This document discusses a mathematical model of the interaction between two natural minerals, shungite and zeolite, with water. Shungite is a carbon-containing mineral found in Russia, while zeolite is an aluminosilicate mineral found in Bulgaria. The minerals were treated with water and their energy spectra were analyzed using non-equilibrium and differential-equilibrium methods. Both shungite and zeolite were found to restructure the hydrogen bond energy between water molecules, increasing local maxima in the differential non-equilibrium spectra. The document proposes uses for these minerals in water treatment and purification due to their adsorption, catalytic, and bactericidal properties.
The document discusses a study that examined the ability of the fungus Fusarium oxysporium to remediate heavy metals in irradiated and non-irradiated sewage sludge. Sewage sludge samples were incubated with or without the fungus over time intervals of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. The highest cadmium levels were found in non-irradiated sewage sludge without fungus, while the lowest levels were found in irradiated sewage sludge without fungus. Cadmium levels generally decreased over time in all treatments as incubation continued. The fungus was able to reduce levels of some heavy metals like copper and lead in the sewage sludge compared to treatments without fungus
This document summarizes a study on the phytochemical-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of the seaweed Sargassum ilicifolium. Key findings include:
1) The seaweed extract reduced gold ions (Au+) to gold nanoparticles (Au0) in solution, indicated by a color change to ruby red and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and XRD.
2) FTIR analysis showed that carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in the seaweed mediated reduction and stabilization of the gold nanoparticles.
3) TEM images showed the produced gold nanoparticles were monodisperse and spherical, ranging in size from 2 to 30 nm.
This document discusses the isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis from soil in Basra, Iraq and its ability to biosorb heavy metals like cadmium and lead. B. thuringiensis showed resistance to high concentrations of lead and cadmium. Experiments examined the effect of metal concentration and contact time on biosorption. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction analysis were used to identify functional groups on the bacterial surface. The bacterium was able to effectively biosorb cadmium and lead from solutions, demonstrating its potential for remediating environments contaminated with heavy metals.
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Study of Adsorption Isotherm Model and Kinetics on Removal of Zinc Ion from I...IJERA Editor
The removal of Zinc (Zn) metal ion from aqueous solution by using novel bioadsornbent. The impact of beginning metal particle fixation and adsorbent measurements on the adsorption of Zinc (zn) by waste water was researched. The leftover zinc ions was then broke down utilizing Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (240AA). The adsorption harmony was accomplished when zinc arrangement was 800mg/L. The rate of metal evacuation is of most prominent criticalness for building up a characteristic adsorbent-based watertreatment innovation. The greatest evacuation rate is to be 95.37%. The harmony was accomplished essentially at pH of 7 at 120 minutes and 250 rpm evacuation effectiveness of zinc at steady beginning fixation with 1.25gm measurement infers the capability of gooseberry seeds to adsorb and recoup substantial metals from watery arrangement was effectively exhibited with zinc (zn) test arrangements. The adsorption isotherm studies was done by using Langmuir, Freundlich, temkin, Hill, Jovanovich models and kinetics reaction was studied by pseudo 1st and 2 nd order kinetic reaction. The bioadsorption information fit well with the Temkin isotherm model than the other isotherm model. The kinetics 2nd order reaction was fit to this bioadsorbent than the first order kinetics. Removal of zinc ions from crackers industry waste water was found to be 84%. These outcomes have exhibited the gigantic capability of waste water as an option adsorbent for dangerous metal particles remediation in contaminated wastewater. This paper surveys and investigation the innovative parts of expulsion of zinc from the industrial waste water
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
assessment of biomass of leaves of water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes)IJAEMSJORNAL
Green chemistry methods for nanoparticles synthesis have implemented the valorization of renewable waste that reduces the use of chemicals and sub-products to minimize the environmental impact. Herein, we report a method to synthesize Ag and Au nanoparticles (AgNPs, AuNPs) using one of the world´s worst aquatic weeds, water hyacinth. From a reaction between a solution of AgNO3 or HAuCl4 and controlling the pH, the nanoparticles were synthesized. The optimum pH value to obtained uniform quantum dots was found to be acidic for AgNPs and neutral for AuNPs. The size was highly dependent on pH for AgNPs, a smaller size was for acidic pH, and the larger size was for basic pH, and cubic and hexagonal are the predominant structures, no dependent was observed in AuNPs, and orthorhombic is the most common form. This method was sustainable because water hyacinth is a renewable resource in all world, and their use is not being exploited in any process. The bioreduction process using water hyacinth promotes the metallic nanoparticles formation and applied standard conditions for temperature and pressure. Also, the rate of synthesis is fast.
The document discusses a study that examined the ability of the fungus Fusarium oxysporium to remediate heavy metals in irradiated and non-irradiated sewage sludge. Sewage sludge samples were incubated with or without the fungus over time intervals of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. The highest cadmium levels were found in non-irradiated sewage sludge without fungus, while the lowest levels were found in irradiated sewage sludge without fungus. Cadmium levels generally decreased over time in all treatments as incubation continued. The fungus was able to reduce levels of some heavy metals like copper and lead in the sewage sludge compared to treatments without fungus
This document summarizes a study on the phytochemical-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of the seaweed Sargassum ilicifolium. Key findings include:
1) The seaweed extract reduced gold ions (Au+) to gold nanoparticles (Au0) in solution, indicated by a color change to ruby red and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and XRD.
2) FTIR analysis showed that carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in the seaweed mediated reduction and stabilization of the gold nanoparticles.
3) TEM images showed the produced gold nanoparticles were monodisperse and spherical, ranging in size from 2 to 30 nm.
This document discusses the isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis from soil in Basra, Iraq and its ability to biosorb heavy metals like cadmium and lead. B. thuringiensis showed resistance to high concentrations of lead and cadmium. Experiments examined the effect of metal concentration and contact time on biosorption. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction analysis were used to identify functional groups on the bacterial surface. The bacterium was able to effectively biosorb cadmium and lead from solutions, demonstrating its potential for remediating environments contaminated with heavy metals.
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Study of Adsorption Isotherm Model and Kinetics on Removal of Zinc Ion from I...IJERA Editor
The removal of Zinc (Zn) metal ion from aqueous solution by using novel bioadsornbent. The impact of beginning metal particle fixation and adsorbent measurements on the adsorption of Zinc (zn) by waste water was researched. The leftover zinc ions was then broke down utilizing Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (240AA). The adsorption harmony was accomplished when zinc arrangement was 800mg/L. The rate of metal evacuation is of most prominent criticalness for building up a characteristic adsorbent-based watertreatment innovation. The greatest evacuation rate is to be 95.37%. The harmony was accomplished essentially at pH of 7 at 120 minutes and 250 rpm evacuation effectiveness of zinc at steady beginning fixation with 1.25gm measurement infers the capability of gooseberry seeds to adsorb and recoup substantial metals from watery arrangement was effectively exhibited with zinc (zn) test arrangements. The adsorption isotherm studies was done by using Langmuir, Freundlich, temkin, Hill, Jovanovich models and kinetics reaction was studied by pseudo 1st and 2 nd order kinetic reaction. The bioadsorption information fit well with the Temkin isotherm model than the other isotherm model. The kinetics 2nd order reaction was fit to this bioadsorbent than the first order kinetics. Removal of zinc ions from crackers industry waste water was found to be 84%. These outcomes have exhibited the gigantic capability of waste water as an option adsorbent for dangerous metal particles remediation in contaminated wastewater. This paper surveys and investigation the innovative parts of expulsion of zinc from the industrial waste water
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
assessment of biomass of leaves of water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes)IJAEMSJORNAL
Green chemistry methods for nanoparticles synthesis have implemented the valorization of renewable waste that reduces the use of chemicals and sub-products to minimize the environmental impact. Herein, we report a method to synthesize Ag and Au nanoparticles (AgNPs, AuNPs) using one of the world´s worst aquatic weeds, water hyacinth. From a reaction between a solution of AgNO3 or HAuCl4 and controlling the pH, the nanoparticles were synthesized. The optimum pH value to obtained uniform quantum dots was found to be acidic for AgNPs and neutral for AuNPs. The size was highly dependent on pH for AgNPs, a smaller size was for acidic pH, and the larger size was for basic pH, and cubic and hexagonal are the predominant structures, no dependent was observed in AuNPs, and orthorhombic is the most common form. This method was sustainable because water hyacinth is a renewable resource in all world, and their use is not being exploited in any process. The bioreduction process using water hyacinth promotes the metallic nanoparticles formation and applied standard conditions for temperature and pressure. Also, the rate of synthesis is fast.
Trace metals concentration determination in domestic waterAlexander Decker
This document analyzes trace metal concentrations in domestic water samples from Keana mine area in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from wells, boreholes, and streams in the area and analyzed for concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, strontium, lead, thorium, and zinc using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The results found high levels of arsenic exceeding WHO guidelines in all samples. Strontium levels were close to the acceptable range. Lead and zinc concentrations were low. The high arsenic levels pose a health risk and suggest closer monitoring of water sources is needed to reduce risks to local inhabitants.
Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bul...ijtsrd
The wide application of nanoparticles stimulates the need for synthesizing them but, the conventional methods are usually hazardous and energy consuming. This leads to focus on œgreen synthesis of nanoparticles which seems to be easy efficient and ecofriendly approach. In this study, the plant mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was carried out using bulb extract of Allium cepa as a reducing agent. The optimized nano zinc thus obtained was quantified and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), EDAX and Zeta potential analyses. Further, the synthesized ZnO NPs were tested for antimicrobial activity. N. Tensingh Baliah | S. Lega Priyatharsini"Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bulb Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8305.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/8305/biosynthesis-and-characterization-of-zinc-oxide--nanoparticles-using-onion-bulb-extract/n-tensingh-baliah
This document summarizes a study that investigated the reactivity and removal kinetics of mercury from aqueous solutions using mixed mineral systems injected with zinc sulfide under sulfidic-anoxic conditions. The study used various mineral mixtures including zinc sulfide, kaolinite, montmorillonite, and goethite both individually and combined. Batch experiments were conducted to examine mercury sorption and the behavior of the mixed mineral systems. Kinetic and isotherm models were applied to analyze the mercury removal process and understand the reactive sites and mechanisms involved. The results provide insight into how mineral mixing can enhance or attenuate mercury removal from contaminated waters.
1) The document describes the green synthesis and optimization of polyhedral gold nanoparticles using Acinetobacter sp. SW30 isolated from activated sewage sludge.
2) Various physiological and physicochemical parameters that influence the synthesis of gold nanoparticles were optimized, including culture age, cell density, gold salt concentration, temperature, and pH.
3) Polyhedral gold nanoparticles averaging 20 ± 10 nm were synthesized using a 24 hour old culture with a cell density of 2.4 × 109 cfu/ml, at 50°C and pH 9 in 0.5 mM HAuCl4 solution.
Adsorption tests of humic substances on raw clay from bikougou (gabon)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the adsorption performance of raw clay from Bikougou, Gabon for removing humic substances from surface waters. Batch experiments were conducted to observe the effects of initial humic substance concentration, pH, and mineralization on adsorption. Optimum removal occurred at low initial concentrations. Acidic pH of 4 achieved good retention. The presence of calcium and magnesium ions significantly improved removal efficiency compared to demineralized water, suggesting an adsorption mechanism involving bridging between clay, cations, and humic substances. Kinetic studies found equilibrium was reached after over ten hours.
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nano particles using flower extract cassia dens...IJERD Editor
Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an interesting issue of the nanoscience and
nanobiotechnology. There is a growing attention to biosynthesis the metal nanoparticles using organisms.
Among these organisms, plants seem to be the best and they are suitable for large scale biosynthesis of
nanoparticles. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable, and the rate of synthesis is faster than that in
the case of other organisms. The present investigation was carried out to green synthesis of zinc oxide
nanoparticles by using the medicinal plant cassia densistipulata taub. The flower was collected from the campus
of Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh and their petals were separated. The petals were taken and cleaned with
dimeneralized water and soaked for an hour on dry cloth to remove moisture from the petals.
Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles was done by mixing 5gms of Zinc Nitrate with 50ml of aqueous
extract of cassia densistipulata taub petals. The formation of nanoparticles was monitored by visualizing color
changes and it was confirmed by Electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of various techniques confirmed the presence Zinc oxide
nanoparticles.
Preparation, characterization and application of sonochemically doped fe3+ in...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present study, mechanistic investigation of ultrasound–assisted dye decolorization/degradation was investigated using sonochemically prepared Fe3+ doped ZnO. Fe3+ doped ZnO nanoparticle was prepared under ultrasound (20 kHz) irradiation using a doping concentration of 2 wt% of Fe(III). To investigate the catalytic activity of Fe3+ doped ZnO, Acid Red 14 (azo dye) was chosen for decolorization/degradation using sonolysis, photocatalysis and sono–photocatalysis processes. To study the influence of dopant onto structure, crystallinity, and optical properties, different analytical analyses were performed such as X–ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, Delsa Nano Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer analysis (VSM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE–SEM) etc. For photocatalytic experiments, a blended high pressure mercury UV lamp with maximum peak emission at 365 nm was used. The decolorization/degradation of dye with modified photocatalyst showed faster reaction kinetics under sono–photocatalytic process. Ultrasound showed an additive effect for degradation/decolorization process. The maximum decolorization of AR14 was achieved (~ 82%) under sono–photocatlytic process with an initial dye concentration of 20 ppm. The sono–photocatalysis process showed 1.4 – 1.6 higher reaction rates with Fe–doped ZnO than pure ZnO. Index Terms: ZnO, Fe–ZnO, Fe-doped ZnO, Sonocatalytic, Photocatalytic, Advanced Oxidation Process, AOP
pH effects on the adsorption of saxitoxin by powdered activated carbonhbuarque
Increasing occurrence of cyanotoxins in surface waters worldwide pose significant problems, including
those for drinking water utilities. In this study, the removal of saxitoxin (STX) from three different
powdered activated carbons (PACs) was studied. STX is one of the most toxic paralytic shellfish toxins
(PSTs), albeit not the most prevalent. The results showed that a wide range of non-electrostatic and
electrostatic interactions appeared to play a role in the sorption of STX on PAC, depending on the solution
pH, NOM concentration, and other factors. A bituminous coal-based PAC, that was studied in greatest
detail, showed a trend of increasing sorption capacity for STX with increasing pH. NOM appeared to
significantly inhibit adsorption when the pH was nearly neutral (e.g. 7.05), yet it had less effect at higher
pH levels of 8.2 and 10.7.
Performance of Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor for Nitrate RemovalIJRES Journal
Nitrate is present in the majority of water resources, and has reached serious level in many parts of the world, which is responsible for environmental problems. Hence it is necessary to remove nitrate. Biological denitrification provides the most economical means for nitrate removal. This paper represents the performance of Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor (FBBR) using bone china fine granules as biofilm carrier media for biological denitrification.
In this experimental work, the maximum average nitrogen removal efficiency of 93.71% at HRT of 30 minutes and optimum efficiency of 88.13% at HRT of 10 minutes is observed. For nitrogen loading rates varying from 0.48 to 28.80 kg N m-3 d-1, denitrification rates observed are 0.44 kg N m-3 d-1 to 17.26 kg N m-3 d-1. Optimum nitrogen loading rate and denitrification rate observed are 10.08 kg N m-3 d-1 and 8.88 kg N m-3 d-1 respectively. The results justify the usefulness of FBBR for denitrification.
Synthesis of the silver nanoparticles from Aloe barbadensis extract and its a...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that synthesized silver nanoparticles from Aloe barbadensis leaf extract and evaluated their antimicrobial activity against urinary tract infection pathogens. Key findings include:
- Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using Aloe barbadensis leaf extract and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and FTIR.
- Thirty-two bacteria isolated from urine samples were identified, with Escherichia coli being the most prevalent pathogen identified in 47% of samples.
- Disc diffusion assays found the silver nanoparticles showed strongest antimicrobial activity against E. coli, followed by Candida albicans. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus showed no sensitivity.
- Results indicate silver
Metals accumulation and As releasing during interaction of clay and iron mine...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The soil and sediment samples with different content of metals and clay minerals were investigated during bioleaching. The increasing of clay and metal concentrations with decreasing particle size were found both in contaminated soil and sediment. Heterotrophic bioleaching of the iron rich clay fractions from the soil and the sediment were evaluated for his effectiveness in the cycling of iron bound As by consuming organic nutrients. The treatment involved the use of the indigenous bacteria, whose activity was combined with the chelating strength of EDDS, SDS, Na4P2O7 and fertilizers. Heterotrophic bacteria caused decomposition of iron binding deposition as is adsorption on clay with followed dissolving of Fe mainly by the sediment bioleaching. The concentration of iron decreased by precipitation with As sorption after 19 days of sediment bioleaching. The Cu and Zn extraction was inhibited by bioleaching during the iron and arsenic dissolution and precipitation. By contrast, the additives 3mM Cu and 3mM Zn were applied into medium and thus affected the activity of soil resistant heterotrophic bacteria with followed increasing of the iron and arsenic extraction by the soil clay bioleaching. Therefore, this study confirmed the soil and sediment bioleaching in Fe or As releasing efficiency under different conditions regulated by indigenous bacteria. The bioleaching can be a suitable technology for As removal from the untreated soil and sediment by stimulation of the resistant bacteria activity. The separation of clays from the soil and sediment samples did not decreased of toxic element limits because clay and iron minerals coated on coarse silicate particles and the clay fraction is bearers of metals which contaminate the soil and sediment environment.
Profiling of Zn2+ Ion Sorption in Modeled Aqueous Solutions by different Part...IOSRJAC
The efficiency of the husk, stalk, cob and seed chaff from maize biomass in the removal of Zn2+ ions from solution under different conditions was studied and compared. Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of the different biomass parts before and after adsorption of metal ions showed that the husk and cob had more available functional groups and as such active sites for the adsorption of Zn2+ ions than the seed chaff and stalk. Percentage removal of Zn2+ions from solution increased with increase in the studied pH range for all the parts. This value also increased with increase in biomass load for the husk and cob but showed an alternating increase and decrease in Zn2+ ions removal as biomass load increased when the seed chaff and stalk were studied. At optimum pH and biomass load for the studied parts the maize husk gave the best removal efficiency of 72.8 %, making it a promising green packing material for industrial scale water treatment application.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Biosorption kinetics of vetiveria zizanioides rhizobacter on heavy metals con...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the kinetics of biosorption of heavy metals in contaminated wastewater using two bacteria - Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis - isolated from the rhizosphere of the Vetiveria zizanioides plant. The results showed that B. cereus accumulated the most lead (96.75%), cadmium (23%), and zinc (16.98%), while B. subtilis accumulated the most lead (95.2%), cadmium (41.3%), and zinc (32.2%). Kinetic studies revealed that the uptake of heavy metals followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The goal was to determine the potential of these microorganisms for bioremediating wast
Silver nanoparticles from the leaf extract of datura metelUsman Arshad
This research article describes the green synthesis and characterization of zero-valent silver nanoparticles using the leaf extract of the Datura metel plant. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by mixing an aqueous solution of silver nitrate with an extract of D. metel leaves. Characterization using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM showed the particles were predominantly between 50-100 nm in size. Antimicrobial testing demonstrated the silver nanoparticles had inhibitory effects against bacterial and fungal strains. The green synthesis method provides a low-cost and environmentally friendly approach for producing silver nanoparticles.
This document summarizes a project to prepare pure and magnesium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of endocrine disrupting chemicals. A group of 5 students will synthesize and characterize 1.5% Mg-doped ZnO using methods like X-ray diffraction and SEM. They will study the effect of time, catalyst loading on photocatalytic degradation of resorcinol. The goals are to prepare and analyze pure and doped ZnO nanoparticles to degrade chemicals like bisphenol and nonylphenol more efficiently through photocatalysis.
Plant Mediated Synthesis of ZnO and Mn Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using Carica P...IIJSRJournal
In this work, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were green synthesized using Carica papaya extract by the Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the formation of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles with the wurtzite crystal structure (hexagonal). Due to the presence of dopant Manganese (Mn) the optical spectra showed a redshift in the absorbance spectrum. Structural and optical properties of the end product showed that the manganese ions (Mn2+) substituted the Zinc ions (Zn2+) without altering the Wurtzite structure of ZnO. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirm the presence of metal oxide present in the end product. The antibacterial efficiency of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were studied using the agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram–negative bacteria. It is obvious from the results that Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit better antibacterial activity than ZnO nanoparticles.
Chemo bio synthesis of silver nanoparticlesJagpreet Singh
Silver nanoparticles have a lot of ways of synthesis like physical and chemical
methods; some of these methods use a lot of chemical substances and are
very hazardous for humans and environment, so a novel, great, environmental
friendly, cheap and easy to use world of green chemistry has been used. A
number of characterization techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier
transformation infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction study and scanning
electron microscopy revealed that silver nanoparticles have been used. Thus
the different response of the functional groups and the difference in the peaks
and UV-visible data was studied and then compared to understand and know
the way these different reducing agents react to the same starting material. The
green synthesis had a UV-visible peak at 446 nm while the one with chemical
synthesis had a peak at 395 nm. FTIR results of silver nanoparticles synthesis
by trisodium citrate (TSC) showed a peak at 1505 cm-1 which shows that the
compound has a stretching of the -C=C – bond. In another case, which was done
by using Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) a peak at 1695 cm-1 showed a –C=O- bond
indicating stretching and a weak absorption intensity. Another peak was present
which indicates a –O-H bond formation and presence which is a strong bond are
found to exist. A notable peak came for synthesis by orange peel at 1517 cm-1
which represents a –C=C- bond stretching as in aromatic compounds. Another
peak at 1732 cm-1 indicates the –C=O- bond. The XRD results on one of the
silver sample prepared by green methods showed silver nanomaterials formed
which had a average particle size of around 42 nm. FE-SEM results revealed that
silver nanomaterials were formed and had a flake like appearance in one of the
results. All the overall comparison showed that different modes of synthesis
of silver nanomaterials and different reducing agents give same materials but
with different peaks and intensities. All this data provided knowledge about the
fact that an alternative method can be used to create new nanoparticles if one
of the previously considered to tried method fails thus helping in extending the
broadways for research.
Biosorption of cu(ii) ions from aqueous solution usingAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated using neem leaf powder as a biosorbent for removing copper (Cu(II)) ions from aqueous solutions. Key findings include:
- The neem leaf powder had a surface area of 2.3102 m2/g, within the range of other biosorbents. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed copper binding to the leaf powder.
- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups were involved in copper ion biosorption via mechanisms like ion exchange and complexation.
- Batch experiments found equilibrium was reached within 60-120 minutes and biosorption capacity decreased with increasing initial
La Ley para la Defensa de las Personas en el Acceso a los Bienes y Servicios fusiona la antigua Ley de Protección al Consumidor y al Usuario y el Decreto de Defensa Popular contra el Acaparamiento, la Especulación y el Boicot. La nueva ley amplía el ámbito de aplicación para incluir conductas como el acaparamiento y especulación en cualquier bien, no solo de primera necesidad. También protege a personas jurídicas y facilita el acceso a bienes y servicios esenciales de manera continua, eficiente
Henry Baxter is a first year student at UNCC majoring in construction materials. He graduated from Marvin Ridge High School in Waxhaw, North Carolina and has work experience laying footings and walls for residential housing construction. Baxter was a two-year captain for his high school lacrosse team that won three state championships, a DECA member for two years, and worked as a lot manager at an auto car wash during high school summers.
Trace metals concentration determination in domestic waterAlexander Decker
This document analyzes trace metal concentrations in domestic water samples from Keana mine area in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from wells, boreholes, and streams in the area and analyzed for concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, strontium, lead, thorium, and zinc using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The results found high levels of arsenic exceeding WHO guidelines in all samples. Strontium levels were close to the acceptable range. Lead and zinc concentrations were low. The high arsenic levels pose a health risk and suggest closer monitoring of water sources is needed to reduce risks to local inhabitants.
Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bul...ijtsrd
The wide application of nanoparticles stimulates the need for synthesizing them but, the conventional methods are usually hazardous and energy consuming. This leads to focus on œgreen synthesis of nanoparticles which seems to be easy efficient and ecofriendly approach. In this study, the plant mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was carried out using bulb extract of Allium cepa as a reducing agent. The optimized nano zinc thus obtained was quantified and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), EDAX and Zeta potential analyses. Further, the synthesized ZnO NPs were tested for antimicrobial activity. N. Tensingh Baliah | S. Lega Priyatharsini"Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bulb Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8305.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/8305/biosynthesis-and-characterization-of-zinc-oxide--nanoparticles-using-onion-bulb-extract/n-tensingh-baliah
This document summarizes a study that investigated the reactivity and removal kinetics of mercury from aqueous solutions using mixed mineral systems injected with zinc sulfide under sulfidic-anoxic conditions. The study used various mineral mixtures including zinc sulfide, kaolinite, montmorillonite, and goethite both individually and combined. Batch experiments were conducted to examine mercury sorption and the behavior of the mixed mineral systems. Kinetic and isotherm models were applied to analyze the mercury removal process and understand the reactive sites and mechanisms involved. The results provide insight into how mineral mixing can enhance or attenuate mercury removal from contaminated waters.
1) The document describes the green synthesis and optimization of polyhedral gold nanoparticles using Acinetobacter sp. SW30 isolated from activated sewage sludge.
2) Various physiological and physicochemical parameters that influence the synthesis of gold nanoparticles were optimized, including culture age, cell density, gold salt concentration, temperature, and pH.
3) Polyhedral gold nanoparticles averaging 20 ± 10 nm were synthesized using a 24 hour old culture with a cell density of 2.4 × 109 cfu/ml, at 50°C and pH 9 in 0.5 mM HAuCl4 solution.
Adsorption tests of humic substances on raw clay from bikougou (gabon)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the adsorption performance of raw clay from Bikougou, Gabon for removing humic substances from surface waters. Batch experiments were conducted to observe the effects of initial humic substance concentration, pH, and mineralization on adsorption. Optimum removal occurred at low initial concentrations. Acidic pH of 4 achieved good retention. The presence of calcium and magnesium ions significantly improved removal efficiency compared to demineralized water, suggesting an adsorption mechanism involving bridging between clay, cations, and humic substances. Kinetic studies found equilibrium was reached after over ten hours.
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nano particles using flower extract cassia dens...IJERD Editor
Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an interesting issue of the nanoscience and
nanobiotechnology. There is a growing attention to biosynthesis the metal nanoparticles using organisms.
Among these organisms, plants seem to be the best and they are suitable for large scale biosynthesis of
nanoparticles. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable, and the rate of synthesis is faster than that in
the case of other organisms. The present investigation was carried out to green synthesis of zinc oxide
nanoparticles by using the medicinal plant cassia densistipulata taub. The flower was collected from the campus
of Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh and their petals were separated. The petals were taken and cleaned with
dimeneralized water and soaked for an hour on dry cloth to remove moisture from the petals.
Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles was done by mixing 5gms of Zinc Nitrate with 50ml of aqueous
extract of cassia densistipulata taub petals. The formation of nanoparticles was monitored by visualizing color
changes and it was confirmed by Electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of various techniques confirmed the presence Zinc oxide
nanoparticles.
Preparation, characterization and application of sonochemically doped fe3+ in...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present study, mechanistic investigation of ultrasound–assisted dye decolorization/degradation was investigated using sonochemically prepared Fe3+ doped ZnO. Fe3+ doped ZnO nanoparticle was prepared under ultrasound (20 kHz) irradiation using a doping concentration of 2 wt% of Fe(III). To investigate the catalytic activity of Fe3+ doped ZnO, Acid Red 14 (azo dye) was chosen for decolorization/degradation using sonolysis, photocatalysis and sono–photocatalysis processes. To study the influence of dopant onto structure, crystallinity, and optical properties, different analytical analyses were performed such as X–ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, Delsa Nano Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer analysis (VSM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE–SEM) etc. For photocatalytic experiments, a blended high pressure mercury UV lamp with maximum peak emission at 365 nm was used. The decolorization/degradation of dye with modified photocatalyst showed faster reaction kinetics under sono–photocatalytic process. Ultrasound showed an additive effect for degradation/decolorization process. The maximum decolorization of AR14 was achieved (~ 82%) under sono–photocatlytic process with an initial dye concentration of 20 ppm. The sono–photocatalysis process showed 1.4 – 1.6 higher reaction rates with Fe–doped ZnO than pure ZnO. Index Terms: ZnO, Fe–ZnO, Fe-doped ZnO, Sonocatalytic, Photocatalytic, Advanced Oxidation Process, AOP
pH effects on the adsorption of saxitoxin by powdered activated carbonhbuarque
Increasing occurrence of cyanotoxins in surface waters worldwide pose significant problems, including
those for drinking water utilities. In this study, the removal of saxitoxin (STX) from three different
powdered activated carbons (PACs) was studied. STX is one of the most toxic paralytic shellfish toxins
(PSTs), albeit not the most prevalent. The results showed that a wide range of non-electrostatic and
electrostatic interactions appeared to play a role in the sorption of STX on PAC, depending on the solution
pH, NOM concentration, and other factors. A bituminous coal-based PAC, that was studied in greatest
detail, showed a trend of increasing sorption capacity for STX with increasing pH. NOM appeared to
significantly inhibit adsorption when the pH was nearly neutral (e.g. 7.05), yet it had less effect at higher
pH levels of 8.2 and 10.7.
Performance of Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor for Nitrate RemovalIJRES Journal
Nitrate is present in the majority of water resources, and has reached serious level in many parts of the world, which is responsible for environmental problems. Hence it is necessary to remove nitrate. Biological denitrification provides the most economical means for nitrate removal. This paper represents the performance of Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor (FBBR) using bone china fine granules as biofilm carrier media for biological denitrification.
In this experimental work, the maximum average nitrogen removal efficiency of 93.71% at HRT of 30 minutes and optimum efficiency of 88.13% at HRT of 10 minutes is observed. For nitrogen loading rates varying from 0.48 to 28.80 kg N m-3 d-1, denitrification rates observed are 0.44 kg N m-3 d-1 to 17.26 kg N m-3 d-1. Optimum nitrogen loading rate and denitrification rate observed are 10.08 kg N m-3 d-1 and 8.88 kg N m-3 d-1 respectively. The results justify the usefulness of FBBR for denitrification.
Synthesis of the silver nanoparticles from Aloe barbadensis extract and its a...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that synthesized silver nanoparticles from Aloe barbadensis leaf extract and evaluated their antimicrobial activity against urinary tract infection pathogens. Key findings include:
- Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using Aloe barbadensis leaf extract and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and FTIR.
- Thirty-two bacteria isolated from urine samples were identified, with Escherichia coli being the most prevalent pathogen identified in 47% of samples.
- Disc diffusion assays found the silver nanoparticles showed strongest antimicrobial activity against E. coli, followed by Candida albicans. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus showed no sensitivity.
- Results indicate silver
Metals accumulation and As releasing during interaction of clay and iron mine...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The soil and sediment samples with different content of metals and clay minerals were investigated during bioleaching. The increasing of clay and metal concentrations with decreasing particle size were found both in contaminated soil and sediment. Heterotrophic bioleaching of the iron rich clay fractions from the soil and the sediment were evaluated for his effectiveness in the cycling of iron bound As by consuming organic nutrients. The treatment involved the use of the indigenous bacteria, whose activity was combined with the chelating strength of EDDS, SDS, Na4P2O7 and fertilizers. Heterotrophic bacteria caused decomposition of iron binding deposition as is adsorption on clay with followed dissolving of Fe mainly by the sediment bioleaching. The concentration of iron decreased by precipitation with As sorption after 19 days of sediment bioleaching. The Cu and Zn extraction was inhibited by bioleaching during the iron and arsenic dissolution and precipitation. By contrast, the additives 3mM Cu and 3mM Zn were applied into medium and thus affected the activity of soil resistant heterotrophic bacteria with followed increasing of the iron and arsenic extraction by the soil clay bioleaching. Therefore, this study confirmed the soil and sediment bioleaching in Fe or As releasing efficiency under different conditions regulated by indigenous bacteria. The bioleaching can be a suitable technology for As removal from the untreated soil and sediment by stimulation of the resistant bacteria activity. The separation of clays from the soil and sediment samples did not decreased of toxic element limits because clay and iron minerals coated on coarse silicate particles and the clay fraction is bearers of metals which contaminate the soil and sediment environment.
Profiling of Zn2+ Ion Sorption in Modeled Aqueous Solutions by different Part...IOSRJAC
The efficiency of the husk, stalk, cob and seed chaff from maize biomass in the removal of Zn2+ ions from solution under different conditions was studied and compared. Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of the different biomass parts before and after adsorption of metal ions showed that the husk and cob had more available functional groups and as such active sites for the adsorption of Zn2+ ions than the seed chaff and stalk. Percentage removal of Zn2+ions from solution increased with increase in the studied pH range for all the parts. This value also increased with increase in biomass load for the husk and cob but showed an alternating increase and decrease in Zn2+ ions removal as biomass load increased when the seed chaff and stalk were studied. At optimum pH and biomass load for the studied parts the maize husk gave the best removal efficiency of 72.8 %, making it a promising green packing material for industrial scale water treatment application.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Biosorption kinetics of vetiveria zizanioides rhizobacter on heavy metals con...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the kinetics of biosorption of heavy metals in contaminated wastewater using two bacteria - Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis - isolated from the rhizosphere of the Vetiveria zizanioides plant. The results showed that B. cereus accumulated the most lead (96.75%), cadmium (23%), and zinc (16.98%), while B. subtilis accumulated the most lead (95.2%), cadmium (41.3%), and zinc (32.2%). Kinetic studies revealed that the uptake of heavy metals followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The goal was to determine the potential of these microorganisms for bioremediating wast
Silver nanoparticles from the leaf extract of datura metelUsman Arshad
This research article describes the green synthesis and characterization of zero-valent silver nanoparticles using the leaf extract of the Datura metel plant. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by mixing an aqueous solution of silver nitrate with an extract of D. metel leaves. Characterization using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM showed the particles were predominantly between 50-100 nm in size. Antimicrobial testing demonstrated the silver nanoparticles had inhibitory effects against bacterial and fungal strains. The green synthesis method provides a low-cost and environmentally friendly approach for producing silver nanoparticles.
This document summarizes a project to prepare pure and magnesium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of endocrine disrupting chemicals. A group of 5 students will synthesize and characterize 1.5% Mg-doped ZnO using methods like X-ray diffraction and SEM. They will study the effect of time, catalyst loading on photocatalytic degradation of resorcinol. The goals are to prepare and analyze pure and doped ZnO nanoparticles to degrade chemicals like bisphenol and nonylphenol more efficiently through photocatalysis.
Plant Mediated Synthesis of ZnO and Mn Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using Carica P...IIJSRJournal
In this work, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were green synthesized using Carica papaya extract by the Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the formation of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles with the wurtzite crystal structure (hexagonal). Due to the presence of dopant Manganese (Mn) the optical spectra showed a redshift in the absorbance spectrum. Structural and optical properties of the end product showed that the manganese ions (Mn2+) substituted the Zinc ions (Zn2+) without altering the Wurtzite structure of ZnO. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirm the presence of metal oxide present in the end product. The antibacterial efficiency of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were studied using the agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram–negative bacteria. It is obvious from the results that Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit better antibacterial activity than ZnO nanoparticles.
Chemo bio synthesis of silver nanoparticlesJagpreet Singh
Silver nanoparticles have a lot of ways of synthesis like physical and chemical
methods; some of these methods use a lot of chemical substances and are
very hazardous for humans and environment, so a novel, great, environmental
friendly, cheap and easy to use world of green chemistry has been used. A
number of characterization techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier
transformation infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction study and scanning
electron microscopy revealed that silver nanoparticles have been used. Thus
the different response of the functional groups and the difference in the peaks
and UV-visible data was studied and then compared to understand and know
the way these different reducing agents react to the same starting material. The
green synthesis had a UV-visible peak at 446 nm while the one with chemical
synthesis had a peak at 395 nm. FTIR results of silver nanoparticles synthesis
by trisodium citrate (TSC) showed a peak at 1505 cm-1 which shows that the
compound has a stretching of the -C=C – bond. In another case, which was done
by using Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) a peak at 1695 cm-1 showed a –C=O- bond
indicating stretching and a weak absorption intensity. Another peak was present
which indicates a –O-H bond formation and presence which is a strong bond are
found to exist. A notable peak came for synthesis by orange peel at 1517 cm-1
which represents a –C=C- bond stretching as in aromatic compounds. Another
peak at 1732 cm-1 indicates the –C=O- bond. The XRD results on one of the
silver sample prepared by green methods showed silver nanomaterials formed
which had a average particle size of around 42 nm. FE-SEM results revealed that
silver nanomaterials were formed and had a flake like appearance in one of the
results. All the overall comparison showed that different modes of synthesis
of silver nanomaterials and different reducing agents give same materials but
with different peaks and intensities. All this data provided knowledge about the
fact that an alternative method can be used to create new nanoparticles if one
of the previously considered to tried method fails thus helping in extending the
broadways for research.
Biosorption of cu(ii) ions from aqueous solution usingAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated using neem leaf powder as a biosorbent for removing copper (Cu(II)) ions from aqueous solutions. Key findings include:
- The neem leaf powder had a surface area of 2.3102 m2/g, within the range of other biosorbents. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed copper binding to the leaf powder.
- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups were involved in copper ion biosorption via mechanisms like ion exchange and complexation.
- Batch experiments found equilibrium was reached within 60-120 minutes and biosorption capacity decreased with increasing initial
La Ley para la Defensa de las Personas en el Acceso a los Bienes y Servicios fusiona la antigua Ley de Protección al Consumidor y al Usuario y el Decreto de Defensa Popular contra el Acaparamiento, la Especulación y el Boicot. La nueva ley amplía el ámbito de aplicación para incluir conductas como el acaparamiento y especulación en cualquier bien, no solo de primera necesidad. También protege a personas jurídicas y facilita el acceso a bienes y servicios esenciales de manera continua, eficiente
Henry Baxter is a first year student at UNCC majoring in construction materials. He graduated from Marvin Ridge High School in Waxhaw, North Carolina and has work experience laying footings and walls for residential housing construction. Baxter was a two-year captain for his high school lacrosse team that won three state championships, a DECA member for two years, and worked as a lot manager at an auto car wash during high school summers.
La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en la economía mundial y las vidas de las personas. Muchos países han impuesto medidas de confinamiento que han cerrado negocios y escuelas. Aunque estas medidas han ayudado a reducir la propagación del virus, también han causado un aumento en el desempleo y problemas económicos. Se necesitan esfuerzos coordinados a nivel mundial para desarrollar tratamientos y vacunas contra el virus, y para reconstruir las economías a medida que la pandemia disminuya.
Este documento define las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) como herramientas computacionales e informáticas que procesan y presentan información. Explica las ventajas de las TIC para profesores, alumnos y el trabajo, como el aprendizaje cooperativo y acceso a recursos. También detalla desventajas como la exposición a información falsa y la disminución de la creatividad. En conclusión, resume que las TIC son útiles para la enseñanza al facilitar el acceso a información y simul
Este documento explica los tipos de responsabilidad de los funcionarios públicos, incluyendo la responsabilidad personal, administrativa, civil y penal. Describe las sanciones aplicables como multas, suspensiones y destituciones. También define diferentes tipos de funcionarios como de carrera, interinos, laborales y eventuales. La autora opina que hay irregularidades administrativas y delitos contra el patrimonio público, y que se deben exigir más responsabilidades a los funcionarios.
Este documento describe las diferencias entre alimentación, nutrición, dietética y dieta. Explica que la nutrición se refiere a los nutrientes de los alimentos y los procesos fisiológicos posteriores a la ingesta, mientras que la alimentación incluye la elección y preparación de alimentos. La dieta son los hábitos alimenticios de una persona, y la dietética utiliza conocimientos de nutrición para proporcionar una alimentación saludable. También resume los tipos de nutrición autótrofa y heterótro
El documento describe las experiencias de un estudiante mexicano que estudió en el extranjero. El estudiante encontró que la experiencia lo ayudó a crecer personalmente, aprender nuevas perspectivas, hacer amigos internacionales, y mejorar sus habilidades interpersonales. Aunque adaptarse a una nueva cultura fue difícil a veces, el esfuerzo valió la pena.
The document discusses the phasing out of incandescent light bulbs and the rise of LED lighting. Incandescent light bulbs are being banned in many places due to their inefficiency, as they turn most electricity into heat rather than light. LED lights use less power and are more durable. Though initially more expensive than incandescent bulbs, the cost of LED lights is decreasing and they are becoming more widespread as the primary lighting alternative. LED lights have the potential to significantly reduce electricity consumption and carbon emissions.
This document provides a checklist for video production equipment including a camcorder, tripod, outdoor sound kit, indoor sound kit, green screen, and lighting. The camcorder will be used to capture video footage. A tripod will help keep the camcorder steady. Additional equipment like microphones, screens, and lighting will help improve audio and visual quality both indoors and outdoors.
The document is a call for entries for a juried student mixed media exhibit that will take place from March 4-19 with an opening reception on March 4 from 4:30-8pm and cash award presentations at 7pm. The annual student art exhibition is open to all students at Alverno.
Este documento presenta una webquest sobre la literatura clásica griega. La webquest guiará a los estudiantes a través de varias tareas, incluida la creación de un blog que resume la sociedad, política, ideales y obras literarias y artísticas de los griegos antiguos basados en un libro específico. Los estudiantes también completarán tareas analíticas, creativas y de investigación sobre autores griegos como Homero y Hesíodo. El proceso implica que los estudiantes lean un capítulo semanal del libro y escriban sobre
El documento trata sobre la importancia de cultivar una actitud de gratitud y pensamiento positivo. Indica que aunque hay cosas fuera de nuestro control, podemos controlar cómo reaccionamos. Explica que la mente tiende a enfocarse en lo negativo para asegurar la supervivencia, pero esto puede conducir a pensamientos y resultados negativos si no se reorienta hacia lo positivo y lo que se agradece. Propone desarrollar gratitud para disfrutar más de la vida.
LEY DE LA PROPIEDAD INTELECTUAL Y LICENCIAS DE SOFTWAREGiovanni Giovanni
Este documento resume los principales conceptos relacionados con la ley de propiedad intelectual y las licencias de software. Explica que la propiedad intelectual incluye creaciones del talento humano como obras literarias, inventos y símbolos. También describe los diferentes tipos de derechos sobre la propiedad intelectual y cómo esta se comprende a través del derecho de autor, la propiedad industrial, comercial y científica. Finalmente, define los distintos tipos de licencias de software como OEM, retail, académica y de volumen, así como lic
La Unión Europea ha acordado un embargo petrolero contra Rusia en respuesta a su invasión de Ucrania. El embargo prohibirá la mayoría de las importaciones de petróleo ruso a la UE y se implementará de manera gradual durante los próximos seis meses. Esto formará parte de un sexto paquete de sanciones de la UE contra Rusia destinado a aumentar la presión económica sobre el gobierno de Putin.
Sandra nació en Ipiales y está casada con dos hijos. Estudió administración de empresas y contaduría pública pero no pudo terminar sus carreras por razones económicas. Actualmente trabaja en Alkosto como auxiliar de tesorería para apoyar a su hija con sus estudios. Ahora el SENA le da la oportunidad de retomar sus estudios para cumplir su sueño de ser profesional. Ella se describe como una persona responsable, activa y emprendedora.
Importancia del estudio del derecho adjetivo procesal laboralLeroy Bonet
Este documento resume los principales aspectos de la Ley Orgánica Procesal del Trabajo de Venezuela. En 3 oraciones o menos, el documento trata sobre la historia y alcance de la ley, los principios de oralidad, inmediación, concentración y publicidad que rigen el proceso laboral, y la organización de los tribunales del trabajo en Venezuela.
74.three digestion methods to determine concentrations of cu, zn, cd, ni, pb,...Alexandra Vasile
This document compares the effectiveness of three digestion methods - aqua-regia heating, block digestion, and microwave digestion - for determining concentrations of heavy metals like copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel, lead, chromium, manganese, and iron in sediments from three mangrove sites in Hong Kong. Microwave digestion extracted slightly more zinc and nickel than the other methods. Aqua-regia was better for chromium extraction. The methods showed good correlation and recoveries compared to certified reference materials. Metal concentrations varied significantly between sites depending on factors like proximity to industry and organic content.
Kinetic model for the sorption of cu (ii) and zn (ii) using lady fernAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the kinetic modeling of copper and zinc ion sorption using lady fern leaf waste biomass. The study found that the rate of copper and zinc sorption was rapid within the initial 5-20 minutes, reaching a maximum in 30 minutes. Kinetic modeling showed the process followed a pseudo-second order model. Equilibrium sorption was examined using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, with the Langmuir model revealing a monolayer sorption capacity of 0.09mg/g for both copper and zinc ions. The results indicate lady fern leaf waste could effectively remove toxic metals from industrial effluents.
ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEOCHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO HEA...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the hydrogeochemical and mineralogical characteristics related to heavy metal attenuation in a stream polluted by acid mine drainage from an underground metal mine. Water and sediment samples were collected from affected and unaffected areas. Chemical analysis showed affected water had low pH, high sulfate concentrations, and high heavy metal levels. Heavy metal concentrations decreased downstream as pH increased. Mineralogical analysis identified iron oxide minerals like schwertmannite and goethite precipitating from acid mine drainage. Sequential extraction showed heavy metals were primarily bound to iron oxide phases farther from the mine, but closer to the mine they were more exchangeable and bound to organic matter. The study concludes acid mine drainage chemistry is controlled by iron mineral transformations and precip
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
DOI 10.1002tqem.21536R E S E A R C H A R T I C L EExDustiBuckner14
DOI: 10.1002/tqem.21536
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Experimental investigation of adsorption capacity of anthill
in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff Idowu Iyabo Olateju
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engi-
neering, College of Engineering, Afe Babalola
University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Correspondence
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff, Department of Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineer-
ing, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti P.M.B.
5454, Nigeria.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In the present work, the adsorption capacity of anthill was investigated as a low-cost adsorbent
to remove the heavy metal ions, lead (II) ion (Pb2+), and zinc (II) ion (Zn2+) from an aqueous solu-
tion. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms of the heavy metal ions were investigated under batch
process. For the study we examined the effect of the solution's pH and the initial cations con-
centrations on the adsorption process under a fixed contact time and temperature. The anthill
sample was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF),
and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. From the SEM analysis, structural change in the
adsorbent was a result of heavy metals adsorption. Based on the XRF analysis, the main compo-
sition of the anthill sample was silica (SiO2 ), alumina (Al2 O3 ), and zirconia (ZrO2 ). The change in
the peaks of the spectra before and after adsorption indicated that there was active participation
of surface functional groups during the adsorption process. The experimental data obtained were
analyzed using 2- and 3-parameter isotherm models. The isotherm data fitted very well to the 3-
parameter Radke–Prausnitz model. It was noted that Pb2+ and Zn2+ can be effectively removed
from aqueous solution using anthill as an adsorbent.
K E Y W O R D S
adsorption, anthill, characterization, equilibrium isotherm, heavy metal
1 I N T R O D U C T I O N
Indiscriminate disposal of wastewater containing heavy metals has
received considerable attention in recent years, primarily due to the
fact that their presence in waste stream can be readily adsorbed by
aquatic organisms and make them directly enter the human food chain,
thus posing a serious health risk to consumers (Lin, MacLean, & Zeng,
2000). Because of the ability of heavy metals to accumulate in living
tissues and because they cause damage to these tissues over time,
heavy metals are classified as carcinogens. For example, exposure to
lead ions can cause anemia, kidney damage, and even untimely death
(Mohammed-Ridha, Ahmed, & Raoof, 2017), while zinc ions at elevated
concentration result in pancreas damage, osteoporosis, and even death
(Wahi, Ngaini, & Jok, 2009). Water or wastewater containing heavy
metals requires effective treatment techniques that can completely
remove these toxic metals (Yusuff, 2017).
A number of treatment techniques for the removal of heavy
me ...
This document summarizes an experimental study on the use of unmodified lignocellulosic fibrous layer of palm tree trunk (ULFPT) as a low-cost biosorbent for removing copper (Cu2+) and zinc (Zn2+) from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of pH, initial metal ion concentration, and contact time on biosorption. Equilibrium isotherm data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Temkin models to understand adsorption mechanisms. The Redlich-Peterson model provided the best fit for Cu2+ and Zn2+ biosorption. The Langmuir model also fitted the experimental data well.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the use of unmodified lignocellulosic fibrous layer of palm tree trunk (ULFPT) as a low-cost biosorbent for removing copper (Cu2+) and zinc (Zn2+) from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of pH, initial metal ion concentration, and contact time on biosorption. Equilibrium data were modeled using Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Temkin isotherm models. The Redlich-Peterson model provided the best fit for Cu2+ and Zn2+ biosorption. The Langmuir model also provided a good fit. Maximum Cu2+ removal (
11.biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using water hyacinth as...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated using water hyacinth fiber as a low-cost biosorbent for removing copper and zinc ions from aqueous solutions. The study examined the effect of initial solution concentration, initial biomass concentration, and temperature on biosorption. Equilibrium adsorption data fit well with four isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich). Results showed that water hyacinth has a high affinity and sorption capacity for copper and zinc ions, with maximum capacities of 99.42 mg Cu2+ and 83.01 mg Zn2+ per 1 g of biomass. The study demonstrated that water hyacinth fiber is an
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Carbonaceous fullerene containing mineral shungite and
1. Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics www.iiste.org
An Open Access Journal, Vol. 4, 2014
Carbonaceous Fullerene Containing Mineral Shungite and
Aluminosilicate Mineral Zeolite. Mathematical Model and
Practical Application of Water Solution of Shungite and Zeolite
Ignat Ignatov1* Oleg Mosin2 Enrico Bauer3
1. DSc, Professor, Scientific Research Center of Medical Biophysics (SRCMB),
N. Kopernik Street, 32, Sofia 1111, Bulgaria
2. PhD (Chemistry), Biotechnology Department, Moscow State University of Applied Biotechnology,
Talalikhina Street, 33, Moscow 109316, Russian Federation
3. Dipl. Eng., Scientific Research Center of Medical Biophysics (SRCMB),
Küsnacht, Switzerland
* E-mail of the corresponding author: mbioph@dir..bg
27
Abstract
We studied the mathematical model of interaction with water of two natural minerals – amorphous,
uncrystallized, fullerene analogous carbon containing natural mineral shungite from Zazhoginskoe deposit
in Karelia (Russian Federation) and microporous crystalline aluminosilicate mineral zeolite (Most,
Bulgaria). In this report are submitted data about the interaction of these minerals with water, obtained by
non-equilibrium (NES) and differential-equilibrium energy spectrum (DNES) of water. The average energy
(ΔEH... O) of hydrogen Н…O-bonds among individual molecules H2O after treatment of shungite and zeolite
with water measured by NES- and DNES-methods was at -0.1137 eV for shungite and -0.1174 eV for
zeolite. The calculation of ΔEH... O for shungite with using DNES method compiles 0.0025±0.0011 eV and
for zeolite -1.2±0.0011 eV. This result suggests the restructuring of ΔEH... O values among H2O molecules
with a statistically reliable increase of local maximums in DNES-spectra. Also are demonstrated the
prospects of using shungite, possessing high absorption, catalytic and bactericidal activity, as an adsorbent
in water-treatment, water purification, and other industries.
Keywords: shungite, zeolite, nanostructure, fullerens, water treatment, water putrification
1. Introduction
Shungite and zeolite – the minerals refer to new generation of natural mineral sorbents (NMS). Shungite is
an intermediate form between the amorphous carbon and the graphite crystal containing carbon (30%),
silica (45%), and silicate mica (about 20%) (Khavari-Khorasani & Murchison, 1979). Schungite carbon is a
fossilized organic material of sea bottom Precambrian sediments of high level of carbonization containing
2. Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics www.iiste.org
An Open Access Journal, Vol. 4, 2014
the fullerene-like regular structures. Shungite got its name after the village of Shunga in Karelia (Russian
Federation), located on the shore of Onezhskoe Lake, where is located the only one mineral Zazhoginsky
deposit of shungites on the territoty of the Russian Federation. The total shungite researves of Zazhoginsky
deposit amount to approximately 35 million tons of shungite. The plant production capacity for the mining
and processing of shungite makes up 200 thousand tons of shungite per year.
Zeolites are the alumosilicate members of the family of microporous solids known as "molecular sieves",
named by their ability to selectively sort molecules based primarily on a size exclusion process. Natural
zeolites form when volcanik rocks and ash layers react with alkaline groundwater. Zeolites also crystallize
in post-depositional environments over periods ranging from thousands to millions of years in shallow
marine basins. Naturally occurring zeolites are rarely pure and are contaminated to varying degrees by
other minerals, metals, quarts, or other zeolites. For this reason, naturally occurring zeolites are excluded
from many important commercial applications where uniformity and purity are essential.
As natural minerales shungite and zeolite has unusually broad scope of application in industry. Shungite
was used initially, mainly as a filler and substitute of the carbon coal coke (fuel) in blast furnace production
of high-silicon cast iron, in ferroalloys melting, in the production of non-stick heat-resistant paints and
coatings, and as filler in rubber production. Subsequently there were discovered other new valuable
properties of shungite – adsorptional, bactericidal, catalytic, reduction-oxidation properties, as well as the
ability of sungite minerals to screen off electromagnetic and radio radiations. These properties have made
the use of shungite in various branches of science, industry and technology, for creating on its basis a
variety of new nanotechnological materials with nano-molecular structure. On the basis of shuntite have
been created new conductive paints, fillers for plastic materials, rubber and carbon black substitutes,
composite materials, concrete, bricks, stuccoing plasters, asphalts, as well as materials having bactericidal
activity, and materials shilding off the radio and electromagnetic radiation. Adsorptional, catalytic, and
reduction-oxydation properties of shungite favored its use in water treatment and water purification
technologies, i.g. in treatment of sewage waters from many organic and inorganic substances (heavy metals,
ammonia, organochlorine compounds, petroleum products, pesticides, phenols, surfactants, etc.). Moreover,
shungite has a strongly marked biological activity and bactericidal properties.
Zeolites as shungites are widely used in industry as a desiccant of gases and liquids, for treatment of
drinking and sewage water from heavy metals, ammonia, phosphorus, as catalyst in petrochemical industry
for benzene extraction, for production of detergents and for extracting of radionuclides in nuclear
reprocessing. They are also used in medicine as nutritional supplements having antioxidant properties.
A wide range of properties of shungite and zeolite defines the search for new areas of industrial application
of these minerals in science and technology that contributes to a deeper study the mechanism of interaction
of these minerals with water. This paper deals with evaluating of mathematical model of interaction of
shungate and zeolite with water.
28
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
The study was performed with samples of shungite obtained from Zazhoginsky deposit (Karelia, Russia)
3. Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics www.iiste.org
An Open Access Journal, Vol. 4, 2014
and zeolite (Most, Bulgaria). Samples were taken and analysed in solid samples according to National
standard of the Russian Federal Agency of Technical Regulation and Metrology. Samples were put into 100
cm3 hermetically sealed glass tubes after being washed in dist. H2O and dried in crucible furnace, and
homogenized in homogenizer by mechanical grinding. For the decomposition of the shungate samples a
system of microwave decomposition was used. Other methods of samples processing were waching with
dist. H2O, drying, and homogenization on cross beater mill Retsch SK100 (“Retsch Co.”, Germany) and
Pulverisette 16 (“Fritsch GMBH”, Germany).
2.2. Analytical Methodss
The analytical methods were accredited by the Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits. Petrography,
Mineralogy, and Geochemistry (Russian Academy of Sciences). Samples were treated by various methods
as ICP-OES, GC, and SEM.
2.3. Gas-Chromatography
Gas-chromatography (GC) was performed at Main Testing Centre of Drinking Water (Moscow, the Russian
Federation) on Kristall 4000 LUX M using Chromaton AW-DMCS and Inerton-DMCS columns (stationary
phases 5% SE-30 and 5% OV-17), equipped with flame ionization detector (FID) and using helium (He) as
a carrier gas.
2.4. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES)
The mineral composition of shungite was studied by inductively coupled plasma optical emission
spectrometry (ICP-OES) on Agilent ICP 710-OES (Agilent Technologies, USA) spectrometer, equiped
witth plasma atomizer (under argon stream), MegaPixel CCD detector, and 40 MHz free-running,
air-cooled RF generator, and Computer-optimized echelle system: the spectral range at 167–785 nm;
plasma gas: 0–22.5 l/min in 1.5 l/min; power output: 700–1500 W in 50 W increments.
2.5. Elemental Analysis
The total amount of carbon (Сtotal) in sungtate was measured according to the ISO 29541 standard using
elemental analyzer CHS-580 (“Eltra GmbH”, Germany), equipped with electric furnace and IR-detector by
combustion of 200 mg of solid homogenized sample in a stream of oxygen at the temperature 1500 0C.
2.6. Transmission Electrom Microscopy (TEM)
The structural studies were carried out with using JSM 35 CF (JEOL Ltd., Korea) device, equiped with
X-ray microanalyzer “Tracor Northern TN”, SE detector, thermomolecular pump, and tungsten electron
gun (Harpin type W filament, DC heating); working pressure: 10-4 Pa (10-6 Torr); magnification: 300.000,
resolution: 3.0 nm, accelerating voltage: 1–30 kV; sample size: 60–130 mm.
2.7. IR-Spectrospopy
IR-spectra of water samples, obtained after being contacted 3 days with shungite and zeolite, were
registered on Fourier-IR spectrometer Brucker Vertex (“Brucker”, Germany) (a spectral range: average IR –
29
4. Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics www.iiste.org
An Open Access Journal, Vol. 4, 2014
370–7800 cm-1; visible – 2500–8000 cm-1; the permission – 0.5 cm-1; accuracy of wave number – 0.1 cm-1
on 2000 cm-1); Thermo Nicolet Avatar 360 Fourier-transform IR (Chakarova); Non-equilibrium Spectrum
(NES) and Differential Non-equilibrium Spectrum (DNES).
30
3. Results and Discussion
According to the last structural studies shungite is a metastable allotropic form of carbon with high level of
carbonization (carbon metamorhism), being on prior to graphite stage of coalification (Volkova &
Bogdanov, 1986). Along with carbon the shungite, obtained from Zazhoginsky deposit in Karelia (Russian
Federation) contains SiO2 (57.0%), TiO2 (0.2%), Al2O3 (4.0%), FeO (0.6%), Fe2O3 (1.49%), MgO (1.2%),
MnO (0.15%), K2O (1.5%), S (1.2%) (Table 1). The product obtained after the thermal firing of shungite
(shungizit) at 1200–1400 0C contains in small amounts V (0.015%), B (0.004%), Ni (0.0085%), Mo
(0.0031%), Cu (0.0037%), Zn (0.0067%), Co (0.00014%) As (0.00035%), Cr (0.72%), Zn (0.0076%) and
other elements (Table 2).
In comparison with shungite zeolite comprises a microporous crystalline aluminosilicate mineral commonly
used as commercial adsorbents, three-dimensional framework of which is formed by linking via the vertices
the tetrahedra [AlO4]2- and [SiO4]2- (Panayotova & Velikov, 2002). Each tetrahedron [AlO4]2- creates a
negative charge of the carcasses compensated by cations (H+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, NH4
+, etc.), in most cases,
capable of cation exchange in solutions. Tetrahedrons formed the secondary structural units, such as
six-membered rings, five-membered rings, truncated octahedra, etc. Zeolite framework comprises
interacting channels and cavities forming a porous structure with a pore size of 0.3–1.0 nm. Average crystal
size of the zeolite may range from 0.5 to 30 m.
Table 1. The chemical composition of shungites from Zazhoginsky deposit (Karelia, Russian Federation), in
% (w/w)
№ Chemical component Content, % (w/w)
1 С 30.0
2 SiO2 57.0
3 TiO2 0.2
4 Al2O3 4,0
5 FeO 0.6
6 Fe2O3 1.49
7 MgO 1.2
8 MnO 0.15
9 CaO 0.3
10 Na2O 0.2
11 K2O 1.5
12 S 1.2
13 H2O 1.7
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The empirical formula of zeolite can be represented as:
M2/nOAl2O3
.SiO2
31
.wH2O,
where n – the cationic charge (n = 1–2), – the molar ratio of oxides of silicon and aluminum in the zeolite
framework, indicating the amount of cation exchange positions in the structure (y = 2–∞), w – the amount
of water.
Table 2. The chemical composition of shungit after heat treatment at 1200–400 0C
№ Chemical component Content, % (w/w)
1 С 26.25
2 SiO2 3.45
3 TiO2 0.24
4 Al2O3 3.05
5 FeO 0.32
6 Fe2O3 1.01
7 MgO 0.56
8 MnO 0.12
9 CaO 0.12
10 Na2O 0.36
11 K2O 1.23
12 S 0.37
14 P2O3 0.03
15 Ba 0.32
16 B 0.004
17 V 0.015
18 Co 0.00014
19 Cu 0.0037
20 Mo 0.0031
21 As 0.00035
22 Ni 0.0085
23 Pb 0.0225
24 Sr 0.001
26 Cr 0.0072
26 Zn 0.0067
27 H2O 0.78
28 Calcination (burning) losses 32.78
The composition of zeolite is analogous to that of shungite (Table 3), except for carbon which does not
occur in zeolite. The amounts of core elements (SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, FeO, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, S)
constituting this mineral differ from that of shungite: their content is higher than that of shungite exept for
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TiO2 and K2O, the contents of which in zeolite were dicreased (Table 3). The content of microelements as V
(0.0272), Co (0.0045%), Cu (0.0151%), Mo (0.0012%), As (0.0025%), Ni (0.0079%), Zn (0.1007%), Zn
(0.1007%) was somewhat increased in zeolite, while the content of Ba (0.0066%) and Cr (0.0048%) was
increased (Table 3).
Table 3. The chemical composition of zeolite (Bulgaria), in % (w/w)
№ Chemical component Content, % (w/w)
1 SiO2 22.14
2 TiO2 0.01
3 Al2O3 17.98
4 FeO 23.72
5 Fe2O3 1.49
6 MgO 14.38
7 MnO 0.61
8 CaO 0.36
9 Na2O 0.5
10 K2O 0.4
11 S 0.32
12 P2O5 0.06
13 Ba 0.0066
14 V 0.0272
15 Co 0.0045
17 Cu 0.0151
18 Mo 0.0012
19 As 0.0025
20 Ni 0.0079
21 Pb 0.0249
22 Sr 0.0021
23 Cr 0.0048
24 Zn 0.1007
25 H2O 1.43
Physical and chemical properties of shungite have been sufficiently studied (Parfen’eva, 1994). Density of
shungite 2.1–2.4 g/cm3; porosity – up to 5%; the compressive strength – 1000–1200 kgf/cm2; conductivity
coefficient – 1500 SI/m; thermal conductivity coefficient – 3.8 W/m.K, the adsorption capacity up to 20
m2/g.
Shungites differ in composition of mineral matrix (aluminosilicate, siliceous, carbonate), and the amount of
carbon in schungite samples. Shungite minerals with silicate mineral basis are divided into low-carbon (5%
C), medium-carbon (5–25% C), and high-carbon schungites (25–80% C) (Kasatochkin et al., 1978). The
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sum (C + Si) in shungites of Zazhoginsky deposit (Karelia, Russian Federation) is varried within 83–88%
as shown in Figure 1.
33
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80
Сontent, w/w %
%, series probes
C
Si
Figure 1. The distribution (%) of carbon (C) (solid line) and silicon (Si) (dotted line) in shungate samples
from Zazhoginsky deposit (Karelia, Russian Federation) according to atomic emission spectrometry (AES)
The crystals of crushed, fine ground shungite possess strong bipolar properties. This results in a high
adhesion, and the ability of shungite to mix with almost all organic and inorganic substances. Besides,
shungite has a broad spectrum of bacterecidal properties; the mineral is adsorptive active against some
bacterial cells, phages, and pathogenic saprophytes (Khadartsev & Tuktamyshev, 2002).
The unique properties of the mineral are defined by nanostructure and composition of its constituent
elements. Schungite carbon is equally distributed in the silicate framework of fine dispersed quartz crystals
having the size of 1–10 m (Kovalevski, 1994; Mosin & Ignatov, 2013a), as confirmed by studying of
ultra-thin sections of shungite by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in absorbed and backscattered
electrons.
The carbonaceous material of shungite is the product of a high degree of carbonization of hydrocarbons. Its
elemental composition (%, w/w): C – 98.6–99.6; H – 0.15–0.5; (H + O) – 0.15–0.9 (Golubev, 2000). With
virtually constant elemental composition of shungite carbonaceous matter is observed variability in its
structure – molecular and supramolecular, as well as surface, and porous structure. X-ray studies showed
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that the molecular structure of schungite carbon is represented by a solid uncristallized carbon, which
components may be in a state close as to graphite and carbon black and glassy carbon as well, i.e. the
maximally disordered (Kovalevski et al., 2001). Carbonaceous matter of shungite having a strongly marked
structural anisotropy shows a significant increase in the diamagnetism at low temperatures that is
characteristic for fullerites (Jushkin, 1994).
The basis of shungite carbon compose the hollow carbon fullerene-like multilayer spherical globules with a
diameter of 10–30 nm, comprizing inclusive packages of smoothly curved carbon layers covering the
nanopores. The globule structure is stable relative to shungite carbon phase transitions into other allotropic
carbon forms. Fullerene-like globules (the content of fullerenes makes up 0.001%) may contain from a few
dozen to a several hundred carbon atoms and may vary in shape and size (Reznikov & Polehovsky, 2000).
By the measurement of IR spectra in the range of vibrations in the crystal mineral framework one can
obtain the information: a) on the structure of the framework, particularly type lattice ratio SiO2/Al2O3,
nature and location of cations and changes in the structure in the process of the thermal treatment; b) on the
nature of the surface of the structural groups, which oftnen serve as adsorption and catalytically active sites.
Other method for obtaining information about the average energy of hydrogen bonds in an aqueous sample
is measuring of the spectrum of the water state. It was established experimentally that at evaporation of
water droplet the contact angle θ decreases discretely to zero, whereas the diameter of the droplet changes
insignificantly (Antonov, 2005). By measuring this angle within a regular time intervals a functional
dependence f(θ) can be determined, which is designated by the spectrum of the water state (Ignatov, 2005;
Ignatov, 2012; Ignatov & Mosin, 2013). For practical purposes by registering the spectrum of water state it
is possible to obtain information about the averaged energy of hydrogen bonds in an aqueous sample. For
this purpose the model of W. Luck was used, which consider water as an associated liquid, consisted of
О–Н…О–Н groups (Luck et al., 1980). The major part of these groups is designated by the energy of
hydrogen bonds (-E), while the others are free (E = 0). The energy distribution function f(E) is measured in
electron-volts (eV-1) and may be varied under the influence of various external factors on water as
temperature and pressure.
For calculation of the function f(E) experimental dependence between the water surface tension measured
by the wetting angle (θ) and the energy of hydrogen bonds (E) is established:
f(E) = b f(θ) / 1 – (1 + b E)2)1/2,
where b = 14.33 eV-1; θ = arcos(-1 – b E)
The energy of hydrogen bonds (Е) measured in electron-volts (eV) is designated by the spectrum of energy
distribution. This spectrum is characterized by non-equilibrium process of water droplets evaporation, thus
the term “non-equilibrium energy spectrum of water” (NES) is applied.
The difference Δf(E) = f (samples of water) – f (control sample of water)
– is designated the “differential non-equilibrium energy spectrum of water” (DNES).
DNES calculalated in milielectron volts (0.001 eV or meV) is a measure of changes in the structure of
water as a result of external factors. The cumulative effect of all other factors is the same for the control
sample of water and the water sample, which is under the influence of this impact.
The research with NES method of water drops received after 3 days stay with shungite and zeolite in
deionized water may also give valuable information on the possible number of hydrogen bonds as percent
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of water molecules with different values of distribution of energies (Table 4). These distributions are
basically connected with restructuring of H2O molecules with the same energies.
Table 4. Characteristics of spectra of water after 3 day infusion with shungite and zeolite obtained by
NES-method. The distribution (%, (-Evalue)/(-Etotal value) of water molecules in water solution of
shungite/zeolite according to energies of hydrogen bonds (-Evalue) to total result of hydrogen bonds
energy.
35
-Е(eV)
x-axis
Shungite
(%((-Evalue)/
(-Etotal value)
Zeolite
(%((-Evalue)/
(-Etotal value)
-Е(eV)
x-axis
Shungite
(%((-Evalue)/
(-Etotal value)
Zeolite
(%((-Evalue)/
(-Etotal value)
0.0937 2.85 6.3 0.1187 0 12.4
0.0962 8.8 6.3 0.1212 5.9 6.3
0.0987 5.9 0 0.1237 0 0
0.1012 11.8 12.4 0.1262 0 0
0.1037 11.8 6.3 0.1287 0 18.7
0.1062 0 6.3 0.1312 8.8 6.3
0.1087 0 0 0.1337 2.85 0
0.1112 5.9 0 0.1362 0 0
0.1137 11.8 0 0.1387 11.8 2.4
0.1162 11.8 6.3 – – –
Another important parameter was measured by the NES method – is the average energy (ΔEH... O) of
hydrogen Н…O-bonds among individual molecules H2O after treatment of shungite and zeolite with water to
be compiled at -0.1137 eV for shungite and -0.1174 eV for zeolite (Fig. 2). The result for control sample
(deionized water) is -0.1162 eV. The results obtained by NES method were recalculated by the DNES
method. The result for shungite water with DNES method is 0.0025±0.0011 eV and for zeolite is -1.2±0.0011
eV. The results suggest the restructuring of energy values among H2O molecules with a statistically reliable
increase of local maximums in DNES-spectra. For the value -0.1387 eV there is a local maximum with
positive values of shungite and zeolite. A. Antonov showed that DNES-spectra of aqueous solution
containing Ca2+ ions have a local minimum of energy at of -0.1 eV and a local maximum at -0.11 eV. The
aqueous solution of shungite has local minimum of energy at -0.0987 eV and a local maximum at -0.1137 eV.
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36
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0,05 0,1 0,15
o t
a l
-E t
u e /
-E v a l
% ,
-E(eV)
Shungite
Zeolite
Figure 2. The distribution (%, (-Evalue)/(-Etotal value) of water molecules in water solution of
shungite/zeolite according to energies of hydrogen bonds (-Evalue) to total result of hydrogen bonds energy
Table 5. The function of distribution of energies is measured in reciprocal electronvolts (еV-1). It is shown
of which spectrum values in eV are the local maximums of this function. eV – middle energy of hydrogen
bonds among water molecules.
-Е(eV)
x-axis
Shungite
eV-1
Zeolite
eV-1
-Е(eV)
x-axis
Shungite
eV-1
Zeolite
eV-1
0.0937 11.8 25.0 0.1187 0 50.0
0.0962 35.3 25.0 0.1212 23.5 25.0
0.0987 25.5 0 0.1237 0 0
0.1012 47.1 50.0 0.1262 0 0
0.1037 47.1 25.0 0.1287 0 75.0
0.1062 0 25.0 0.1312 35.3 25.0
0.1087 0 0 0.1337 11.8 0
0.1112 23.5 0 0.1362 0 0
0.1137 47.1 0 0.1387 47.1 50.0
0.1162 47.1 25.0 – – –
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Figure 3. Mix of shungite and zeolite
There are proofs that mountain water is unique to longevity, but can we always have this water in our
home? Water with unique properties for longevity from a mixture of zeolite and shungite What is the
“mixture of longevity” (Figure 3.). In nature there are minerals that amaze with their natural properties.
Research of various scientists and the results of Ignatov and Mosin show that aqueous solutions of
shungite or zeolite are beneficial to human health. In nature, water runs through rocks, but Ignatov has
selected the optimum mixture of zeolite and shungite that gives vitality for health and longevity. The
local maximum of this water solution of shungite and zeolite at (-0.1387 eV) is 117 eV-1. Both
minerals clear toxins from the human body much better than activated carbon. Zeolite is a
rock-forming mineral of sodium and calcium and has an ion-exchange property where the molecules
of individual substances are separated and joined again. Zeolites are widely used as ion-exchange
means for purification of drinking water, depriving it of harmful impurities. Shungite consists of
fullerenes and molecules of different substances. Fullerene is any carbon structure, which is in the
form of a hollow sphere with a set of atoms of different elements. Ignatov and Mosin show that a
water solution of shungite or zeolite on a molecular level inhibits the development of tumor cells. In
the spectrum of the two solutions there is a peak, which is typical of the water environment in the
body of healthy people and centenarians. This peak is characteristic of mountain waters, but is more
pronounced in a solution of shungite and zeolite. There is evidence from experiments with rats with
increased life expectancy as a result of a fullerenes injection. Professor Ignatov succeeded in forming
the optimal mixture of zeolite and shungite with specific origin, which possesses the most pronounced
peak of health. It is a natural product, which is useful and contains minerals. The mixture is placed in
5 liters of water. After 24 hours, the water is ready for consumption. One should drink 2 cups a day. In
the remaining time, one should drink the water from which the mixture is made. Preferably it should
be mountain spring water or water purified at home. It is important that the water is alkaline, and the
alkalinity of the medium inhibits the development of tumor cells. How can we describe longevity. In
DNA replication we have doubling of the cells. This is obtained from one mother to two daughter cells.
Errors are accumulated in the copy process. The fewer mistakes there are, the longer a person lives.
With the accumulation of a large number of errors, the number of tumor cells is activated. Essential is
the impact on DNA replication on free radicals and the environment in which the replication is
performed – water.
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the impact on DNA replication on free radicals and the environment in which the replication is
performed – water.
Owing to the unique porous structure the natural minerals shungite and zeolite are ideal absorbents and
fillers (Gorshteyn et al., 1979), and as sorbents have a number of positive characteristics:
- High adsorption capacity, characterized by low resistance to water preasure;
- Mechanical strength and low abrasion resistance;
- Corrosion-resistance;
- Absorption capacity felative to many substances, both organic (oil, benzene, phenol, pesticides,
etc.) and inorganic (chlorine, ammonia, heavy metals);
- Catalytic activity;
- Relatively low cost;
- Environmental friendliness and ecological safety.
According to the data on adsorption capacity shungite loses effectiveness before the activated carbon filter
in the first stage of filtration, during the first 24 h, further shungite began purifiy water with a high and
constant speed. This is explaned by high catalytic properties of shungite and its ability to catalytically
oxidize organic substances absorbed on the surface. The mechanism of interaction of shungite with water
has not been completely understood. It is assumed that shungite can adsorb oxygen actively interacting with
them as a strong reducing agent in water and in air (Cascarini de Torre et al., 2004). In this process is
produced atomic oxygen, which is a strong oxidizing agent oxidizing adsorbed on shungit organic
substanses to CO2 and H2O, thus freeing the surface of shungite for new acts of adsorption. Overexposure
of shungite in respect to dissolved metal cations in water as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ is explaned by the
fact that the metals are transferred by the catalytically active shungite into the form of insoluble carbonates
due to the oxidation of organic matter to CO2.
The research of antioxidant properties of shungite in relation to organochlorine compounds, and free
radicals have shown that shungite removes free radicals out of water in 30 times more effective than
activated carbon (Mosin & Ignatov, 2013b). This is a very important factor, because the free radicals
formed during water treatment with chlorine and its derivatives, have a negative impact on the human
health, that is the cause of many diseases (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, etc.).
These positive qualities allow to use shungite as an effective filter material for wastewater treatment and
purification from organic and chlorinated organic substances (oil, pesticides, phenols, surfactants, dioxins,
etc.). Thus shungite is able to purify wastewater from oil up to threshold limit value (TLV) of water
discharge into the water reservoir. Shungit adsorbs on its surface up to 95% of contaminants, including
organochlorine compounds, phenols, dioxins, heavy metals, radionuclides, etc., removes turbidity and color,
and gives the water good organoleptic qualities, additionally saturating it with micro-and macro-elements
(Table 6). Thus, adsorption activity of shungite relative to phenol makes up 14 mg/g , while for thermolysis
resins – 20 mg/g, for oil products – more then 40 mg/g. Model experiments showed that heavy metals
(copper, cadmium, mercury, lead), boron, phenol and benzenecontained in water in concentrations being
in 10–50 times higher than the TLVs, after the treatment by shungite in stationary or dynamic conditions on
the shungite filter units, the content of these pollutants in water is reduced below the established levels of
regulatory documents. In this case into the water does not enter any toxic elements from schungite
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39
adsorbents.
Table 6. Indicators of performance of filters based of mineral shungite
№ Common water pollutants The removal degree, %
1 Fe2+/Fe3+ 95
2 Zn2+ 80
3 Pb2+ 85
4 Cu2+ 85
5 Cs2+ 90
6 St2+ 97
7 Radionuclides 90
8 Fluorine 80
9 Ammonia 90
10 Chlorine and organochlorine
compounds
85
11 Phenols 90
12 Dioxins 97
13 Helminth’s eggs 90
14 Smell 85
15 Turbidity 95
In addition, owing to adsorption activity of shungite against pathogenic microflora shungite has strong
bactericidal properties that allows to carry out the efficient disinfection of drinking water by this mineral in
water treatment and water purification technologies. It is observed the bactericidal activity of shungite
against pathogenic saprophytes and Protozoa. There is evidence that after the passage of water containing
bacterium E. coli, through shungite filter there is an almost complete removal of this bacterium (the viral
titer varries from 2300 cells /l in initial water up to 3 cells/l in treated water) (Mosin & Ignatov, 2012). Of
1785 cells/l of protozoa (ciliates, rotifers and crustaceans) contained in the initial water after the treatment
by shungite were observed only a few exemplars (5 cells/l). In addition to these qualities, shungite has
biological activity.
Owing to all these positive properties shungite may find its application for the preparation of drinking
water in flow-through systems of any capacity for industrial and domestic purposes, as well as in the
wells in order to improve the quality characteristics of water to return water its beneficial properties.
Especially effective and technologically justified is the use of complex filter systems based of the
mixtures of shungite with activated carbon or zeolite, with subsequent regeneration of the absorbents
(Podchaynov, 2007). When adding to the treatment scheme to shungite other natural absorbents
(zeolite, dolomite, glauconite) purified water is enriched to a physiologically optimal levels by
calcium, magnesium, silicon and sodium ions.
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4. Conclusions
The interaction of shungate and zeolite with water is quite complex and results the restructuring of
energy values among H2O molecules with a statistically reliable increase of local maximums in
DNES-spectra after treatment of shungite and zeolite with water. These values are measured at -0.1137
eV for shungite and -0.1174 eV for zeolite. The result for control sample (deionized water) is -0.1162
eV. The results with NES method were recalculated by the DNES method. The result of shungite with
DNES method is 0.0025±0.0011 eV and for zeolite is -1.2±0.0011 eV. For the value -0.1387 eV there is
a local maximum with positive values of shungite and zeolite. Both these minerals can find wide practical
applications in many branches of science and industry, and can be used as an alternative to activated carbon
the natural mineral absorbent in water treatment. Efficiency of using these two natural minerals is stipulated
by the high range of valuable properties (absorption, catalytic, antioxidant, regenerative, antibacterial), high
environmental safety and relatively low cost of filters based on shungite and zeolite as well as existence of
the extensive domestic raw material base of shungite and zeolite deposits. All these factors contribute to the
further expansion of these minerals. The local maximum of water solution of shungite and zeolite at
(-0.1387 eV) is 117 eV-1. The mix is structuring from Ignatov with optimal spectrum in (-0.1387 eV)
with proportions of shungite and zeolite with proportions and qualities for increasing of local
maximum in liquids in human body at (-0.1387 eV). This is object of know how.
Aknowlegements
The authors wish to thank Assen Toshev (Sofia, Bulgaria) for his assistance in drawing the diagrams.
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with high degree of isotopic enrichment by Gram-positive chemoheterotrophic bacterium Bacillus subtilis,
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Example of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Biomedicine. 1 (1-3): 31-50.
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Containing Mineral Shungite, International Journal of Advanced Scientific and Technical Research, 3,
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17. Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics www.iiste.org
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Bacterium Basillus Subtilis B-3157 with HNP-cycle of Carbon Assimilation for Microbiological Synthesis
of [2H] riboxine with High Level of Deuterium Enrichment, European Journal of Molecular Biotechnology,
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with High Degree of Isotopic Enrichment by Gram-positive Chemoheterotrophic Bacterium Bacillus
Subtilis, Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 49 (3): 233-243.
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Halobacterium halobium labeled with deuterium at aromatic amino acids residues of 2,3,4,5,6-2H5]Phe,
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