1) The document describes the simulation of various shaped microcantilevers (rectangular, triangular, V-shaped, and T-shaped) for detecting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through changes in the microcantilever's displacement.
2) A T-shaped microcantilever with a short paddle length of 500 micrometers was found to produce the greatest displacement of 3.24 x 10-7 micrometers when exposed to the force of a single HIV particle, allowing for easy detection.
3) The simulations were performed using Comsol Multiphysics software to analyze the displacement of microcantilevers made of silicon dioxide (SiO2) when subjected to the 9.
The document discusses capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) and the calculation of mutual impedance between neighboring cells in CMUT arrays. It provides background on CMUTs, including their fabrication, operating principle, advantages over piezoelectric transducers, and applications. The document focuses on how the acoustic loading from neighboring cells affects each cell in a CMUT array. It states that the mutual acoustic impedance must be considered to accurately model a multi-cell CMUT element. It then describes calculating the mutual impedance between two neighboring cells in a CMUT array using MATLAB simulation.
There has been increasing interest in wireless, miniaturized implantable medical devices for invivo and in situphysiological monitoring. Here, we present such an implant that uses a conventional ultrasound imager for wireless powering and data communication and acts as a probe for real-time temperature sensing, including the monitoring of body temperature and temperature changes resulting from therapeutic application of ultrasound.
Magnetically Actuated and Guided Milli-Gripper for Medical ApplicationsKanika Dheman
The document describes a magnetically actuated and guided milli-gripper designed for medical applications. It consists of a compliant gripper attached to an electromagnetic coil and permanent magnet. Passing a current through the coil causes the gripper jaws to close via magnetic interaction. The permanent magnet also allows external magnetic field guidance of the device. Kinematics and finite element modeling were used to optimize the design for maximum gripping stroke. Experiments showed successful actuation of the gripper and guidance in both tethered and untethered configurations, demonstrating its potential for minimally invasive procedures.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound technology and its various applications in food processing. It discusses ultrasound frequency and power, the mechanisms of action including acoustic cavitation and bubble formation, different methods of ultrasound generation using transducers, and various applications in meat, dairy, fruit and vegetable processing, emulsification, oil processing, and honey. Key areas that ultrasound is used include tenderizing meat, removing fat from dairy, maintaining quality of fresh produce, forming emulsions, and increasing reaction rates for processes like biodiesel production.
The effect of mesh size, number of rod, & length of rod towards touch vol...Syamsir Abduh
This document simulates the effects of mesh size, number of rods, and rod length on touch voltage, step voltage, and ground resistance in grounding systems. It compares 3 models: Model 1 uses 4 rods of 3m length in a 20x20m mesh; Model 2 uses 156 rods of 3m length in a 40x15m mesh; Model 3 uses 66 rods of 6m length in the same 40x15m mesh. Simulation results show Model 1 has the lowest touch and step voltages while using the fewest materials. Therefore, the document concludes Model 1 is the most optimal design.
Behaviour Analysis of Corroded Wires Based on Statistical ModelsIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Steel wires are the primary components of a lifting wire rope. The behaviour of a wire governs the behaviour of the whole of the cable. The physico-chemical processes like rates of degradation due to the environment (corrosion, etc.) are different for each layer, external layers being more exposed. The analysis of steel wires behaviour is traditionally based on statistical models describing the variability of its properties. For this purpose a statistical study was carried out on two populations of healthy and corroded wires by applying the Student distribution to select the most reliable results and the Weibull distribution to define the survival probability and the failure probability.
Ultra sonic testing of weldjoints prepared at different voltage and currenteSAT Journals
Abstract There are several millions of weld joints made at every corner of the world. There are chances that safety may be ceased to exist because of some defects in the weld joints. The objective of this investigation was to verify the influence of current and voltage on porosity found inside weld joints and other visual defects. Non - Destructive testing was carried out for standard butt joint from Manual metal arc welding (stick welding) and Gas metal arc welding. Porosity was measured in terms of depth from the surface of weld joint. The results will be presented in this paper with interesting finding with test sample by different welding technique. Keywords: Non-Destructive Testing, Stick Welding, Gas Metal Arc Welding, Butt Joint.
Displacement analysis of cantilever beam using fem packageIAEME Publication
This document analyzes the displacement of a cantilever beam made of different materials (aluminum, copper, steel) using finite element modeling (FEM). The study found that displacement under load increases with increasing Poisson's ratio from 0.3 to 0.33 but decreases from 0.33 to 0.36. Stress also increases with increasing Poisson's ratio. Frequency at the first vibration mode decreases from steel to copper as Poisson's ratio increases from 0.3 to 0.36. The FEM package was able to accurately simulate and analyze beam behavior under longitudinal load.
The document discusses capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) and the calculation of mutual impedance between neighboring cells in CMUT arrays. It provides background on CMUTs, including their fabrication, operating principle, advantages over piezoelectric transducers, and applications. The document focuses on how the acoustic loading from neighboring cells affects each cell in a CMUT array. It states that the mutual acoustic impedance must be considered to accurately model a multi-cell CMUT element. It then describes calculating the mutual impedance between two neighboring cells in a CMUT array using MATLAB simulation.
There has been increasing interest in wireless, miniaturized implantable medical devices for invivo and in situphysiological monitoring. Here, we present such an implant that uses a conventional ultrasound imager for wireless powering and data communication and acts as a probe for real-time temperature sensing, including the monitoring of body temperature and temperature changes resulting from therapeutic application of ultrasound.
Magnetically Actuated and Guided Milli-Gripper for Medical ApplicationsKanika Dheman
The document describes a magnetically actuated and guided milli-gripper designed for medical applications. It consists of a compliant gripper attached to an electromagnetic coil and permanent magnet. Passing a current through the coil causes the gripper jaws to close via magnetic interaction. The permanent magnet also allows external magnetic field guidance of the device. Kinematics and finite element modeling were used to optimize the design for maximum gripping stroke. Experiments showed successful actuation of the gripper and guidance in both tethered and untethered configurations, demonstrating its potential for minimally invasive procedures.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound technology and its various applications in food processing. It discusses ultrasound frequency and power, the mechanisms of action including acoustic cavitation and bubble formation, different methods of ultrasound generation using transducers, and various applications in meat, dairy, fruit and vegetable processing, emulsification, oil processing, and honey. Key areas that ultrasound is used include tenderizing meat, removing fat from dairy, maintaining quality of fresh produce, forming emulsions, and increasing reaction rates for processes like biodiesel production.
The effect of mesh size, number of rod, & length of rod towards touch vol...Syamsir Abduh
This document simulates the effects of mesh size, number of rods, and rod length on touch voltage, step voltage, and ground resistance in grounding systems. It compares 3 models: Model 1 uses 4 rods of 3m length in a 20x20m mesh; Model 2 uses 156 rods of 3m length in a 40x15m mesh; Model 3 uses 66 rods of 6m length in the same 40x15m mesh. Simulation results show Model 1 has the lowest touch and step voltages while using the fewest materials. Therefore, the document concludes Model 1 is the most optimal design.
Behaviour Analysis of Corroded Wires Based on Statistical ModelsIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Steel wires are the primary components of a lifting wire rope. The behaviour of a wire governs the behaviour of the whole of the cable. The physico-chemical processes like rates of degradation due to the environment (corrosion, etc.) are different for each layer, external layers being more exposed. The analysis of steel wires behaviour is traditionally based on statistical models describing the variability of its properties. For this purpose a statistical study was carried out on two populations of healthy and corroded wires by applying the Student distribution to select the most reliable results and the Weibull distribution to define the survival probability and the failure probability.
Ultra sonic testing of weldjoints prepared at different voltage and currenteSAT Journals
Abstract There are several millions of weld joints made at every corner of the world. There are chances that safety may be ceased to exist because of some defects in the weld joints. The objective of this investigation was to verify the influence of current and voltage on porosity found inside weld joints and other visual defects. Non - Destructive testing was carried out for standard butt joint from Manual metal arc welding (stick welding) and Gas metal arc welding. Porosity was measured in terms of depth from the surface of weld joint. The results will be presented in this paper with interesting finding with test sample by different welding technique. Keywords: Non-Destructive Testing, Stick Welding, Gas Metal Arc Welding, Butt Joint.
Displacement analysis of cantilever beam using fem packageIAEME Publication
This document analyzes the displacement of a cantilever beam made of different materials (aluminum, copper, steel) using finite element modeling (FEM). The study found that displacement under load increases with increasing Poisson's ratio from 0.3 to 0.33 but decreases from 0.33 to 0.36. Stress also increases with increasing Poisson's ratio. Frequency at the first vibration mode decreases from steel to copper as Poisson's ratio increases from 0.3 to 0.36. The FEM package was able to accurately simulate and analyze beam behavior under longitudinal load.
Performance evaluation of rapid and spray and-wait dtn routing protocols unde...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Study of various design methods for cold – formed light gauge steel sections ...eSAT Publishing House
The document studies the compressive strength of various cold-formed light gauge steel sections. Experimental testing was conducted on rectangular and circular hollow sections under compressive loading. The test strengths were compared to those calculated using Indian and North American design standards. It was found that Load and Resistance Factor Design provided higher strength values than tests, while Working Stress Method values were generally conservative. Revising the Indian standard to incorporate Limit States design could better utilize the full cross-sectional strength of cold-formed steel sections.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A novel approach for a secured intrusion detection system in maneteSAT Publishing House
This document proposes a novel intrusion detection system (IDS) for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that promotes complete unlinkability and conceals packet contents to add privacy preservation. The proposed scheme uses a combination of group IDs and digital signatures for encrypted route discovery. This allows malicious nodes to be detected during route discovery and avoided for data transmission. Compared to existing approaches, the proposed scheme has lower end-to-end delay and improved packet delivery ratio.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
1) The study investigated the effect of short coir fiber reinforcement on the flexural properties of polymer composites at varying fiber weight percentages (5-25%) and thicknesses (3-5mm).
2) Testing found that flexural strength and elongation increased with fiber content up to 20% reinforcement, but then decreased at 25%. The 20% reinforced 4mm thick composite exhibited the highest flexural strength and elongation.
3) Increasing fiber content improved bonding between the coir and polymer matrix, while higher contents led to more porosity and weaker properties. Coir was shown to be an effective and lightweight reinforcement for polymer composites.
Study of cigarette butts extract as corrosiveinhibiting agent in j55 steel ma...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of soft segment chain length on tailoring the propertieseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Secure and efficient handover authentication and detection of spoofing attackeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Energy efficient ccrvc scheme for secure communications in mobile ad hoc netw...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an energy efficient certificate revocation scheme (EECCRVC) for secure communications in mobile ad hoc networks. The scheme aims to both revoke intruder certificates to exclude them from the network and utilize node energy effectively. It adopts a certificate revocation scheme (CCRVC) that deals with false accusations while outperforming other techniques in revoking intruder certificates. The scheme also enhances reliability and accuracy by promptly vindicating warned nodes based on a threshold mechanism. Experimental results using the NS-2 simulator show that the proposed EECCRVC scheme provides secure communications with effective energy utilization in mobile ad hoc networks.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Hardware software co simulation of edge detection for image processing system...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes a study that tested the effects of varying width and length on the behavior of a soft, stretchable sensor. The sensor consists of a stretchable fabric substrate and a composite of multiwall carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix. Samples of the sensor were fabricated with three different lengths (30, 60, and 90 mm) and four different widths (5, 10, 15, and 20 mm). The samples underwent static and dynamic testing using a custom extensometer and load cell. Preliminary results showed that sensors with larger dimensions had lower resistivity, as there were more opportunities for carbon nanotube cross-paths to allow electron flow. Future work will analyze dynamic test results and sensor performance in practical applications
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance evaluation of rapid and spray and-wait dtn routing protocols unde...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Study of various design methods for cold – formed light gauge steel sections ...eSAT Publishing House
The document studies the compressive strength of various cold-formed light gauge steel sections. Experimental testing was conducted on rectangular and circular hollow sections under compressive loading. The test strengths were compared to those calculated using Indian and North American design standards. It was found that Load and Resistance Factor Design provided higher strength values than tests, while Working Stress Method values were generally conservative. Revising the Indian standard to incorporate Limit States design could better utilize the full cross-sectional strength of cold-formed steel sections.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A novel approach for a secured intrusion detection system in maneteSAT Publishing House
This document proposes a novel intrusion detection system (IDS) for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that promotes complete unlinkability and conceals packet contents to add privacy preservation. The proposed scheme uses a combination of group IDs and digital signatures for encrypted route discovery. This allows malicious nodes to be detected during route discovery and avoided for data transmission. Compared to existing approaches, the proposed scheme has lower end-to-end delay and improved packet delivery ratio.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
1) The study investigated the effect of short coir fiber reinforcement on the flexural properties of polymer composites at varying fiber weight percentages (5-25%) and thicknesses (3-5mm).
2) Testing found that flexural strength and elongation increased with fiber content up to 20% reinforcement, but then decreased at 25%. The 20% reinforced 4mm thick composite exhibited the highest flexural strength and elongation.
3) Increasing fiber content improved bonding between the coir and polymer matrix, while higher contents led to more porosity and weaker properties. Coir was shown to be an effective and lightweight reinforcement for polymer composites.
Study of cigarette butts extract as corrosiveinhibiting agent in j55 steel ma...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of soft segment chain length on tailoring the propertieseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Secure and efficient handover authentication and detection of spoofing attackeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Energy efficient ccrvc scheme for secure communications in mobile ad hoc netw...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an energy efficient certificate revocation scheme (EECCRVC) for secure communications in mobile ad hoc networks. The scheme aims to both revoke intruder certificates to exclude them from the network and utilize node energy effectively. It adopts a certificate revocation scheme (CCRVC) that deals with false accusations while outperforming other techniques in revoking intruder certificates. The scheme also enhances reliability and accuracy by promptly vindicating warned nodes based on a threshold mechanism. Experimental results using the NS-2 simulator show that the proposed EECCRVC scheme provides secure communications with effective energy utilization in mobile ad hoc networks.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Hardware software co simulation of edge detection for image processing system...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes a study that tested the effects of varying width and length on the behavior of a soft, stretchable sensor. The sensor consists of a stretchable fabric substrate and a composite of multiwall carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix. Samples of the sensor were fabricated with three different lengths (30, 60, and 90 mm) and four different widths (5, 10, 15, and 20 mm). The samples underwent static and dynamic testing using a custom extensometer and load cell. Preliminary results showed that sensors with larger dimensions had lower resistivity, as there were more opportunities for carbon nanotube cross-paths to allow electron flow. Future work will analyze dynamic test results and sensor performance in practical applications
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes a research paper on analyzing the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio in cells from microscopic images to detect skin abnormalities. It discusses segmenting nuclei and cytoplasm using techniques like watershed transforms and morphological processing. Marker-controlled watershed segmentation is used to avoid over-segmentation when isolating nuclei. Distance transforms and blob detection help initialize and validate segmented nuclei. Cytoplasm segmentation uses convergence index filtering within constraints of minimum and maximum distance from nuclei. The nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio calculated from segmented cells can indicate malignancy and be evaluated alongside a dermatologist's assessment. This automated analysis provides faster and more robust diagnosis of skin conditions than manual examination.
The document discusses a micro electronic pill that can be swallowed to wirelessly monitor the gastrointestinal tract. It consists of sensors, a camera, antenna and battery inside a capsule shape. It transmits data like temperature, pH and video to an external receiver within 1 meter. The summary is:
1. The micro electronic pill can be swallowed to monitor the gastrointestinal tract and transmit sensor data and video wirelessly to an external receiver.
2. It consists of components like a camera, sensors, antenna and battery enclosed in a small capsule shape.
3. The pill transmits data on factors like temperature and pH to help diagnose diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
Miniaturized UWB elliptical patch antenna for skin cancer diagnosis imaging IJECEIAES
The biomedical imaging shows promising results in many applications such as protein characterization and cancer detection using non-ionizing radiation. Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer because it is exposed by sun rays during the day. Many techniques have been offered to detect the tumor in the early stage such as ultrasonic and MW imaging. However, most of these studies showed a large printing area with lower BW so as the low resolution. To overcome these drawbacks, a new low profile UWB elliptical patch antenna with high performance is designed on PTFE as a substrate. Then a layer of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) applies to improve the antenna radiation characteristics. The proposed antenna has a broad BW from 3.9 GHz to 30 GHz along with a resonance at 2.4 GHz. Furthermore, the antenna presents a maximum gain of 7.3 dB, maximum directivity of 7.78 dBi, the maximum radiation efficiency of 92%, and consistent, stable radiation pattern throughout the frequency band. Besides, the time-domain characteristics show that the antenna can be a suitable candidate for microwave imaging of skin cancer.
Design and simulation of printed micro strip low pass filter based on the ele...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
EVALUATE THE ACCURACY OF REFLECTOR-LESS TOTAL STATION IAEME Publication
With the vast development in the surveying instruments, the total station with reflector-less is
important instrument to observe the inaccessible points. Reflector-less (prism-less) technology is
used in a variety of situations to survey infrastructure that is inaccessible or unsafe, or as a more
efficient work practice. The main objective of this paper, it’s determining the accuracy of reflectorless
Total Stations when used in situations. This paper involves the investigation and identification of
potential solutions through the use of surveying techniques and instrument knowledge to improve the
dependability of this technology
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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Review study on performance of seismically tested repaired shear wallseSAT Publishing House
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Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
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Coastal zones – seismic vulnerability an analysis from east coast of indiaeSAT Publishing House
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Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
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A geophysical insight of earthquake occurred on 21 st may 2014 off paradip, b...eSAT Publishing House
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Effect of hudhud cyclone on the development of visakhapatnam as smart and gre...eSAT Publishing House
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As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
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Design and characterization of various shapes of microcantilever for human immunodeficiency virus detection
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 24
DESIGN AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VARIOUS SHAPES OF
MICROCANTILEVER FOR HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
DETECTION
Gopinath.P.G.1
, V.R. Anitha2
, S. Aruna Mastani 3
1
Research Scholar, Department of ECE, JNTUA, Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Department of ECE, Sree Vidyankethan Engineering College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
3
Department of ECE, JNTUA, Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
The ability to detect pathogenic relevant molecules in the human body with high sensitivity and specificity has a powerful
opportunity in early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This paper presents the design, analysis and simulation of MEMS
microcantilevers with various shapes like rectangular, triangular, V-shape and T-shape (Paddle) for one HIV detection with mass
10-18
Kg which produces force of 9.81x 10-18
Newton, To analyze the sensitivity of microcantilever , SiO2 material is used. The
simulation of these designs is performed by Comsol Multiphysics. The change in total displacement of a microcantilever with
respect to change in its shape for the same applied force is observed. From the analysis performed T-shape (Paddle) cantilever
with length 1000µm, width 100 µm, thickness 0.5 µm with paddle length 500 µm, width 100 µm and thickness 0.5 µm produces
maximum displacement of 3.24 x10-07
µm. By this obtained deflection, using recent advanced read out systems the disease can be
identified easily at early stages.
Key Words: Microcantilever, Biosensor, Different shapes, HIV detection
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The cantilever structure has been widely used in variety of
sensors in the applications of optics, electromagnetics,
ambient temperature, and biology[1,2]. Microcantilevers
possess an extremely high force sensitivity ranges in the
piconewton (pN) range as the cantilevers made by Atomic
Force Microscopy [3] The recent developments of atomic
force microscopy enabled the mass fabrication of
micrometer sized cantilevers with different geometrical
shapes. Recently, this variety of AFM cantilevers is used as
highly sensitive sensors operating essentially for biological
detections[4]. By coating the cantilever with sensing layer, it
can be detect a wide range of analyte concentrations. In
static mode of operation, the static deflection of the
cantilever on exposure of analyte is measured and bending
caused due to interaction of analyte with the sensor coating
in the cantilever[5]. Microcantilevers operating in static
mode, which undergo static bending caused by external
force or molecular specific binding on the surface, are of the
most studied, mainly due to the booming research interest in
biomedical applications such as genomics [6]–[8],
proteomics [9]–[11], and analytical chemistry [12]–[15].The
main advantages of microcantilever based sensors are their
small size, high sensitivity and fast response time[16]
2. MICROCANTILEVER FOR HIV DETECTION
Modern biosensors based on MEMS techniques have greater
potential to enhance for detecting foreign and potentially
dangerous toxins and it is cheaper, faster, and easier-to-use
these analytical tools. The principle of microcantilever
based sensors are divided into two modes namely static
mode sensing and dynamic or vibration mode sensing. In
static mode sensing, microcantilevers are usually deposited
with a any thin film which is further coated with a certain
receptor. Depending upon the binding the specific analyte,
stress or Force is generated which resulting in bending of
the microcantilever. Piezo-resistive, Optical, Piezo-
capacitive methods are used to read out the deflection and
convert into the corresponding electrical signal for further
signal processing. and thus detect the targeting bioparticles.
Microcantilever can be used to detect bimolecules by
deflection which depends upon the interaction of target
molecule with a probe coating on the surface of the
microcantilever. By measuring the amount of total
deflection of cantilever, the amount of target can be
quantified. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
remains one of the most important communicable diseases.
It is an infection associated with serious disease, persistently
high costs of treatment and care, significant number of
deaths and shortened life expectancy.HIV is a virus, which
attacks the immune system and causes a lifelong severe
illness with a long incubation period[17].
HIV is different in structure from other retroviruses. It is
roughly spherical with a diameter of about 126 nm[18] with
a diameter of about 126 nm. The total force to be applied on
the surface of cantilever can be made by calculating the
volume and substituting the density value. By Newton’s
law, Total Force produced by one HIV is F= 9.8x10-18
Newton.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 25
3. DIFFERENT SHAPES OF
MICROCANTILEVER & SIMULATION
In this paper the analysis is performed for rectangular,
triangular, V-shape, T-Shape(Long paddle) and T-
Shape(Short paddle). The total displacement of a
microcantilever can be modelled by applying a total force on
the top of the microcantilever. The simulations are carried
out by considering the cantilevers made up of silicon, and
have an elastic modulus of 70 GPa and a Poisson’s ratio of
0.17, respectively. Table 1 shows the properties of SiO2.
Here cantilevers are subject to a total force of 9.8x10-18
Newton on the top surfaces.
Table 1 SiO2 Properties
S.No. Parameter Value
1 Young’s modulus 70 GPA
2 Poisson’s ratio 0.17
3 Density 2200 Kg/m3
3.1 Rectangular Microcantilever
Fig-1: Design of Rectangular Shape Microcantilever
Fig-1 shows the design of rectangular shape
microcantilever. To detect one HIV virus to obtain
maximum deflection, the length of the rectangular cantilever
L=1000 µm, width w= 100 µm and thickness t=0.5 µm and
1 µm is performed and total displacement of microcantilever
simulated by using Comsol Multiphysics software. Fig.
2(a)&(b) shows the total displacement for thickness 1 µm
and 0.5 µm. As the length of the cantilever increases, total
deflection increases and maximum displacement is obtained
when length is 1000 µm, width 100 µm and thickness 0.5
µm produces maximum deflection of 1.6351 x10-8
µm with
respect to the force applied due to one HIV.
Fig.2(a)
Fig.2(b)
Fig. 2 (a) & (b) Total Deflection for thickness t=1 µm and
t=0.5 µm for Rectangular Shape Cantilever With L=1000
µm and W=100 µm
3.2 Triangular Microcantilever
Fig. 3 shows the design of triangular shape microcantilever.
To detect one HIV virus to obtain maximum deflection, the
height of the triangular cantilever H=1000 µm, base b= 100
µm and thickness t=0.5 µm and 1 µm is performed and total
displacement of microcantilever simulated by using Comsol
Multiphysics software. Fig. 4 (a) and (b) shows the total
displacement with thickness 1 µm and 0.5 µm. As the height
of the cantilever increases, total deflection increases and
maximum displacement is obtained when height is 1000
µm, base is 100 µm and thickness 0.5 µm produces
maximum deflection of 1.1171 x 10-8
µm with respect to the
force applied due to one HIV.
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Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 26
Fig. 3 Design of Triangular Shape Microcantilever
Fig.4 (a)
Fig.4 (b)
Fig.4(a) & (b) Total Deflection for thickness t=1 µm and
t=0.5 µm for Triangular Shape Cantilever With Height
H=1000 µm and base B=100 µm
3.3 V shape Microcantilever
Fig. 5shows the design of V- shape microcantilever. To
detect one HIV virus to obtain maximum deflection, the
height of the V Shape cantilever H=1000 µm, base length
b= 100 µm and thickness t=0.5 µm and 1 µm is performed
and total displacement of microcantilever simulated by
using Comsol Multiphysics software. Fig. 6 (a) and (b)
shows the total displacement with thickness 1 µm and 0.5
µm. As the height of the cantilever increases, total
deflection increases and maximum displacement is obtained
when height is 1000 µm, base length is 100 µm and
thickness 0.5 µm produces maximum deflection of 2.5627 x
10-8
µm with respect to the force applied due to one HIV.
Fig.5 Design of V-Shape Microcantilever
Fig. 6(a)
Fig. 6(b)
Fig.6 (a) & (b) Total Deflection for thickness t=1 µm and
t=0.5 µm V shape cantilever with base B=100 µm and
height H=1000 µm
3.4 T shape Microcantilever(Long Paddle)
Fig. 7 shows the design of Long paddle T- shape
microcantilever .To detect one HIV virus to obtain
maximum deflection, the height of the T SHAPE (Long
Rectangular Paddle) cantilever with width W=100 µm and
length L=1000 µm for Paddle length L=1000 µm and width
W=100 µm is performed and total displacement of
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 27
microcantilever simulated by using Comsol Multiphysics
software. Fig. 8 (a) and (b) shows the total displacement
with thickness 1 µm and 0.5 µm. As the length of the
cantilever increases, total deflection increases and maximum
displacement is obtained when length is 1000 µm, base
length is 100 µm and thickness 0.5 µm produces maximum
deflection of 2.7384 x 10-8
µm with respect to the force
applied due to one HIV.
Fig. 7 Design of Long Paddle(T-shape) Shape
Microcantilever
Fig. 8(a)
Fig.8(b)
Fig. 8 (a) & (b) Total Deflection for thickness t=1 µm and
t=0.5 um T SHAPE (Long Rectangular Paddle) cantilever
with base width W=100 µm and length L=1000 µm for
Paddle length L=1000 µm and width W=100 µm
3.5 T shape Microcantilever(Short Paddle)
Fig. 9 shows the design of short paddle T- shape
microcantilever To detect one HIV virus to obtain maximum
deflection, the height of the T SHAPE (Short Rectangular
Paddle) cantilever with width W=100 µm and length
L=1000 µm for Paddle length L=500 µm and width W=100
µm is performed and total displacement of microcantilever
simulated by using Comsol Multiphysics software. Fig. 10
(a) and (b) shows the total displacement with thickness 1 µm
and 0.5 µm. As the length of the cantilever increases, total
deflection increases and maximum displacement is obtained
when length is 1000 µm, breadth is 100 µm and thickness
0.5 µm produces maximum deflection of 3.2348 x 10-7
µm
with respect to the force applied due to one HIV.
Fig. 9 Design of Short Paddle(T-shape) Shape
Microcantilever
Fig. 10(a)
Fig. 10(b)
Fig.10 (a) & (b) Total Deflection for thickness t=1 µm and
t=0.5 µm T SHAPE (Short Rectangular Paddle) cantilever
with base width W=100 µm and length L=1000 µm for
Paddle length L=500 µm and width W=100 µm
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4. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
As per the analysis performed for different shapes of
microcantilever for the identification of one HIV, table 2
gives variation of displacement value for different shapes
like rectangular, triangular,V shape and T shape(Long and
Short paddle). Fig.11 shows the total displacement with
respect to different shapes of cantilevers, out of which T
shape(500 µm paddle) produces maximum total
displacement of 3.24 x 10-07
µm which can be easily
measured using simple read out systems.
Table 2 Variation of Total Displacement of cantilever with
respect to different dimensions
S.No.
Shape of the
Micro
Cantilever
Total
Displacement
(µm)
for T=1 µm
Total
Displacement
(µm)
for T=0.5 µm
1 Triangular 1.39 x 10-09
1.12 x 10-08
2 Rectangular 2.09 x 10-09
1.63 x 10-08
3 V-Shape 3.20 x 10-09
2.56 x 10-08
4
Long Paddle
T shape (1000
µm Paddle)
3.60 x 10-09
2.74 x 10-08
5
Short Paddle
T shape (500
µm Paddle)
2.97 x 10-09
3.24 x 10-07
Fig. 2 (b)
Fig.11 Total Displacement with respect to shape of the
cantilever with thickness t=0.5 µm and t=1 µm
5. CONCLUSION
As microcantilevers based sensor are mostly used as
physical, biological, and chemical sensors in various
applications. In this paper, T SHAPE (Short Rectangular
Paddle) cantilever with base width W=100 µm and length
L=1000 µm and thickness 0.5 µm, for short paddle length
L=500 µm and width W=100 µm with thickness 0.5 µm
produces total displacement of 3.24 x 10-7
µm for one HIV.
As HIV detection is complex, the proposed T SHAPE (short
rectangular paddle) microcantilever gives inferences that it
produces maximum measurable displacement for
identification of HIV. The simulation is performed using
Comsol multiphysics software and the variation of total
displacement for rectangular, Triangular, V shape and T
shape (Paddle) microcantilevers studied by considering SiO2
as material. In Future more sensitivity and displacement can
be obtained by introducing stress control region by making
slots in the microcantilever with different shapes and by
choosing the appropriate cantilever material to produce
maximum displacement.
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BIOGRAPIES
P.G.Gopinath is a Research Scholar
in Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University Anantapur, Anantapuramu.
He completed Bachelor’s degree in
Electronics & Communication
Engineering and Master’s degree in
VLSI Design from Anna University.
His research of work towards latest
trends in MEMS, VLSI, Micro level Bio Sensors. He
attended various workshops and published various papers in
the field of VLSI and MEMS Bio-sensors in International
Journals and conferences.
Dr. V.R. Anitha has been working as
a Professor, Department of ECE in
Sree Vidyaniketan Engineering
College, Tirupati. She obtained
Bachelor of Technology in the
Department of Electronics and
Telecomunication Engineering from
Institute of Electronics and Tele Communications
Engineering (IETE), New Delhi and Post Graduate in
Microwave Engineering from Nagarjuna University Guntur,
and Ph.D. in Microwave Engineering from Sri
Venkateshwara University, Tirupati. She is a member in
IEEE, IETE and ISSS and published number 34 papers in
national and international journals and conferences. She
received Travel Grant award from URSI General Assembly-
2011, Istanbul, Turkey. She is session chair in International
Conference on ICEAA-IEEE APWC-EMS’13, Torino, Italy.
She received “Young Scientist” award from DST for her
presentation held at Koulalumpur, Malaysia in October
2013. Presently, she is holding research projects from
various funding agencies.
Dr. S. Aruna Mastani received B.E in
Electronics and Communication
Engineering from JNTU College of
Engineering Anantapur and M.Tech in
Digital Systems and Computer
Electronics from JNTU College of
Engineering, Anantapur, She received
Ph.D degree in the area of Digital
Image Processing from JNTUA, Anantapur. She worked as
academic assistant in JNTUCE, Anantapur and also worked
as Assistant Professor and Associate Professor in Intell
Engineering College Anantapur, Presently she is working as
Assistant Professor in JNTU College of Engineering,
Anantapur. She Published several papers in national and
international journals and conferences in the area of image
processing, signal processing, and VLSI.