document discusses biological phosphorus removal from wastewater. It describes how phosphorus enters wastewater from human and industrial sources. Phosphorus needs to be removed to prevent eutrophication in natural water bodies. The process relies on microorganisms called phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) that uptake phosphorus under aerobic conditions. PAOs store phosphorus inside their cells under aerobic conditions. They release phosphorus from their cells and take up organic carbon sources under anaerobic conditions. Alternating anaerobic and aerobic zones in wastewater treatment systems selects for growth of PAOs, resulting in removal of phosphorus from wastewater.
The document describes the development of an autonomous in-situ total phosphorus analyzer for use in aquatic environments. The analyzer uses the colorimetric stannous chloride-molybdenum blue method to measure orthophosphate, organic phosphate, and assimilated phosphate in algal biomass. A fluorinated ethylene propylene tubing digester catalyzed by UV light and heated by a nickel chromium wire is developed to digest organic phosphorus into a measurable form. Water samples and reagents are delivered using microfluidics and syringes controlled by linear actuators. Absorbance measurements are taken using a photodiode and LED in a flow cell. Validation tests achieved a correlation of r2=0
Urine Source Separation and Treatment: Opportunities for Beneficial Reuse of ...WaterWeUpTo
The document discusses using source separation and ion exchange to remove phosphorus from urine for beneficial reuse. The goal is to treat a concentrated urine stream to more efficiently remove phosphorus since it is a nonrenewable resource important for fertilizers. Tests were conducted using different doses of ion exchange resin on fresh and aged urine, achieving up to 99% removal efficiency of phosphorus from fresh urine. However, aged urine was less efficiently treated. Further testing is still needed to understand the effects of competing ions on phosphorus removal.
The phosphorus cycle describes the movement of phosphorus through lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Phosphorus is essential for life and is found in DNA, bones, teeth, and used in matches. In the phosphorus cycle, weathering releases phosphorus from rocks into soil. Microbes convert phosphorus in soil into soluble inorganic forms that can be absorbed by plants. Plants and animals absorb phosphorus, which returns to the environment through decomposition. The cycle continuously moves phosphorus from the lithosphere into the biosphere and back again.
Synthesis And Evaluation of Different Numbers of Phosphonate Group Containing...inventionjournals
Oil fields were seriously affected by the mineral scale formation, mainly calcium deposition. This paper focused on the synthesis and scale prevention of oilfield scaling, especially carbonates scale and sulfate scale. Scale can cause loss of production due to blockages in the near-well formation, in the tubing or in the surface facilities. Phosphonates are widely accepted as the most effective inhibitors for calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, also are widely used in many water treatment applications. Most good scale inhibitors should work at dosage levels between 5 and 25 ppm on most production systems depending on calcium concentration. The treatment rates can be affected by contaminants which take the scale inhibitor out of solution. Six different compounds of phosphonate containing groups have been synthesized and evaluated for scale inhibition property. Evaluation of synthetic phosphonate compounds as scale inhibitors has been done by using NACE Standard TM-0374-2001. From the results clear that one and two phosphonate group containing compounds do not show any characteristic of prevention of scales of either calcium carbonate or calcium sulphate. The compounds which have phosphonate group three or more show characteristics of prevention of both types of scales.
The three cycles described are:
1) The carbon dioxide-oxygen cycle which involves plants taking in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and releasing oxygen, while animals release carbon dioxide during respiration and take in oxygen.
2) The nitrogen cycle in which nitrogen is converted between forms through biological and physical processes like fixation, ammonification, and nitrification. Most nitrogen is in the atmosphere but is limited for biological use.
3) The phosphorus cycle moves phosphorus slowly from land deposits and sediments into living organisms and back into soils and sediments. Phosphorus is limiting for plant growth and phosphate fertilizers are used in agriculture.
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Study of in filter phosphorus removal mechanisms in an
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 130
STUDY OF IN-FILTER PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL MECHANISMS IN AN
AERATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG
R. Hamdan1
, D.Mara2
1
Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia,
2
Emeritus Professor in Civil Engineering , School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, United
Kingdom
rafidahh@uthm.edu.my, d.d.mara@leeds.ac.uk
Abstract
The removal mechanism of phosphorus in a wastewater treatment system remained uncertain due to their process complexity.
Accordingly this study has been conducted to investigate the removal mechanism of phosphorus from domestic wastewater in an
aerated blast furnace slag filter. In this study, several blast furnace slag (BFS) samples (fresh, after 2,4 and 6 months treatment
period) and particulates (4-5 mm in size) and sediments samples from the BFS filter after one year operation on site from the pilot-
scale aerated BFS filter were taken for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to
study the changes of the filter media after usage in the ARF system. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction spectrometric
analyses on the surface of BFS, particulates and sediment samples revealed that the apparent mechanisms of P-removal in the filter
are adsorption on the amorphous oxide phase of the BFS surface and precipitation within the filter.
Index Terms: Blast furnace slag, domestic wastewater, phosphorus, removal mechanism,
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Phosphorus removal mechanisms in a rock filter RF system
are very similar to the removal in a constructed wetland (CW)
system with the exception of the plant uptake in a CW
treatment. From previous studies carried out on CW systems,
it is clearly stated that the main phosphorus removal occurs by
adsorption and retention by substrates [1], plant uptake [2],
microbial immobilization [3], and precipitation in the water
column [4,5] as well as adsorption, complexation and
precipitation with aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca) and
clay minerals in the bed matrix [6]. Metcalf and Eddy [7] also
indicated that, in the case of natural treatment systems, the
major removal mechanisms of phosphorus are through
adsorption and chemical precipitation. The phosphorus, which
is mainly in the forms of orthophosphates, was reported to be
absorbed by clay minerals and various organic soils fraction in
the soil matrix and chemically precipitate with Ca (at neutral
to alkaline pH values) and iron or aluminium (at acid pH
values) [7].
In a subsurface-flow system −which is identical to the ARF
systems used in the present study where wastewater is in
direct contact with the adsorbents − adsorption and retention is
the main pathway of phosphorus removal [8]. Moreover,
Crites et al. [9] point out that the main pathways for
subsurface CW are adsorption and precipitation, and Bubba et
al., [10] point out that the adsorption and precipitation of
phosphorus in CW is a very complex phenomenon which can
occur simultaneously. The filter media can both adsorb the
phosphate ions and/or promote its precipitation by supplying
the solution with metals, which can react with phosphorus to
produce sparingly soluble phosphorus.
Under aerobic conditions, such as in an ARF system, insoluble
phosphates are chemically precipitated with ferric iron; Ca and
Al tend to be adsorbed onto adsorbent surfaces, such as clay
particles, ferric and Al hydroxides and oxides [8]. This
condition is identical to that in aeration tanks in an activated
sludge system. Gerardi [11] indicates that, when
orthophosphate, polyphosphate and organic phosphorus
compounds enter an activated sludge process, they
subsequently undergo biological and chemical changes and
thereby experience several fates. Furthermore, various organic
phosphorus compounds are removed from the wastewater
when particulate organic phosphorus is absorbed by solids and
settled out. The compounds are degraded through microbial
decomposition with the principal organisms activities
including actinomycetes, such as Streptomyces; bacteria, such
as Arthrobacter and Bacillus, and fungi, such as Aspergillus
and Penicillium [11]. These organisms produce an enzyme
called phosphatase which releases orthophosphate from
phosphorus-containing organic compounds.
Furthermore, under aerobic conditions, some polyphosphate is
hydrolyzed to orthophosphate, which is a readily available
nutrient compound for bacterial growth and energy transfer.
Notably, some organic phosphorus is decomposed to release
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @
phosphorus. Gerardi [11] also stated that orthophosphate in an
aeration tank may be incorporated into floc particles as soluble
hydroxyapatite (CaOH (PO4)3). In aerobic conditions where
dissolved oxygen is relatively high and much carbon dioxide
is stripped to the atmosphere, little carbonic acid is produced;
this will then increase the pH levels in the system. Under this
condition, orthophosphate is released and present as the
HPO42- ion. With the system containing Ca, orthophosphate
is precipitated from the solution as hydroxyapatit
subsequently incorporated into floc particles. The naturally
occurring reaction is in equation (1):
5Ca 3HPO H O → CaOH PO
After the processes have been completed, the final effluent
will leave the treatment system with approximately 90%
orthophosphate.
To date, phosphorus-removal mechanisms involved in an RF
system remain uncertain due to the complexity of phosphorus
during the overall removal process, despite the fact that the
subject has now been studied for more than
Nevertheless, it remains evident that more detailed research is
required in order to elucidate the sorption of phosphate [13].
Furthermore, Drizo et al. [14] have highlighted that the actual
removal mechanisms of phosphorus by slag filter ‘
uncertain and should be investigated in future studies’.
Notably, although there have been a few preliminary
investigations on this subject, there has been no
comprehensive study to take into account the various possible
phosphorus-removal mechanisms by slag filters, either with
the use of electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) or BFS as the filter
media. Pratt et al. [15], however, point out that, to date,
phosphorus-removal mechanisms of those filter media used to
treat effluent are also poorly understood; this is owing to the
fact that the main pathway of phosphorus-removal in a slag
filter is regulated by pH, temperature and concentrations of
coexisting metallic salts within the treatment system, as has
been discussed in Section 2.5.2.3. The main appare
phosphorus-removal pathway in the BFS and other slag filters
are adsorption on to the slag surface and precipitation of
metallic phosphate salts. Previous laboratory investigations
(e.g., [12, 16,17] utilizing BFS concluded that the dominant
removal mechanism at pH < 4.5 and pH> 8.5 was precipitation
and adsorption respectively, as shown in Figure 8.3.
Furthermore, under neutral pH to alkaline conditions
(7<pH<14), the adsorption of phosphate to calcium occurs and
tricalcium phosphate is produced by the
calcium and dihydrogen phosphate, as shown by Brady [18] in
equation (2):
3Ca
2+
+ 2H2PO4
-
↔ Ca3(PO4 )2
↓ +4H+
Baker et al. [19] indicate that metal oxides were important
phosphate (PO43-) adsorption sites owing to multiple charged
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
o stated that orthophosphate in an
aeration tank may be incorporated into floc particles as soluble
). In aerobic conditions where
dissolved oxygen is relatively high and much carbon dioxide
carbonic acid is produced;
this will then increase the pH levels in the system. Under this
condition, orthophosphate is released and present as the
ion. With the system containing Ca, orthophosphate
is precipitated from the solution as hydroxyapatite and
subsequently incorporated into floc particles. The naturally
4H (1)
After the processes have been completed, the final effluent
approximately 90%
removal mechanisms involved in an RF
system remain uncertain due to the complexity of phosphorus
during the overall removal process, despite the fact that the
subject has now been studied for more than 20 years [12].
Nevertheless, it remains evident that more detailed research is
required in order to elucidate the sorption of phosphate [13].
Furthermore, Drizo et al. [14] have highlighted that the actual
removal mechanisms of phosphorus by slag filter ‘remain
uncertain and should be investigated in future studies’.
Notably, although there have been a few preliminary
investigations on this subject, there has been no
comprehensive study to take into account the various possible
s by slag filters, either with
the use of electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) or BFS as the filter
media. Pratt et al. [15], however, point out that, to date,
removal mechanisms of those filter media used to
d; this is owing to the
removal in a slag
filter is regulated by pH, temperature and concentrations of
coexisting metallic salts within the treatment system, as has
been discussed in Section 2.5.2.3. The main apparent
removal pathway in the BFS and other slag filters
are adsorption on to the slag surface and precipitation of
metallic phosphate salts. Previous laboratory investigations
BFS concluded that the dominant
hanism at pH < 4.5 and pH> 8.5 was precipitation
and adsorption respectively, as shown in Figure 8.3.
Furthermore, under neutral pH to alkaline conditions
(7<pH<14), the adsorption of phosphate to calcium occurs and
tricalcium phosphate is produced by the reaction between
calcium and dihydrogen phosphate, as shown by Brady [18] in
(2)
Baker et al. [19] indicate that metal oxides were important
) adsorption sites owing to multiple charged
cautions, high positive surface charge densities at near
pH, and a propensity to hydroxilate in the case of aqueous
systems. Consequently, this study was designed in order to
establish the possibility of a phosphorus
within the aerated BFS filter treating facultative pond effluent
containing 1- 3 mg P/L at neutral to mildly alkaline pH (6.8
9.0).
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Blast Furnace Slag (
BFS samples from the pilot
were taken for scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/EDX
examinations and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to study
the changes of the filter media after usage in the subsurface
horizontal-flow Blast-Furnace Slag Filter system. In the
present work, samples of fresh BFS and BFS o
horizontal-flow Blast-Furnace Slag Filter from Esholt
Wastewater Treatment Works, Bradford, UK treating PFP
effluent, were collected after three periods of operation of 2, 4,
and 6 months, and analyzed for SEM/EDX. Particulates (4
mm in size) and sediments samples from the BFS filter after
one year operation on site also were taken for XRD analysis.
Figure1. The subsurface horizontal
Filter (left); blast furnace slag (right)
2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were carried
out to study the BFS surface using very high magnifications.
BFS samples were placed in the oven immediately after
collection from the experiment station to dry for 24 hours at
105°C [14] before they were allowed to cool in a
The BFS samples were then crushed to about 0.5 cm in size in
a mortar and pestle. The crushed samples were soaked in
acetone in an ultrasonic shaker for a few minutes to remove
loose material on the surface. Later, the cleaned samples were
dried on a hot plate at 110
holder with cold setting glue. Finally, the mounted samples
were coated with a thin layer (2
eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
131
, high positive surface charge densities at near-neutral
pH, and a propensity to hydroxilate in the case of aqueous
systems. Consequently, this study was designed in order to
establish the possibility of a phosphorus-removal mechanism
S filter treating facultative pond effluent
3 mg P/L at neutral to mildly alkaline pH (6.8-
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Furnace Slag (BFS) Samples
BFS samples from the pilot-scale filter as shown in Figure 1
ing electron microscopy (SEM)/EDX
ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to study
the changes of the filter media after usage in the subsurface
Furnace Slag Filter system. In the
present work, samples of fresh BFS and BFS of the subsurface
Furnace Slag Filter from Esholt
Wastewater Treatment Works, Bradford, UK treating PFP
effluent, were collected after three periods of operation of 2, 4,
and 6 months, and analyzed for SEM/EDX. Particulates (4-5
size) and sediments samples from the BFS filter after
one year operation on site also were taken for XRD analysis.
. The subsurface horizontal-flow Blast-Furnace Slag
Filter (left); blast furnace slag (right)
2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (Sem) Analysis
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were carried
out to study the BFS surface using very high magnifications.
BFS samples were placed in the oven immediately after
collection from the experiment station to dry for 24 hours at
[14] before they were allowed to cool in a desiccators.
The BFS samples were then crushed to about 0.5 cm in size in
a mortar and pestle. The crushed samples were soaked in
acetone in an ultrasonic shaker for a few minutes to remove
surface. Later, the cleaned samples were
dried on a hot plate at 110°C and mounted on the specimen
holder with cold setting glue. Finally, the mounted samples
were coated with a thin layer (2–3 minutes coating time) of
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 132
gold using an Emscope SC500 Gold Sputter Coater (Emscope,
Ashford, UK) before further examination by SEM. The
analyses have been conducted in the Leeds Electron
Microscopy and Spectroscopy Centre Institute for Materials
Research (LEMAS), School of Process Environmental and
Materials Engineering, University of Leeds.
The prepared samples were then examined and photographed
using an Environmental Scanning Microscope, XL30 ESEM
(Philips, UK) to facilitate identification of the elemental
composition of the samples. The ESEM is fitted with a
secondary electron detector (SE), a back scatter electron
detector (BSE) and a gaseous secondary electron detector
(GSE). It also had an Oxford Instruments INCA ENERGY
(EDX) x-ray analysis system. The SEM micrographs, EDX
spectrum and elemental semi quantitative table will be
produced of each sample. The information will be analyzed
subsequently to study phosphorus present and distribution on
the fresh and treated BFS surface samples.
2.3 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis is widely used for structural
and phase composition studies. XRD is particularly useful for
mineralogy structure identification and also identification of
the chemical elements present in the geological samples. In
the present study, fresh and after 6 month treated BFS,
particulates (4-5 mm) and sediment samples from the BFS
filter after one year operation on site at Esholt WWTP, were
placed in the oven immediately after collection from the
experiment station to dry for 24 hours at 105°C [14] before
they were allowed to cool in a desiccators. Later the samples
were processed for X-ray diffraction (XRD) with an X-ray
diffractometer equipped with a copper tube (Cu Kα) radiation
and a graphite monochromator (model PW1050-Cu Kα, Royal
Philips Electronics N.V., Amsterdam) in the School of Earth
and Environment, University of Leeds. Acquisition was
performed on a spinner sample stage running in continuous
scan mode over the range from 5.000° to 70.005° 2Θ with a
step size of 0.010 giving a total of 31 steps. The analysis
method was based on a comparison of the values of
interplanar distances and intensities of peaks in diffractograms
of samples and a reference sample, using the standard
database of ICDD PDF-2 of the International Centre for
Diffraction Data. After XRD analyses, spectrum pattern
produced of each sample will be analyzed to study the changes
of peak produced between fresh and treated BFS surface
samples. As for the sediment samples, minerals contained in
the samples will be characterized through the peak produced
on the spectrum.
3. RESULTS &DISCUSSION
Spectroscopic analyses—including SEM/EDX and XRD—
were used in the present study in order to investigate
phosphorus distribution on the BFS surface and in sediment
samples. Fresh and treated BFS were characterized using both
SEM/EDX and XRD, whilst particulate (4-5 mm) and
sediment samples from the BFS filter were examined with the
use of XRD. Results from both analyses for both fresh and
treated BFS, particulates and sediment samples are discussed
in the following sections.
3.1 Chemistry and Mineralogy of Fresh BFS
The mineral and chemical composition of fresh BFS samples
from Tarmac Quarry Products Ltd., Scunthorpe, UK, was
characterized through spectroscopy examinations. In terms of
its mineralogy, as been discovered through XRD analysis,
fresh BFS is considered to be a crystalline glassy mineral
mainly consisting of melilite (Ca4Al2MgSi3O14 /
4CaOAl2O3MgO•3SiO) and gehlenite: Ca2Al2SiO7. In
addition, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) was used in order to
determine the chemical composition of the BFS. The results of
the XRF analyses suggest that the elemental chemistry is
dominated CaO (39.37%), SiO2 (35.29%) , Al2O3 (12.65%)
and MgO (8.69%). Moreover, the low iron content (<1% by
weight) and the low carbon content (<1% by weight) were
determined by the loss on ignition (LOI) test, which suggests
that adsorption and precipitation processes in the BFS filter
system are controlled by the interactions with reactive
calcium, silica, aluminium and magnesium sites, and not via
interactions involving iron oxides.
Furthermore, as has been gathered from the SEM/EDX
analysis, the most abundant minerals on a fresh BFS surface
were found to be calcium and silica, as shown in the SEM
photomicrographs and EDX spectra in Figure 2 which confirm
that no phosphorus was found on the fresh BFS surface.
Figure2. SEM micrograph of surface scanned and EDX
spectrum of Fresh BFS sample
3.2 BFS Samples after Treatment
After a few months in the BFS filter system, phosphorus can
be seen on the surface of BFS samples after being examined
by SEM/EDX. Figures 3(a) & (b) show the presence of
phosphorus on the surface of BFS through EDX mapping and
the spectrum analysis of surface BFS samples after a two-
month period of the treatment. SEM micrographs and EDX
spectra analyses four- and six-months after treatment in the
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 133
BFS filter are detailed in Figures 4 and 5, respectively.
Phosphorus was found on the BFS surface samples of each
sample, as the phosphorus peaks have been clearly seen and
revealed by the presence of phosphorus peaks on the EDX
spectra. From a semi-quantitative analysis produced after
EDX mapping on all BFS samples, it can be concluded that
the accumulation of phosphorus on the BFS surface has a
linear relationship to the contact time of BFS with wastewater.
This condition can be described by analyzing the percentage
by the weight of phosphorus accumulating on the surface
following 0-, 2-, 4- and 6-month periods of treatment. The
concentration of phosphorus accumulating on the BFS surface
over a two-month period was approximately 1.59 ± 0.68 % by
weight. The adsorbed phosphorus on the BFS surface
gradually increased over the 6-month period of the trial, as
shown in Table 1. The percentage of phosphorus determined
on the surface of BFS from semi-quantitative analysis in this
study was higher than that established by Pratt et al. [20],
which was approximately 3.37% by weight of phosphorus in
their slag samples. These results indicate that as the time of
contact between BFS and wastewater increased, more
phosphorus was expected to be adsorbed onto the BFS
surface.
Figure 3(a). SEM micrographs and EDX spectra of BFS
surface samples over a two-month treatment period in the
aerated BFS filter
Figure 3(b). SEM micrographs and EDX spectra of BFS
surface samples over a two-month treatment period in the
aerated BFS filter
Figure4. SEM micrographs and EDX spectra of BFS surface
sample over a four-month treatment period in the aerated BFS
filter
Table 1 Elemental concentrations in Blast Furnace Slag
surface sample as determined by EDXa
BFS
Sampl
es
Elemental concentration (expressed in wt % of
sample surface material)
P Fe A
l
Ca M
g
Si S C O
Fresh n.
a.
n.a
.
4.
9
18.
5
3.
9
12.
6
0.
8
0.9 47.
0
Treate
d
(2-
mths)
1.
6
2.2 3.
6
6.4 1.
1
4.7 1.
4
41.
6
34.
4
Treate
d
(4-
mths)
2.
2
4.9 2.
9
22.
3
0.
6
6.0
8
1.
7
31.
4
18.
5
Treate
d
(6-
mths)
6.
5
23.
9 0.
4
7.5 n.
a.
1.7 1.
6
6.2 49.
4
a Note not all element contents are shown therefore the
percentage for each material do not add 100% (e.g. K, Au, Ti,
Mn), n.a. not available
From the semi-quantitative analysis carried out on BFS
samples, it can be concluded that phosphorus-rich oxides
formed after the effluent from primary facultative pond
underwent further treatment in the BFS filter. These findings
demonstrate that BFS has a high capacity for adsorbing
phosphorus from wastewater, as well as chemisorptions,
which took place on the BFS surface. The BFS used in this
study was comprised of 39% CaO and 35% SiO2, as provided
earlier in Table 1. Therefore, the adsorption of phosphorus to
calcium oxide could have been the key removal mechanism
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 134
for phosphorus in the BFS filter. The results obtained from the
BFS filter in the present study has a good agreement, as has
been revealed by Pratt et al. [20] in the electric furnace slag
filter treating WSP effluent at near-neutral pH value. They
subsequently found that the key removal of phosphorus in the
near neutral pH system was through adsorption onto Fe
oxides/oxyhydroxides and oxidising Eh. Furthermore, de-
Bashan and Bashan [21] also indicate that the main pathway
of phosphorus-removal was achieved via adsorption onto
hydroxide surface.
From the XRD scans of BFS samples after a six-month period
of treatment on the surface of BFS samples, the spectrum did
not show any significant changes in the mineralogy, which
was mostly melilite (Ca4Al2MgSi3O14/
4CaOAl2O3MgO•3SiO) and gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7), with
the exception of calcite and quartz peaks, as can be seen on the
BFS surface following treatment in the filter (Figures 6 and 7).
The present findings indicate that the accumulated and
adsorbed phosphorus species, as shown in the previously
mentioned SEM micrographs, were amorphous oxides.
Notably, amorphous oxides have higher phosphorus
adsorption capacities than crystalline oxides due to their larger
number of singly-coordinated surface hydroxyl ions, as has
been reported by Vymazal et al. [22]. Therefore, as can be
determined from the spectroscopy analyses on the BFS
surfaces characterisation study, phosphorus adsorption occurs
on amorphous Ca/Si/Al/Fe oxides in the BFS filter.
Figure6. X-ray diffraction diagram of the of BFS surface
samples over a 6-month treatment period in the aerated BFS
filter
Figure7. X-ray diffraction diagram of the of BFS surface
samples over a 6-month treatment period in the aerated BFS
filter
3.3 Particulates (4-5 Mm) and Sediments Samples
Particulates within the range 4-5 mm and sediments were
sampled from the BFS filter after one year’s operation on-site
at Esholt WWTP for mineral characterisation using X-ray
diffraction. From the XRD analysis of particulates samples, it
can be seen that particulates which were amorphous in the
BFS filter consist of hydrated yttrium erbium phosphate,
which are also known as churchite (YPO4•2H2O) and
potassium-rich halite (K0.2Na0.8C), as shown in Figure. The
presence of phosphate-bearing minerals in the amorphous
particulates samples shows that some phosphate ions react
with inorganic compounds in the wastewater and precipitate as
sediments in the bottom of the filter. This phenomenon was
shown by the XRD analysis of the sediment samples. The
phosphate-bearing mineral churchite (YPO4•2H2O) was also
present in sediment samples, as can be seen in Figure 8. From
the particulates material and sediment sample characterisation
study, which was carried out by XRD analysis, it can be
concluded that precipitation has taken place in the BFS filter.
Furthermore, Johansson and Gustaffson [23] also propose that
the main mechanism of phosphorus removal in the BFS filter
was through calcium phosphate, namely hydroxyapatite [HAP:
Ca5(PO4)3.OH], precipitation. Nevertheless, although the
precipitation of hydroxyapatite may be expected in the case of
sediment samples owing to Ca dissolution within the BFS
filter, no HAP was found in the samples; this might be due to
the amorphous sediment samples as clearly shown in Figure 9.
Therefore, it was quite problematic to analyze the sample. In
addition, Vohla et al. [24] also conclude that, in a system
containing a high content of CaO, the main process of
phosphorus removal was precipitation.
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 135
Figure8. X-ray diffraction scan of the particulate samples
Figure9. X-ray diffraction scan of the of sediments samples
CONCLUSIONS
From the study concerning in-filter phosphorus removal
mechanisms, the following conclusions have been drawn:
• The dominant mechanisms of phosphorus-removal in the
filter treating facultative pond effluent involved the
adsorption onto the BFS surface, as well as precipitation in
a near neutral pH of the aerated BFS filter.
• Phosphorus from wastewater adsorbed onto amorphous
Ca/Si/Al/Fe oxides of BFS surface.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are extremely grateful to all our funders: University of
Leeds, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysian
Ministry of Higher Education and especially to Yorkshire
Water Plc for providing the WSP experimental site at Esholt
WWTP, Bradford, UK and for their almost daily help on site.
Last but not least, special thanks go to Tarmac Quarry
Products Ltd. (Scunthorpe, UK) for kindly providing us blast
furnace slag for this project.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Name: Rafidah Hamdan, date of birthday:
09/10/77. Citizen: Malaysia.
Current position: Senior Lecturer at
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
(UTHM).
Education: Ph.D. in Civil Engineering
(Environmental Engineering), 2011, University of Leeds, UK.
M. Eng. in Civil Eng(Environmental Eng.), 2002, University
of Technology Malaysia. B. Eng (Hons). in Chemical
Engineering, 1999, University of Technology Malaysia.
Name: David Duncan Mara, date of
birthday: 03/10/46. Citizen: British.
Current position: Senior Emeritus
Professor in Civil Engineering, University
of Leeds, United Kingdom
DSc(Eng), University of Leeds, 2001;
European Engineer; Fellow of the Institution of Civil
Engineers and Chartered Engineer; Fellow of the Institute of
Biology and Chartered Biologist; Fellow of the Chartered
Institution of Water and Environmental Management; Fellow
of the Royal Institute of Public Health; Fellow of the Higher
Education Academy; Member of the International Water
Association; Advisor to the United Nations Human
Settlements Programme and the World Health Organization.
Awarded the IWA Pergamon Publications Medal in 1990 and
2000, and the CIWEM World of Difference Award 2007