Background: The global phosphorus crisis is an evolving concern as the world's phosphorus sources are running out and demand for agricultural production is rising. Phosphorus shortages undermine food security and demand long-term management practices to assure phosphorus availability. Methods: Aspergillus strains were first screened on PVK media to get phosphorus solubilizing species and then the best strain was used to produce acid phosphatases. Finally, the effect of various assay conditions was analyzed to characterize extracellular acid phosphatases. Results: Out of four isolated strains, only A. niger, A. oryzae, and A. flavus were able to solubilize phosphate on PVK, of which A. niger stood out with a maximum solubility index of 2.38. The optimal pH and temperature for enzyme activity were recorded as 4.5 and 30°C. Furthermore, the substrate concentration of 100 mM with a 40-minute incubation period was found as a standard condition to achieve maximum specific activity i.e. 12 U/mg and a 17% higher free phosphorus level. After optimization, a 43.8% increment in the activity of extracellular acid phosphatases was observed. Conclusion: The study concludes that A. niger was the prominent performer, with improved phosphate solubilization and enzyme activity, as well as higher phosphorus release, demonstrating its potential for enhancing phosphorus availability not only in agricultural and environmental fields but in setups with lower phosphate availability too.
Optimizing the production of Polyphosphate from Acinetobacter towneriGJESM Publication
Inorganic polyphosphates (PolyP) are linear polymers of few to several hundred orthophosphate residues, linked by energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds. Four isolates had been screened from soil sample. By MALDI-TOF analysis, they were identified as Bacillius cereus, Acinetobacter towneri, B. megaterium and B. cereus. The production of PolyP in four isolates was studied in phosphate uptake medium and sulfur deficient medium at pH 7. These organisms had shown significant production of PolyP after 22h of incubation. PolyP was extracted from the cells using alkaline lysis method. Among those isolates, Acinetobacter towneri was found to have high (24.57% w/w as P) accumulation of PolyP in sulfur deficient medium. The media optimization for sulfur deficiency was carried out using Response surface methodology (RSM). It was proven that increase in phosphate level in the presence of glucose, under sulfur limiting condition, enhanced the phosphate accumulation by Acinetobacter towneri and these condition can be simulated for the effective removal of phosphate from wastewater sources.
Monitoring Of Macronutrients Uptake by Soil and Potato Plants – A Comparative...IOSR Journals
Soil test1, 2 is necessary to identify optimal concentrations of essential elements required for plant growth. The fertility of soil is affected by the presence of some essential elements as Macronutrients like N, P& K. This study including the status of Macronutrients in the soil and potato plans. The percentage of nitrogen (N) in soil of potato plant was obtained 5.6% and 1.89% where as nitrogen percentage in plant ash was 17.45% and 16.4% respectively. But the phosphorus and potassium are present in adequate amount in soil. As it was found that the concentration of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in part per million in soil of potato was 62ppm and 148.3ppm and in potato plant ash the concentration was 64.23ppm and 103.3ppm respectively.
ABSTRACT- The isolation of phosphate solubilizing bacterial strains exhibiting high ability to solubilize soil
phosphorus is a matter of great interest with high applicability. The use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria as inoculants
simultaneously increases phosphate uptake by the plant and increase crop yield. Strains from the genera Pseudomonas,
Bacillus and Rhizobium species are among the most powerful phosphate solubilizers. In this present study different
cultivated soil samples were investigated for the isolation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria by Pikovskayas agar media.
We were found 2 bacterial strains SS1 and SS2 as a phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Both two bacteria are characterized
by morphological and biochemical tests. The strain SS2 was confirmed as a Bacillus megaterium. Then Bacillus
megaterium is used for the production of longer sustainable phosphate solbulizing biofertilizer. After an interval of 180
days it has 5x1013 CFU count.
Key-words- Phosphate solubilization; Soil bacteria; Plant-growth-promoting bacteria; Rhizobacteria; Phosphates;
Biofertilizer
Production and Application of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria as Biofertilize...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Soil microorganism plays an important role in regulating the levels of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur at the rhizosphere. Solubilization of macronutrient is an important aspect in plant growth and development research. Phosphorus is one of the vital nutrient required for optimum growth of plant. Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) plays an important role in increasing the phosphate uptake by the plants. Pikovskaya medium containing TCP or tricalcium phosphate helps in isolation of PSB from soil sample. Isolated strains were tested and screened by Halo zone formation and pH test. The selected strains showing marked decrease in pH and clear zone formation was selected for field trial. The objective of this study was to ascertain that PSBs isolated from the soil sample can be used as biofertilizer. Application of PSBs with a carrier mixed with maize seeds in the field of study and compared against a control field and against commercially available fertilizer showed that PSBs can improve the quality of soil and in turn improved the growth and development of the plants.
Optimizing the production of Polyphosphate from Acinetobacter towneriGJESM Publication
Inorganic polyphosphates (PolyP) are linear polymers of few to several hundred orthophosphate residues, linked by energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds. Four isolates had been screened from soil sample. By MALDI-TOF analysis, they were identified as Bacillius cereus, Acinetobacter towneri, B. megaterium and B. cereus. The production of PolyP in four isolates was studied in phosphate uptake medium and sulfur deficient medium at pH 7. These organisms had shown significant production of PolyP after 22h of incubation. PolyP was extracted from the cells using alkaline lysis method. Among those isolates, Acinetobacter towneri was found to have high (24.57% w/w as P) accumulation of PolyP in sulfur deficient medium. The media optimization for sulfur deficiency was carried out using Response surface methodology (RSM). It was proven that increase in phosphate level in the presence of glucose, under sulfur limiting condition, enhanced the phosphate accumulation by Acinetobacter towneri and these condition can be simulated for the effective removal of phosphate from wastewater sources.
Monitoring Of Macronutrients Uptake by Soil and Potato Plants – A Comparative...IOSR Journals
Soil test1, 2 is necessary to identify optimal concentrations of essential elements required for plant growth. The fertility of soil is affected by the presence of some essential elements as Macronutrients like N, P& K. This study including the status of Macronutrients in the soil and potato plans. The percentage of nitrogen (N) in soil of potato plant was obtained 5.6% and 1.89% where as nitrogen percentage in plant ash was 17.45% and 16.4% respectively. But the phosphorus and potassium are present in adequate amount in soil. As it was found that the concentration of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in part per million in soil of potato was 62ppm and 148.3ppm and in potato plant ash the concentration was 64.23ppm and 103.3ppm respectively.
ABSTRACT- The isolation of phosphate solubilizing bacterial strains exhibiting high ability to solubilize soil
phosphorus is a matter of great interest with high applicability. The use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria as inoculants
simultaneously increases phosphate uptake by the plant and increase crop yield. Strains from the genera Pseudomonas,
Bacillus and Rhizobium species are among the most powerful phosphate solubilizers. In this present study different
cultivated soil samples were investigated for the isolation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria by Pikovskayas agar media.
We were found 2 bacterial strains SS1 and SS2 as a phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Both two bacteria are characterized
by morphological and biochemical tests. The strain SS2 was confirmed as a Bacillus megaterium. Then Bacillus
megaterium is used for the production of longer sustainable phosphate solbulizing biofertilizer. After an interval of 180
days it has 5x1013 CFU count.
Key-words- Phosphate solubilization; Soil bacteria; Plant-growth-promoting bacteria; Rhizobacteria; Phosphates;
Biofertilizer
Production and Application of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria as Biofertilize...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Soil microorganism plays an important role in regulating the levels of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur at the rhizosphere. Solubilization of macronutrient is an important aspect in plant growth and development research. Phosphorus is one of the vital nutrient required for optimum growth of plant. Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) plays an important role in increasing the phosphate uptake by the plants. Pikovskaya medium containing TCP or tricalcium phosphate helps in isolation of PSB from soil sample. Isolated strains were tested and screened by Halo zone formation and pH test. The selected strains showing marked decrease in pH and clear zone formation was selected for field trial. The objective of this study was to ascertain that PSBs isolated from the soil sample can be used as biofertilizer. Application of PSBs with a carrier mixed with maize seeds in the field of study and compared against a control field and against commercially available fertilizer showed that PSBs can improve the quality of soil and in turn improved the growth and development of the plants.
3 ijhaf nov-2017-6-study of the macronutrient elementsAI Publications
In the current research has been followed the impact of six fertilizer products on the content of macronutrient elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in the soil during a vegetation and after harvesting of the grain-leguminous crop soybean. The experiment is brought out on a training-experimental field of Department „Plant Production“ to Technical university – Varna with variety PR91M10 as per the generally accepted methods for specifying the content of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphates, absorbable potassium and pH. The agrochemical analyses show that after bringing in of MAP are established higher values of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen in the soil during vegetation of the soybean, while after its harvesting the highest content of ammonium nitrogen is reported in the variant, which has been fertilized with NPK, and of nitrate – with urea. Regardless of the used fertilizer product, after the harvesting of the soybean has been reported lower content of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen. At usage of MAP has been established higher content of mobile phosphates in the soil during vegetation of the soybean and after its harvesting, as the differences between MAP and the rest variants are statistically reliable. The values of phosphorus in the soil after collecting of the soybean are higher in four of the experimental plots, as at the variants, which have been fertilized with fertilizers, containing phosphorus (MAP, DAP and NPK) the difference is more substantial. The statistical analysis has not established proof of the differences between the variants as per content of absorbable potassium in the soil. The tendency is analogous as the exposed at the mobile phosphates, something more, in all variants of the experiment the values after harvesting are higher than the reported during vegetation.
It is generally accepted that a low level of fluorine in mains water 0.4 to 1 mg -¢ L – 1 depending on the climate of the country concerned promotes the formation of tooth enamel and protects teeth from decay. On the other hand, too much fluorine will destroy this enamel and cause a range of endemic type disorders that are generally called “fluoroses- malformed teeth, staining of the enamel, decalcification, tendon mineralisation, digestive and nervous disorders, etc. These problems can appear in individuals for widely variable quantities of the product. Water must be discharged or treated as soon as it contains more than 1 to 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1 of F – . Some natural waters contain more than 10 mg -¢ L – 1 of fluorine. This concentration has to be reduced to approximately 1 mg -¢ L – 1 the acceptable concentration falling as the average annual temperature rises the European standard has set 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1. Many studies have been carried out to address the issue however little success has been reported up to date. Layered double hydroxides LDHs which readily undergo anion exchange reactions have been used as a suitable candidate for defluorination. Also there is regeneration of the material after removal of fluoride ions without releasing flouride ions back in to the water cycle. F elimination using a nanofiltration NF operation will solve problems for large scale pilot plants in the future.Many defluorination projects have significant effectiveness on the prevention of endemic fluorosis. The concentrations of water fluoride were below 1 mg L. Advanced on site methods, such as under sink reserve osmosis units, can remove fluoride but are too expensive for developing areas. Calcium carbonate as a cost effective sorbent for an onsite defluorination drinking water system. Batch and column experiments have been performed to characterize F removal properties. The present review discusses various techniques of defluorination of water. Dr. Atul Kumar Sharma | Dr. Harsukh Ram Chharang "Defluorination of Drinking Water" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46324.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/46324/defluorination-of-drinking-water/dr-atul-kumar-sharma
Seasonal variation of some bioactive compounds and Physiological Characterist...USUKHJARGAL DALAIKHU
We determined the phenolic and total flavonoid contents and some physiological characteristics (water potential, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll index) of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., growing in the Botanical Garden, Mongolian Academy of Sciences. Cultivated plants were harvested at the beginning of vegetation (May), flowering (June), seed formation (July), seed dispersal (August) and end of vegetation season (September).
In an experiment, maize plants were inoculated with seven strains of mycorrhizae fungi previously isolated from AL-Jabal AL-Akhdar forests. AMF strains: (Rhizophagus intraradices, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Gigspora sp., Entrophos Porainfeqeas, Scutellospora sp., Archaeospora trappei, funneliformis mosseae) maize seeds planted in sandy soil in pots and either inoculated or not with a single inocula strain of the examined AFM strains. Phosphorus was applied as mono-calcium phosphate at the recommended rates of application three levels of phosphate fertilization: (with out of phosphate fertilizer: F0), (addition of super phosphate at aerate of 50 kg/ha: F1), (add of super phosphate at aerate of 100 kg/ha: F2). After harvesting the maize plant, the content of the leaves was estimated from the following nutrients: (N, P K, Fe, Zn), the results showed that most of them gave a significant increase in the plant content of these nutrients. Effect of phosphate fertilization with inoculation mycorrhizal strains deficiency in the concentration of some nutrient with in plant compared to treatment inoculated without adding phosphate fertilizer.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
Identification and Characterization of Naphthalene Degrading Bacteria Isolate...inventionjournals
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of ubiquitous organic pollutants that are toxic as well as carcinogenic. Naphthalene is the well known PAH among recognized priority pollutants and some microorganisms use this PAH compound for bioremediation in the polluted environment. Three different types of mesophilic naphthalene degrading bacteria have been isolated from acid mine drainage soil of Barjora coal mine, West Bengal. They used naphthalene as a sole carbon source and they were able to grow in presence of pyrene, benzene and toluene. This result indicates that they are multi PAHs degrading bacteria. They all come under the genus Enterobacter sp. However, further research needs to be done on the identification of metabolites responsible for naphthalene degradation and metabolic pathway through GC-MS (Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry), HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) analysis.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soileSAT Journals
Abstract
The research has been carried out on Phosphate (p-Adsorption) on clay soil through batch adsorption techniques. Main objectives of
this study are to study the physical properties of clay soils, detection of Phosphate removal by adsorbent as a function of contact time,
adsorbent dosage and pH, to study sorption kinetics. The results of this study shows the optimum contact time, dosage and pH for
adsorption of Phosphate on clay soil reaching the equilibrium condition after 60 minutes with removal efficiency of 86% and 1400
mg as optimum dosage. Higher adsorption of Phosphate was observed at pH 9.0. The rate of adsorption of Phosphate obeys first order
rate equation. The obtained results of the batch experiments are best fit to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. From the
experimental analysis it is concluded that clay soil shows good removal efficiency and can be used as good adsorbents.
Keywords: P-Adsorption, characteristics, Batch Experiments, Freundlich Isotherm, Langmuir Isotherm.
A batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soileSAT Journals
Abstract
The research has been carried out on Phosphate (p-Adsorption) on clay soil through batch adsorption techniques. Main objectives of
this study are to study the physical properties of clay soils, detection of Phosphate removal by adsorbent as a function of contact time,
adsorbent dosage and pH, to study sorption kinetics. The results of this study shows the optimum contact time, dosage and pH for
adsorption of Phosphate on clay soil reaching the equilibrium condition after 60 minutes with removal efficiency of 86% and 1400
mg as optimum dosage. Higher adsorption of Phosphate was observed at pH 9.0. The rate of adsorption of Phosphate obeys first order
rate equation. The obtained results of the batch experiments are best fit to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. From the
experimental analysis it is concluded that clay soil shows good removal efficiency and can be used as good adsorbents.
Keywords: P-Adsorption, characteristics, Batch Experiments, Freundlich Isotherm, Langmuir Isotherm.
Study on Distribution of Microbial and Diazotrophic Azotobacter Population in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The current scenario encounters the steady demand of food supply and the application of fertilizer is become an indispensable in modern agriculture. Hence, the present study is focused on distribution of microbial and diazotrophic Azotobacter population in rhizosphere soil sample. Total microbial population viz, bacteria, fungi, actiomycetes and diazotrophic Azotobacter were enumerated from five different rhizosphere soil samples and compared the distribution of diazotrophic Azotobacter with other three microbial groups. The results of enumeration of total microbial population reveals that comparatively the bacterial population found to be higher followed by Azotobacter population in various rhizosphere soil. Based on the predominant growth, five Azotobacter strains (one isolate from each sample) were isolated and authenticated through morphological and biochemical characteristics.
UNRAVELLING THE MENTAL HEALTH LANDSCAPE: EXPLORING DEPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED ...indexPub
Introduction: The prevalence of depression and its correlates in Bangladeshi rural university students have been rarely investigated. We draw a literature review, a cross-sectional study and analysis of the rural students’ depression natures and mechanisms that influence their academic performance and health and well-being. Methods: A cross-sectional research was conducted during the period august 2019 to January 2020 in a university. We employed Beck Depression Inventory scale to collect data from 200 undergraduate and graduate students. Data were analysed using chi-square association test and ordinal logistic regression. Results: We discovered that mild to severe depression affected 60% of rural students [mild (16%), borderline (10%), moderate (12%), severe (11.5%), and extreme (10.5%)]. Family expectations, smoking, bad academic achievement, inability to enroll in a particular program, and inadequate household finances were significant risk factors for depression. When it comes to depression, male students scored noticeably higher than female pupils. The decreased depression was linked to both strong household economics and intellectual achievement. Conclusions: The intricate interactions among the risk factors influence the character and processes of depression in rural students.
IMPACT OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT ON SUCCESSION PLANNINGindexPub
Motivation: HR in an organization faces various challenges in business environment, such as Building Capabilities, Improving Productivity, Building Performance Culture, Talent Management, Succession Planning for Key Leadership and Critical Roles, Developing Accountability and Ownership, Human Capital Management and transforming HR function into developmental Role from the legacy driven HR, etc. Succession Planning is the process of identifying and developing individuals, who have potential to hold the key leadership position in an Organization, whereas Performance Management includes assessing and improving upon the performance of an employee to meet the organizational goals. There are several Management Practices, which are adopted widely in Industry to make a successful Succession Planning. Workforce and Talent Management is one of them. The health of an organization majorly depends on the proper placement of people, which is a combined outcome of Talent Identification, Talent Development and Talent Retention. Performance Management plays a vital role in Talent Identification. It also has an impact on Talent Development and Talent Retention. The key idea of succession planning suggests that the right person to be placed at the right position at the right time. Succession planning is becoming a challenge these days in the corporate world. Organizations are often not found prepared with their successors to occupy the key positions as and when required. The positions are either kept vacant for a substantial period or more than one role is assigned to a single person. Identifying the right talent for the key positions from outside the organization and recruiting them is a much more difficult task at the eleventh hour. This has a significant impact on organizational health and in turn to organizational sustainability. Organizations must last longer than people. Role of organization continues even when the people move out. Employees must superannuate after attaining a certain age. Also, organizations must have a contingency plan for sudden vacancy arises out of attrition, health hazards and death of employee. Succession planning is the strategy to ensure that a suitable person is made available during exigencies. Employees are developed for taking on higher responsibilities and for the new roles that may emerge in future. The placement of Key Leadership positions can be executed either by inviting the talent from outside or developing the talent in-house. The latter is always in demand keeping in view the core values of the organization and the impact on loyalty and organizational culture in a long run. It is preferable to develop the in-house talent pool to reduce dependency on recruitment of experienced people from outside for the critical roles. It brings the talent acquisition cost low and contributes as a motivating factor for the team as well. The acceptability of a person placed at Top / Key Leadership Positions is high when these are occupied
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3 ijhaf nov-2017-6-study of the macronutrient elementsAI Publications
In the current research has been followed the impact of six fertilizer products on the content of macronutrient elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in the soil during a vegetation and after harvesting of the grain-leguminous crop soybean. The experiment is brought out on a training-experimental field of Department „Plant Production“ to Technical university – Varna with variety PR91M10 as per the generally accepted methods for specifying the content of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphates, absorbable potassium and pH. The agrochemical analyses show that after bringing in of MAP are established higher values of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen in the soil during vegetation of the soybean, while after its harvesting the highest content of ammonium nitrogen is reported in the variant, which has been fertilized with NPK, and of nitrate – with urea. Regardless of the used fertilizer product, after the harvesting of the soybean has been reported lower content of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen. At usage of MAP has been established higher content of mobile phosphates in the soil during vegetation of the soybean and after its harvesting, as the differences between MAP and the rest variants are statistically reliable. The values of phosphorus in the soil after collecting of the soybean are higher in four of the experimental plots, as at the variants, which have been fertilized with fertilizers, containing phosphorus (MAP, DAP and NPK) the difference is more substantial. The statistical analysis has not established proof of the differences between the variants as per content of absorbable potassium in the soil. The tendency is analogous as the exposed at the mobile phosphates, something more, in all variants of the experiment the values after harvesting are higher than the reported during vegetation.
It is generally accepted that a low level of fluorine in mains water 0.4 to 1 mg -¢ L – 1 depending on the climate of the country concerned promotes the formation of tooth enamel and protects teeth from decay. On the other hand, too much fluorine will destroy this enamel and cause a range of endemic type disorders that are generally called “fluoroses- malformed teeth, staining of the enamel, decalcification, tendon mineralisation, digestive and nervous disorders, etc. These problems can appear in individuals for widely variable quantities of the product. Water must be discharged or treated as soon as it contains more than 1 to 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1 of F – . Some natural waters contain more than 10 mg -¢ L – 1 of fluorine. This concentration has to be reduced to approximately 1 mg -¢ L – 1 the acceptable concentration falling as the average annual temperature rises the European standard has set 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1. Many studies have been carried out to address the issue however little success has been reported up to date. Layered double hydroxides LDHs which readily undergo anion exchange reactions have been used as a suitable candidate for defluorination. Also there is regeneration of the material after removal of fluoride ions without releasing flouride ions back in to the water cycle. F elimination using a nanofiltration NF operation will solve problems for large scale pilot plants in the future.Many defluorination projects have significant effectiveness on the prevention of endemic fluorosis. The concentrations of water fluoride were below 1 mg L. Advanced on site methods, such as under sink reserve osmosis units, can remove fluoride but are too expensive for developing areas. Calcium carbonate as a cost effective sorbent for an onsite defluorination drinking water system. Batch and column experiments have been performed to characterize F removal properties. The present review discusses various techniques of defluorination of water. Dr. Atul Kumar Sharma | Dr. Harsukh Ram Chharang "Defluorination of Drinking Water" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46324.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/46324/defluorination-of-drinking-water/dr-atul-kumar-sharma
Seasonal variation of some bioactive compounds and Physiological Characterist...USUKHJARGAL DALAIKHU
We determined the phenolic and total flavonoid contents and some physiological characteristics (water potential, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll index) of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., growing in the Botanical Garden, Mongolian Academy of Sciences. Cultivated plants were harvested at the beginning of vegetation (May), flowering (June), seed formation (July), seed dispersal (August) and end of vegetation season (September).
In an experiment, maize plants were inoculated with seven strains of mycorrhizae fungi previously isolated from AL-Jabal AL-Akhdar forests. AMF strains: (Rhizophagus intraradices, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Gigspora sp., Entrophos Porainfeqeas, Scutellospora sp., Archaeospora trappei, funneliformis mosseae) maize seeds planted in sandy soil in pots and either inoculated or not with a single inocula strain of the examined AFM strains. Phosphorus was applied as mono-calcium phosphate at the recommended rates of application three levels of phosphate fertilization: (with out of phosphate fertilizer: F0), (addition of super phosphate at aerate of 50 kg/ha: F1), (add of super phosphate at aerate of 100 kg/ha: F2). After harvesting the maize plant, the content of the leaves was estimated from the following nutrients: (N, P K, Fe, Zn), the results showed that most of them gave a significant increase in the plant content of these nutrients. Effect of phosphate fertilization with inoculation mycorrhizal strains deficiency in the concentration of some nutrient with in plant compared to treatment inoculated without adding phosphate fertilizer.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
Identification and Characterization of Naphthalene Degrading Bacteria Isolate...inventionjournals
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of ubiquitous organic pollutants that are toxic as well as carcinogenic. Naphthalene is the well known PAH among recognized priority pollutants and some microorganisms use this PAH compound for bioremediation in the polluted environment. Three different types of mesophilic naphthalene degrading bacteria have been isolated from acid mine drainage soil of Barjora coal mine, West Bengal. They used naphthalene as a sole carbon source and they were able to grow in presence of pyrene, benzene and toluene. This result indicates that they are multi PAHs degrading bacteria. They all come under the genus Enterobacter sp. However, further research needs to be done on the identification of metabolites responsible for naphthalene degradation and metabolic pathway through GC-MS (Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry), HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) analysis.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soileSAT Journals
Abstract
The research has been carried out on Phosphate (p-Adsorption) on clay soil through batch adsorption techniques. Main objectives of
this study are to study the physical properties of clay soils, detection of Phosphate removal by adsorbent as a function of contact time,
adsorbent dosage and pH, to study sorption kinetics. The results of this study shows the optimum contact time, dosage and pH for
adsorption of Phosphate on clay soil reaching the equilibrium condition after 60 minutes with removal efficiency of 86% and 1400
mg as optimum dosage. Higher adsorption of Phosphate was observed at pH 9.0. The rate of adsorption of Phosphate obeys first order
rate equation. The obtained results of the batch experiments are best fit to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. From the
experimental analysis it is concluded that clay soil shows good removal efficiency and can be used as good adsorbents.
Keywords: P-Adsorption, characteristics, Batch Experiments, Freundlich Isotherm, Langmuir Isotherm.
A batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soileSAT Journals
Abstract
The research has been carried out on Phosphate (p-Adsorption) on clay soil through batch adsorption techniques. Main objectives of
this study are to study the physical properties of clay soils, detection of Phosphate removal by adsorbent as a function of contact time,
adsorbent dosage and pH, to study sorption kinetics. The results of this study shows the optimum contact time, dosage and pH for
adsorption of Phosphate on clay soil reaching the equilibrium condition after 60 minutes with removal efficiency of 86% and 1400
mg as optimum dosage. Higher adsorption of Phosphate was observed at pH 9.0. The rate of adsorption of Phosphate obeys first order
rate equation. The obtained results of the batch experiments are best fit to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. From the
experimental analysis it is concluded that clay soil shows good removal efficiency and can be used as good adsorbents.
Keywords: P-Adsorption, characteristics, Batch Experiments, Freundlich Isotherm, Langmuir Isotherm.
Study on Distribution of Microbial and Diazotrophic Azotobacter Population in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The current scenario encounters the steady demand of food supply and the application of fertilizer is become an indispensable in modern agriculture. Hence, the present study is focused on distribution of microbial and diazotrophic Azotobacter population in rhizosphere soil sample. Total microbial population viz, bacteria, fungi, actiomycetes and diazotrophic Azotobacter were enumerated from five different rhizosphere soil samples and compared the distribution of diazotrophic Azotobacter with other three microbial groups. The results of enumeration of total microbial population reveals that comparatively the bacterial population found to be higher followed by Azotobacter population in various rhizosphere soil. Based on the predominant growth, five Azotobacter strains (one isolate from each sample) were isolated and authenticated through morphological and biochemical characteristics.
Similar to EXPLORING PHOSPHATE-SOLUBILIZING ASPERGILLUS SP: ISOLATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF EXTRACELLULAR ACID PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY (20)
UNRAVELLING THE MENTAL HEALTH LANDSCAPE: EXPLORING DEPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED ...indexPub
Introduction: The prevalence of depression and its correlates in Bangladeshi rural university students have been rarely investigated. We draw a literature review, a cross-sectional study and analysis of the rural students’ depression natures and mechanisms that influence their academic performance and health and well-being. Methods: A cross-sectional research was conducted during the period august 2019 to January 2020 in a university. We employed Beck Depression Inventory scale to collect data from 200 undergraduate and graduate students. Data were analysed using chi-square association test and ordinal logistic regression. Results: We discovered that mild to severe depression affected 60% of rural students [mild (16%), borderline (10%), moderate (12%), severe (11.5%), and extreme (10.5%)]. Family expectations, smoking, bad academic achievement, inability to enroll in a particular program, and inadequate household finances were significant risk factors for depression. When it comes to depression, male students scored noticeably higher than female pupils. The decreased depression was linked to both strong household economics and intellectual achievement. Conclusions: The intricate interactions among the risk factors influence the character and processes of depression in rural students.
IMPACT OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT ON SUCCESSION PLANNINGindexPub
Motivation: HR in an organization faces various challenges in business environment, such as Building Capabilities, Improving Productivity, Building Performance Culture, Talent Management, Succession Planning for Key Leadership and Critical Roles, Developing Accountability and Ownership, Human Capital Management and transforming HR function into developmental Role from the legacy driven HR, etc. Succession Planning is the process of identifying and developing individuals, who have potential to hold the key leadership position in an Organization, whereas Performance Management includes assessing and improving upon the performance of an employee to meet the organizational goals. There are several Management Practices, which are adopted widely in Industry to make a successful Succession Planning. Workforce and Talent Management is one of them. The health of an organization majorly depends on the proper placement of people, which is a combined outcome of Talent Identification, Talent Development and Talent Retention. Performance Management plays a vital role in Talent Identification. It also has an impact on Talent Development and Talent Retention. The key idea of succession planning suggests that the right person to be placed at the right position at the right time. Succession planning is becoming a challenge these days in the corporate world. Organizations are often not found prepared with their successors to occupy the key positions as and when required. The positions are either kept vacant for a substantial period or more than one role is assigned to a single person. Identifying the right talent for the key positions from outside the organization and recruiting them is a much more difficult task at the eleventh hour. This has a significant impact on organizational health and in turn to organizational sustainability. Organizations must last longer than people. Role of organization continues even when the people move out. Employees must superannuate after attaining a certain age. Also, organizations must have a contingency plan for sudden vacancy arises out of attrition, health hazards and death of employee. Succession planning is the strategy to ensure that a suitable person is made available during exigencies. Employees are developed for taking on higher responsibilities and for the new roles that may emerge in future. The placement of Key Leadership positions can be executed either by inviting the talent from outside or developing the talent in-house. The latter is always in demand keeping in view the core values of the organization and the impact on loyalty and organizational culture in a long run. It is preferable to develop the in-house talent pool to reduce dependency on recruitment of experienced people from outside for the critical roles. It brings the talent acquisition cost low and contributes as a motivating factor for the team as well. The acceptability of a person placed at Top / Key Leadership Positions is high when these are occupied
EXTERNAL BEHAVIOURAL FACTORS IMPACT ON INVESTMENT DECISIONS OF INDIVIDUAL INV...indexPub
The study collects data from a sample of individual investors and analyses their responses to recent financial events, changes in market trends, and economic forecasts. By examining factors such as demographic profiles, financial literacy, risk tolerance, and market perceptions, the research aims to identify significant predictors of investment decisions in this demographic. The findings suggest that investors are predominantly influenced by financial news, peer influence, past investment performance, and the economic stability of the region. This study contributes to the field by highlighting the localized factors impacting investment choices and providing insights for financial advisors and investment firms to tailor their strategies according to investor needs and regional specifics.
GLOBAL RESEARCH TREND AND FUTURISTIC RESEARCH DIRECTION VISUALIZATION OF WORK...indexPub
Purpose – The purpose of this research is to undertake a bibliometric analysis of working capital management. The study examines papers from time period 1974-2023and performed performance analysis, co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling and scientific mapping. Design/methodology/approach – The study examines 174 articles retrieved from the Scopus database using bibliometric analysis, performance analysis and thematic clustering. The study looked at the scientific productivity of papers, prolific authors, most influencing papers, institutions and nations, keyword co-occurrence, thematic mapping, co-citations and authorship and country collaborations. VOSviewer was as a tool in the research to conduct the performance analysis and thematic clustering.The watchword "Working Capital Management" was used to include only English-language articles. Findings – The most productive year was 2022 with 26 publications. Martínez and García- are the most protuberant authors with 708 citations. The findings of the study shows that the most influential institutions are ‘The Department of Management and Finance, Faculty of Economy andBusiness and Department of Management and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Business, The University of Murcia, Spain with 381 & 297 citations. Among,thecountry analysis,Spain with 744 citations stands first of all other nations for publication on Working Capital Management. Kärri is the most productive author with 7 documents. Country-wise analysis reveals that the United States is the most productive country for Working Capital Management research with 40 documents.The authors also identified seven thematic clusters of Working Capital Management. Research limitations/implications – It informs and directs researchers on the current state of study in the field of Working Capital Management.The present study has quite a few implications forSmall & Medium enterprise managers, entrepreneurs, financial managers, academicians and scholars. It also outlines future research directions in this field.Present study provides an inclusive acquaintance about the working capital management till date. Originality/value – This is the first study which provides the performance analysis and scientific mapping of the all published documents on working capital management between the time periods 1974-2023
A SOCIAL CAPITAL APPROACH TO ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM AND INNOVATION: CASE S...indexPub
Despite being recognised as drivers of innovative development, Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs) frequently confront resource limitations. Therefore, enhancing the ecosystem is contingent on the entrepreneurs’ social capital, which is crucial for the success of MSMEs. This study applies the social capital approach to analyse the entrepreneurial ecosystem enrichment and its impact on the innovation process of cosmetics MSMEs. The qualitative case study of six cosmetic manufacturing MSMEs explores that social capital is a multifaceted asset to MSMEs. Through an in-depth thematic analysis of three dimensions of social capital (structural, relational, and cognitive), this study states that the innovation process is supported by the synergistic transformation of one dimension of social capital into another. Entrepreneurs sharing the common norms, rules, and language enrich their cognitive as well as relational aspects of ecosystem. The study suggests that as network ties, trust, and norms collectively influence innovation in firms, hence, social capital needs to be studied with its contextualization in the ecosystem.
ASSESSING HRM EFFECTIVENESS AND PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT MEASURES IN THE BANKI...indexPub
This study employs an exploratory and quantitative research approach to systematically investigate the impact of Human Resource Management (HRM) practices on Organizational Performance within the Indian Banking sector. The research approach combines exploratory research, aimed at gaining insights into HRM practices, with a quantitative approach using a purposive sampling technique. Data is collected through a questionnaire from employees in both public (SBI) and private banks (HDFC Bank) who work in HR departments or are involved in HR activities. The Likert scale is utilized in the questionnaire to measure participant perceptions of HRM practices. The study utilizes two statistical tools: Neural Network and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The findings of the study highlight the significance of promotion and transfer policies, considered paramount in influencing organizational performance in both public and private banks. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of training and development initiatives in enhancing employee skills and competencies. Clear and effective communication within HR policies is identified as pivotal in improving organizational performance. Lastly, aligning HRM practices with sector-specific goals is recognized as a significant contributor to improved employee satisfaction and overall performance in the banking sector. The findings offer guidance for HR practitioners and policymakers in optimizing HRM practices to achieve better organizational performance.
CORRELATION BETWEEN EMPATHY AND FRIENDSHIP QUALITY AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS...indexPub
In this research were used two questionnaires Empathy Formative questionnaire and Friendship Quality Scale. The aim of this study is to see the relationship between empathy and friendship quality among adolescent, to find out if there are gender differences in empathy and friendship quality, and to see if there are any differences between younger and older students on examined variables. This research was done with 65 high school students. Age of the students were 15 to 17 years old. Results show that there is a correlation between empathy and friendship quality. The results of t test show that there are not significant differences between females and males on variable empathy. Girls and boys have significant difference in friendship quality in Kosovo. There are no significant differences between older students and younger students in the level of empathy and also there are no significant differences between older students and younger students in the level of friendship quality.
LEVELS OF DEPRESSION AND SELF-ESTEEM IN STUDENTSindexPub
Introduction: among the most worrying problems in recent years are low self-esteem, family and friends problems, anxiety, stress, and depression, which are taking on alarming proportions in students and young people in general. Purpose: the study is a prediction, which focuses on analyzing and evaluating students' self-esteem and level of depression. Methodology: the population is 332 students (13-15 years old) in high schools in the Gjakova region. The study describes the analysis, classification, and evaluation of the collected data by doing the analysis and real examination of the findings. Results: in terms of gender there is no significant difference in self-esteem, while in depression there is a significant difference. The level of depression is higher in women (11.9) than in men (9.5). Economic status shows that students with employed fathers have lower depression (6.77) compared to those with unemployed fathers (10.80). Conclusions: The level of depression and self-esteem and parental reflection affect students. A link has been found between economic status and emotional problems and student behavior. To prevent it, the psychological service in schools should function, and together with families and the community should be as close as possible to the problems of students.
THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL FACTORS ON INDIVIDUALS DIAGNOSED WITH SCHIZOPHRENIAindexPub
The society with diverse structural and ideological influences, assumes its role in relation to behavior, attitude, belief and relations. The impact can be seen in every society globally, however the western nations have adjusted their social policies to suit these transformations, whereas nations in developing phase have failed to establish suitable systems. In Kosovo, the allocation of funds for mental health services remains insufficient, even though mental health disorders account for 12.3% of overall illnesses and 30.8% of work incapacities! The objective of this study is to examine the impact of society on the decline and recovery of individuals with schizophrenia. The study employs both qualitative and quantitative methods to provide a descriptive-analytical. A study was conducted in four municipalities of Kosovo, using individuals with schizophrenia from psychiatric institutions as subjects along with their caregivers/family members . The research found that social factors greatly contribute to the worsening of schizophrenia patients' condition. The presence of schizophrenia is evident through a higher likelihood of having a low level of education, high unemployment rates, and engaging in harmful behaviors like tobacco and alcohol use, as well as physical inactivity. Significant correlations have been observed in the subscales of positive and negative symptoms using the Self-Report PNS-Q questionnaires. It is crucial for individuals with schizophrenia to have a carefully designed strategy in place, developed in partnership with professionals from various relevant fields such as social protection, psychiatric medical services, education, and social integration plans.
RETURN ON EQUITY (ROE) AS MEDIATION OF BANK'S CAPITAL ADEQUATION RATIO (CAR)indexPub
Banks need to maintain their performance and the level of Capital Adequasi Ratio (CAR). This study wants to see the variables that affect the Capital Adequasi Ratio (CAR) and see ROE as a variable that mediates the Capital Adequasi Ratio (CAR) at Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI). The research method used multiple regression analysis, t-test, Anova test and Coefficient of Determination and the research period for 14 years from 2009 to 2022, by using SPSS Software version 26. The conclusion of the study, only the BOPO variable has a significant effect on the Capital Adequasi Ratio (CAR) and the ROE variable as a variable that can mediate the CAR variable at Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI). Keywords: Capital Adequasi Ratio, Bank Financial Ratio.
INNOVATIVE DESIGN FOR KIDS MASTERY IMPROVEMENT OF LANGUAGE FEATURES IN A STORYindexPub
One of the hardest things for people learning English as a third language is still reading and writing. Because they are still not good enough at language features, they often make big mistakes and assumptions that aren't true. To make learning more fun and useful, visual symbols were made for seven different kinds of language traits. It looks at the Vipicoll form a lot. Visual Symbols media, Picture and picture, and the Collaborative approach are all creatively put together in Vipicoll. This research used Reeve's design method. Research develops Vipicoll learning model, employing interviews, literature reviews, and questionnaires for iterative improvement and validation. Researchers identify problems, create Vipicoll, iteratively refine through trials, forming an effective English Language Education model. Study assesses individual English thinking development, emphasizing interpretive framework, relation, function, and unique visual symbols. From this research, it was found that using Vipicoll really helps improve kids' mastery of language features, especially those in a story. This is proven by the fact that after implementation, kids' correct answers when asked directly by their teachers and their written test answers increased greatly even though many direct answers and test answers used to be wrong and they often didn't understand.
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE DETECTION USING MACHINE LEARNING AND RISK CLASSIFICATI...indexPub
The global prevalence of heart disease indicates a major public health issue. It causes shortness of breath, weakness, and swollen ankles. Early heart disease diagnosis is difficult with current approaches. Hence, a better heart disease detection tool is needed. Treatment requires more than just diagnosis. Risk classification is critical for accurate diagnosis and treatment. In this analysis, a novel cardiovascular disease (CVD) detection paradigm using machine learning (ML) and risk classification based on a weighted fuzzy system is proposed. The system is developed based on ML algorithms such as artificial neural network (ANN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and uses standard feature selection techniques knowns as Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Furthermore, the cross-validation method has been used for learning the best practices of model assessment and for hyperparameter tuning. The accuracy-based performance measuring metrics are used for the assessment of the performances of the classifiers. Finally, the outcomes revealed that the proposed model achieved an accuracy of 94.01% which is higher than another conventional model developed in this domain. Additionally, the proposed system can easily be implemented in healthcare for the identification of heart disease.
ANALYSIS OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BLOOD THROUGH CURVED ARTERY WITH MIL...indexPub
Narrowing of the arteries caused by atherosclerosis reduces blood flow to the heart, which results shows ischemia, angina pectoris, cerebral strokes, and other coronary artery disease signs and symptoms. Curvature is seen in blood vessels at various locations. The stenotic surface provides an additional curvature and the point of maximum shear which varies with the cross-section. A cylindrical form of the Navier-Stokes equations in polar coordinate system have been extended to include dynamic curvature along the axial direction. The blood flow behavior of taking different values of blood parameters like viscosity, the radius of the artery, and the thickness of the stenosis has been studied with and without curvature by using an extended blood flow model with dynamic curvature. Moreover, the aspects of blood flow, such as dynamic curvature velocity profile, volumetric flow rate, pressure drop, and shear stress, have been studied in relation to blood flow around curved arteries with stenosis, variations in the radii of the artery, thickness of the stenosis, and viscosity. The information may reveal that by increasing the values of curvature, viscosity, and thickness of stenosis, velocity, and volumetric flow rate can be quickly reduced. Increasing the curvature, viscosity, and thickness of stenosis also results in an increase in shear stress and a pressure drop. The presence of curved stenotic arteries has a significant impact on the flow parameters, and it is crucial to know about these dynamics in order to study the cardiovascular system.
ANALYSIS OF STUDENT ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE USING MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS:– ...indexPub
Student academic performance is the great value of institutes, universities and colleges. All colleges majorly focus on the career development of students. The academic performance of students plays a vital role in the establishment of a bright career. On the basis of better academic performance, the placement of the students will be better and the same will be reflected in the form of better admission and future. Machine learning can be deployed for the prediction of student performance. Various algorithms are playing an important role in the prediction of the accuracy of various machine learning models. These articles discuss various algorithms that can be helpful to deploy for predicting student academic performance. The article discusses various methods, predictive features and the accuracy of machine learning algorithms. The primary factors used for predicting students performance are academic institution, sessional marks, semester progress, family occupation, methods and algorithms. The accuracy level of various machine learning algorithms is discussed in this article.
IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY IN BLENDED LEARNING MODELS: EFFECTS ON ...indexPub
This study was conducted to identify the influence of computer technology in blended learning on the achievement in the Principles of Accounting subject through of self-directed learning. The research also assessed the relationship of the elements of blended learning on student achievement. Despite the encouragement by the Ministry of Education for the use of Computer Technology In Education, there is a lack of research on a measurable and testable model of the influence of computer technology. In reality, various aspects such as schools, teachers, content, and technology exist to provide and utilize computer technology through learning in Malaysia. A quantitative study using a correlational design was conducted on 400 Form Four students in secondary schools in the Southern Zone of Malaysia, namely in the states of Johor, Melaka, and Negeri Sembilan, to identify the influence of computer technology in blended learning on achievement. Data were collected using adapted and modified questionnaires from previous studies. Descriptive data analysis was performed using SPSS version 28, while inferential analysis was conducted using the Smart PLS analysis technique. Smart PLS version 4.0 software was utilized to test the mediator relationships in the study. The results of the study showed high minimum scores for blended learning through computer technology and self-directed learning, as well as achievement. The influence of blended learning elements also had a significant relationship with student achievement in the Principles of Accounting subject. This study is expected to contribute to the effectiveness of blended learning through information technology on the achievement in the Principles of Accounting subject by enhancing self- directed learning among students. The development of this conceptual model is hoped to serve as a guide for policymakers, the Ministry of Education, teachers, students, and other stakeholders in ensuring that blended learning practices can be implemented more effectively. Furthermore, it is hoped that the achievement and interest in the Principles of Accounting subject can be improved by applying computer technology in learning.
ACADEMIC BANK OF CREDIT: A WORLDWIDE VIEWPOINTindexPub
To make higher education more accessible and successful in the world today, the Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) is a new concept. Successful learning adaptation requires the transfer of credits and the acknowledgment of academic accomplishment. Recognition of credits is the process by which one educational organisation verifies that the educational experiences gained and assessed at another institution meet the requirements of one of their courses. The use of Academic Bank of Credits allows for a more adaptable method of curriculum building and design while also encouraging transparency. The credit system at this university is designed to accommodate different curricula while encouraging students to explore beyond traditional academic boundaries. The purpose of this research is to educate the audience about the Academic Bank of Credit. The demand for flexible and transferable credits in the education system led to the creation of the Academic Bank of Credits. In the past, students had a hard time moving their credits from one school to another because of the many credit systems and curriculums. Students and schools alike wasted time, energy, and materials because of this. Readers will have a better understanding of the following topics from this article: ABCs' objectives, functions, organisational structures, implementation plan, and eligibility criteria for higher education institutions to register with Academic Bank of Credits.
IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE ON POVERTY REDUCTION IN SOUTHERN PUNJAB PAKISTANindexPub
Microfinance has been adopted by several developing nations to raise their inhabitants' standards of living. It also contributes to their improved economic growth. Pakistan is now implementing this idea and seeing positive results from microfinance. In Pakistan, Khushhali Bank is a notable player in the microfinance industry. The results of the sample data selection indicate that microfinance operations have an effect on the standard of life of individuals residing in a particular region in Muzaffargarh. For this study, 100 clients of Khushhali Bank have been chosen. The primary goal of the research is to determine how Khushhali Bank's microfinance initiatives affect people's ability to live better lives. A Ex-post Facto research model was used to the gathered data in order to determine the relationship between the microfinance loan and living standard metrics. The analysis's conclusion indicates that microfinance operations have very little influence on raising people's standards of living, meaning they don't play a significant part in raising living standards. Apart from microfinance loans, there are additional variables that contribute to the improvement of people's standard of life.
A NOVEL DENSITY-BASED CLUSTERING ALGORITHM FOR PREDICTING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASEindexPub
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Early identification of individuals at risk of heart disease is crucial for effective preventive interventions. To improve the prediction accuracy, this paper proposed Heart Disease Prediction using the Density-Based Ordering of Clustering Objects (DBOCO) framework. The Dataset has been pre-processed using Weighted Transform K-Means Clustering (WTKMC). Features are selected using Ensemble Feature Selection (EFS) with a Weighted Binary Bat Algorithm (WBBAT) used to ensure that the emphasis is on the most relevant predictors. Finally, the prediction has been done using the Density-Based Ordering of Clustering method, which has been designed exclusively for cardiovascular disease prediction. DBOCO, a density-based clustering approach, effectively finds dense clusters within data, allowing for the inherent overlap in cardiovascular risk variables. DBOCO captures complicated patterns by detecting these overlapping clusters, improving the accuracy of disease prediction models. The proposed approach has been verified with heart disease datasets, displaying higher performance than traditional methods. This study marks a substantial leap in predicting cardiovascular disease providing a comprehensive and dependable framework for early identification and preventive concern.
INFLUENCE OF ADDITIVES ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH-MODULUS ASPHALT C...indexPub
The appearance of premature cracks in freeway chase bodies is a worrying problem that requires in-depth analysis and remedial action. By identifying potential causes and proposing targeted recommendations, this study aims to help the responsible authorities make informed decisions to prevent such problems in the future and ensure the durability of road infrastructure. Premature cracking and rutting are common problems in pavements that can compromise their durability and safety. The use of specific additives in asphalt concrete can help prevent these deficiencies. The use of ZQ1 additive alone can lead to premature cracking in pavements, while PR FLEX 20 additive can increase the risk of rutting. However, a judicious combination of the two additives, with specific percentages of 2% for ZQ1 and 5% for PR FLEX 20, can prevent these shortcomings, improve pavement durability and optimize the mechanical properties of high-modulus asphalt concrete (BBME). In addition, this approach offers a promising solution for improving pavement durability and performance over time, opening the door to further studies to optimize the use of this additive combination in field applications.
DIALECTAL VARIABILITY IN SPOKEN LANGUAGE: A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY OF MODERN TE...indexPub
Main fundamental challenge for recent research work on speech based on science and technology is to understand and model the user variants in Spoken Languages. Users have their style of speaking, reliant on various factors, adding the dialect and accent of the speaker as well as the social and economic background of the speaker and contextual attributes like degree of knowledge between the listener, speaker and the position or rank of the speaking condition, from very normal to formal. In the past few decades, an extensive progress has been seen in automatically verifying the language of a speaker offered a sample speech. The main purpose of dialect verification is the recognition of a speaker’s region dialect, within a pre-determined language, offered the acoustic signal alone. DR (Dialect Recognition) is a main issue in particular, since even within the similar dialect and accent or register user change may occur. For illustration, In Spontaneous speech, few speakers tend to exhibit more optimizing and alteration of function words than others. The main issue of dialect recognition system has been viewed as challenging than that of language classification or recognition due to the maximum similarity among dialects of the similar language. While, dialects may differ in any dimensions of the linguistic spectrum such as syntactic, lexical, morphological, phonological differences, these changes are likely to be more indirect across dialects than those across languages such as Hindi, Punjabi and English etc.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
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During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical Futures
EXPLORING PHOSPHATE-SOLUBILIZING ASPERGILLUS SP: ISOLATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF EXTRACELLULAR ACID PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY
1. Tianjin Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue yu Gongcheng Jishu Ban)/
Journal of Tianjin University Science and Technology
ISSN (Online):0493-2137
E-Publication: Online Open Access
Vol: 56 Issue: 11:2023
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10152981
Nov 2023 | 12
EXPLORING PHOSPHATE-SOLUBILIZING ASPERGILLUS SP:
ISOLATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF EXTRACELLULAR ACID
PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY
QARIA NAEEM
Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore.
IKRAM-UL-HAQ
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
FARAH KHAN
Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore.
Abstract
Background: The global phosphorus crisis is an evolving concern as the world's phosphorus sources are
running out and demand for agricultural production is rising. Phosphorus shortages undermine food security
and demand long-term management practices to assure phosphorus availability. Methods: Aspergillus
strains were first screened on PVK media to get phosphorus solubilizing species and then the best strain
was used to produce acid phosphatases. Finally, the effect of various assay conditions was analyzed to
characterize extracellular acid phosphatases. Results: Out of four isolated strains, only A. niger, A. oryzae,
and A. flavus were able to solubilize phosphate on PVK, of which A. niger stood out with a maximum
solubility index of 2.38. The optimal pH and temperature for enzyme activity were recorded as 4.5 and 30°C.
Furthermore, the substrate concentration of 100 mM with a 40-minute incubation period was found as a
standard condition to achieve maximum specific activity i.e. 12 U/mg and a 17% higher free phosphorus
level. After optimization, a 43.8% increment in the activity of extracellular acid phosphatases was observed.
Conclusion: The study concludes that A. niger was the prominent performer, with improved phosphate
solubilization and enzyme activity, as well as higher phosphorus release, demonstrating its potential for
enhancing phosphorus availability not only in agricultural and environmental fields but in setups with lower
phosphate availability too.
Keywords: Bio-fertilizer, Enzyme production, Fungal phosphatases, Phosphorus solubility, Phosphorus.
INTRODUCTION
Subsequent to nitrogen, phosphorus (P) is one of the most important limiting
macronutrients validating ideal plant production and quality. It is the core of some major
molecular components including proteins, nucleic acids, coenzymes, etc., as well as
carries out various significant biological functions, be it photosynthesis, respiration,
reproduction, storage, or energy transfer [1]. Bioavailable P can be found in the soil body
in both organic (20-1000 mg P kg-1 in very productive soils,) and inorganic (0.01-1 mg L-
1) forms, of which, about 80% of the total soil P loading is made up of organic P, while
only 20% comes from inorganic sources [2,3]. Despite being present in soils, plants still
have to strive for phosphorus because the main form of it that plants assimilate is very
limited in most soil and needs to be converted into an accessible form. So, in order to
meet cellular P requirements, not only plants have developed an intricate network of
genes and regulatory systems but soil microorganisms also use a variety of techniques
2. Tianjin Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue yu Gongcheng Jishu Ban)/
Journal of Tianjin University Science and Technology
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DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10152981
Nov 2023 | 13
to get rid of the inorganic P (Pi) deficiency in rhizospheric regions. Such a strategy
involves the production and release of acid phosphatases [4].
Acid phosphatases (EC 3.1.3.2) enzymes are a class of extracellular phosphatases that
catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate monoesters under acidic conditions to mobilize Pi
from organic sources and enhance soluble phosphate availability in P-depleted soil [5].
However, the expression of the acid phosphatases is governed by the concentration of
phosphate via the regulatory mechanism of repression and de-repression [6]. The
enzymes from a perspective of structural diversity, accept a wide variety of substrates in
vitro, ranging from tiny chemical molecules to phosphoproteins [7]. Based on the
presence or absence of a binuclear metal center, the acid phosphatase family typically
splits into two primary categories and can be obtained from plants, fungi, animals, and
bacteria. The first class of enzymes, known as metallo-hydrolases, has a distinctive
purple color as a result of charge transfer from tyrosine residue to Fe(III), awarding them
the common name purple acid phosphatases (PAP). The next is tartrate-resistant acid
phosphatases (TRAP) which can be distinguished from the previous group by their
insensitivity to tartrate inhibition [8,9].
Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) are a diverse group of soil and
rhizospheric microorganisms, capable of efficiently releasing P from the soil by
solubilizing and mineralizing it, and are extensively harbored as bio-fertilizers to boost
plant development and the production of several significant crops [10]. Furthermore,
previous studies have exposed that the prolonged use of P fertilizers results in
eutrophication, soil acidification, and water contamination [11]. Therefore, one of the main
objectives of agricultural and forestry development is to increase the bioavailability of soil-
insoluble phosphate for plants. Due to their incentives, such as environmental safety, low
cost, and outstanding efficacy, PSMs have drawn interest [12].
To date, most illustrative species of Aspergillus have been extensively published as
phosphate solubilizers [13, 14, 15]. Generally, species of the genus Aspergillus
solubilizes P by making various organic acids like succinic, glycolic, gluconic, and oxalic
acids [16,17]. Therefore, the administration of P Solubilizing fungi into soil had been
stated to enhance the quantity of accessible P in the soils by activating fixed P that causes
better plant growth [18]. Multiple investigations have already revealed A. niger's ability to
enhance P uptake. For example, Tian and colleagues recently discovered that
administering Aspergillus niger fermentation broth can ameliorate low P stress-induced
oxidative damage, reduce oxidative stress, and improve the resilience to low P stress in
maize seedlings. Furthermore, it indicates A. niger's ability to boost development and
opens up new study avenues on beneficial plant-fungal interactions [19]. The objective of
the research was to isolate and subsequently screen Aspergillus sp. from rhizospheric
soil for the synthesis and characterization of acid-phosphatases. Moreover, the potential
of Aspergillus APase to solubilize phosphorous was explored.
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METHODS
All the chemicals (Martin's agar, α-naphthyl acid phosphate, bovine serum albumin,
ammonium sulfate, etc.) used during the investigation were obtained from E-Merck and
Sigma Aldrich. However, rhizospheric soil samples were collected from different
agricultural sites of Lahore, Pakistan. The study was conducted at the IIB labs of GC
University Lahore, Pakistan.
Isolation of Phosphofungi isolates
Different Aspergillus sp. were isolated from the soil samples using the serial dilution
method and maintained on PDA slants followed by their incubation for almost 3–4 days
at 30±2°C and then screened for phosphate-solubilizing isolates [20].
Identification of isolated Aspergillus sp.
Four of the isolates that showed higher growth were preserved on slants at 4oC and
further characterized through microscopic as well as macroscopic examinations. Slide
culture is a traditional technique for identifying filamentous fungi based on microscopic
features. The macroscopic properties of the isolated fungi, including color, appearance,
and colony diameter (following their growth on PDA plates) were also used to identify the
isolates [21]. Moreover, for microscopic examination, a glass slide was put into a petri
dish that already had filter paper inside of it, and two applicator sticks were placed
underneath the slide. Before it solidifies, spread fungal culture spores on a drop of molten
sterile PDA (pH 5.6) that was placed on a glass slide. Once the agar spot on the glass
plate has solidified, cover it with a cover slip. For 3 to 7 days, incubate it at 30 °C. After
the incubation period, slides were examined under a light microscope, and the findings
were contrasted with the typical structure of Aspergillus sp. as described by Robert and
Ellen [22].
Preliminary screening of tri-calcium phosphate solubilizing isolates of Aspergillus
To screen phosphate-solubilizing Aspergillus isolates, chosen isolates were initially
examined on Pikovskaya (PVK) agar medium for their capacity to solubilize tri-calcium
phosphate (TCP) as insoluble inorganic phosphate sources. The following were included
in one liter (1 L) of PVK agar (g/L): 0.5 g of (NH4)2SO4, 0.1 g of MgSO4_7H2O, 0.02 g of
NaCl, 0.02 g of KCl, 0.003 g of FeSO4.7H2O, 0.003 g of MnSO4.H2O, and 5 g of Ca3
(PO4)2, 10 g of glucose, 0.5 g of yeast extract, 15 g of agar, and 1000 mL of distilled water
[23]. The autoclaved PVK agar was added to the sterile Petri plates. With the use of a
sterile Eppendorf tube, fungus mycelium plugs of each isolate were cut from the borders
of each colony that was actively growing throughout the seven-day PDA at 28°C
cultivation. After that, fungus mycelium plugs were put on Petri plates with PVK agar
supplemented with 0.5% TCP for 7 days at 28°C. Whereas, plugs of controls were made
of sterile PDA.
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Estimation of Solubilizing Capacity
Subsequently, the phosphorus solubilizing strains were identified based on halo zones
on media plates post-incubation. For each fungal isolate, three replicates were tested.
After the third, fifth, and seventh days of incubation, the diameter of the clear zones
surrounding each isolate's colony was measured. Finally, the solubilization index was
calculated by the method of Premono [24] using the below formula.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 =
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Culture medium for the production of extracellular acid phosphatases from
selected strains of Aspergillus
The Shake flask fermentation method was used to produce APase in a culture medium
containing (g/L): corn starch (50), glucose (50), KCl (0.5), NaNO3 (8.6), MgSO4.7H2O
(0.5), FeSO4.7H2O (0.1), K2HPO4 0.1 g P; pH 5. Erlenmeyer flasks (300 mL) containing
30 mL media were inoculated with 50-d conidia (final concentration 20-30/nL, i.e. 2-3
107/mL) and shaken for 7 days at 30°C, 222 rpm [25].
Optimizing culture conditions
The Shake Flask cultures were performed using the protocol of Trinci, 1972 [26].
Continuous flow cultures were achieved with the help of the methodology opted by Wiebe
and Trinci [27]. The foam was regulated by the addition of a 4% PEG (Polypropylene
Glycol Suspension) [28]. However, the pH was constantly optimized by adding two
chemicals, 1.0 M NaOH or 0.5M H2SO4 as per requirement.
Enumerating fungal biomass and growth
After culturing, the samples were reserved for biomass evaluation. Biomass dry weight
was primarily confirmed by filtering 10 mL on filter paper and pre-washing with 30mL fresh
deionized water followed by drying at 75℃ until a constant weight of fungal mass was
achieved from batch cultures. The complete dry weight measurements were executed in
triplicates. The Turbidity of Culture was also evaluated using an EEL Colorimeter
equipped with a green filter (540–560 nm).
Assessment of enzymatic activity
According to the method outlined by Ullah and Cummins [29], APase activity was
measured. An aliquot (0.2 ml) of the enzyme solution was incubated at 40°C for 20 min
with 100 mM p-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) in 40 mM acetate buffer (pH 4.0). By
adding 1 M NaOH, the process was stopped. The absorbance at 430 nm was used to
calculate the amount of emitted p-nitrophenol (PNP), a yellow color complex with the help
of a standard curve. The amount of enzyme releasing 1 pmol of PNP per minute under
the assay conditions used was considered to be one unit of APase activity.
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Partial characterization of Acid Phosphatases
Produced Acid phosphatases were characterized by analyzing the factors that affect their
activity. Therefore, the effect of the temperature (20, 30, 40 50, 60⁰C), pH (3, 3.5, 4, 4.5,
5, and 5.5), substrate (50, 75, 100, 125, 150 mM), and incubation period (10-50 min),
were investigated to find the best suitable assay conditions to achieve the maximum
enzymatic activity.
Protein assay
Protein concentrations were determined by the Lowry [30] modification of the phenol
method, taking bovine serum albumin (BSA) as standard.
Preparation of standard curve of BSA
Initially, BSA stock solution of concentration 1mg/ml was prepared. Ten dilutions were
made from the stock solution, starting at 0.1 mg/ml, while changing distilled water’s
volume. Each dilution had an addition of 5 ml of Bradford reagent before being incubated
at room temperature for 5 minutes. Last but not least, their optical density at 595nm was
calculated in comparison to a blank that contained 1ml of distilled water. The standard
curve method using the equation of a straight line, y=mx+c, was used to estimate the total
protein produced (Fig.1).
Fig-1: Standard curve of BSA
Statistical Analysis
Collected data was evaluated statistically by one-way ANOVA, and paired t-test using
IBM SPSS 20 [31]. Furthermore, the significant difference between replicates was given
as Duncan’s multiple ranges through probability values (<p>).
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Absorbance
(595nm)
BSA concentration (mg/ml)
y = 0.303x + 0.1823
R² = 0.9333
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RESULTS
Isolation of Aspergillus sp.
Using serial dilutions of rhizospheric soil samples, multiple Aspergillus species were
isolated on PDA medium. Four days of incubation resulted in the growth medium
containing colonies of almost seven Aspergillus species. From these obtained species,
pure cultures were prepared by re-culturing technique. Only four cultures that have shown
good fungal growth after re-culturing were further studied for characterization.
Morphological identification of isolated Aspergillus sp.
All Aspergillus species share certain characteristic microscopic structures that allow for
identification at the genus level based on their morphology e.g. vesicles, hyphae, conidia,
and conidiophores. The slide culture technique was utilized to classify the microscopic
traits of isolated Aspergillus sp. Aspergillus niger features colorless, smooth
conidiophores and spores. However, a glubose vesicle with a slightly rough-thin walled
structure, and a colorless, coarsely walled conidiophore were the two main structural
components of Aspergillus flavus. Aspergillus oryzae has septate mycelium, spherical or
ellipsoidal conidia, and unbranched or sparsely branching conidiophores, frequently in
green or yellow. Moreover, Aspergillus fumigatus presents features like a glubose vesicle,
spherical conidia, and a conidiophore with a smooth, greyish surface which is also known
as stipe. It does not have metulae, instead, phialides are directly attached to vesicles.
Moreover, on the basis of the morphology of the colony of each isolate, the identification
was verified.
Selection of Aspergillus strains having phosphate solubilizing capacity
Results of the primary screening revealed that only three of the isolates had solubilized
tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) on selective media, Pikovskaya (PVK), and formed positive
halo zones. Whereas Aspergillus fumigatus could not solubilize TCP. The zones of
solubilization appeared by phosphate solubilizing Aspergillus species after 60 h of
incubation and up to the seventh day. There was constant observation of the halo zone
in increasing order. The diameter of the clear zones surrounding each isolate's colony
was measured using the Premono et al. (1996) formula. Zone diameters displayed by A.
niger, A. oryzae, A. flavus, were 8.2, 5.1, and 6.3 mm, respectively (Table 1). The isolate
with the highest Solubility index as shown in Fig. 2 was chosen for the production of acid
phosphatases.
Table 2: Phosphate solubilization index of PVK-positive Aspergillus isolates
Isolate Diameter of zones (mm) Solubility index
Aspergillus oryzae 5.1 2.20
Aspergillus niger 8.2 2.38
Aspergillus flavus 6.3 2.13
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Fig 2: Pictorial view of solubilization zones of different Aspergillus sp. on PVK
medium. (I) Aspergillus flavus (II) Aspergillus niger (III) Aspergillus oryzae
Growth and biomass production
Results have shown that when Aspergillus niger was grown in shake flask culture with
potassium phosphate as a phosphorous source, an average of 2.5±0.17 g/L of dry fungal
biomass was gained under-regulated shake flask culture conditions; pH 5 and
temperature 30°C, exhibiting an enzymatic activity of 11.5±0.55 U/ml. To further optimize
the activity of acid phosphatases, the effect of the incubation period, temperature, pH,
and substrate were varied, and ideal assay conditions were investigated to achieve the
maximum enzymatic activity.
Temperature affecting APase activity
The effect of different assay temperatures (20, 30, 40 50, 60 ⁰C) was determined on
APase activity. As shown in Fig. 3, the maximum enzyme activity of 12.1±0.64 U/ml was
obtained at 30°C. At this ideal temperature, the enzyme hydrolyzed maximum PNPP and
liberated free phosphorus (393 µg/ml) while exhibiting a specific activity of 67±1.4 U/mg.
However, once the temperature was raised above 30°C, the enzyme activity gradually
began to decline. Finally, the enzyme activity decreased by 52%, drastically at the
temperature of 60°C, showing that APase was losing its structural integrity and catalytic
function at increasing temperatures over the studied range.
Fig 3: Influence of different temperatures on the activity of acid phosphatases
obtained from A. niger
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Enzyme
activity
(U/ml)
Temperature (℃)
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pH affecting APase activity
The pH of the reaction mixture was changed ranging from 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5 to 5.5 while
maintaining a constant temperature of 30°C in order to maximize the APase activity. As
depicted in Fig. 4, The best pH for the reaction was shown to be 4.5, which had the
greatest enzyme activity of 13.2±0.57 U/ml and a specific activity recorded as 73±1.2
U/mg, illustrating that extremely acidic conditions slow down catalysis. Moreover, a
decrease in the enzyme's activity occurred when the pH elevated beyond 4.5, and it lost
its capacity to tolerate acid in more alkaline conditions outside of its pH stability range.
Fig 4: Influence of different pH values on the activity of acid phosphatases
obtained from A. niger
Substrate concentration affecting APase activity
By adjusting the p-nitrophenyl phosphate substrate concentration utilized in the
experiment, which ranged from 50 to 150 mM, the APase activity was maximized. When
100 mM of the substrate was present in the reaction mixture, the maximum enzyme
activity of 15.8±0.61 U/ml was seen at this optimal concentration (Fig. 5). However, lower
enzyme activity was seen for substrate concentrations both lower and higher than the
optimal concentration, indicating that the substrate concentration tested was the one that
best supported the enzyme's catalytic capabilities and kinetics. The specific activity
calculated at the optimal substrate concentration (100 mM p-nitrophenyl phosphate) was
87.7±2.4 U/mg.
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Enzyme
activity
(U/ml)
pH
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Fig 5: Influence of different concentrations of substrate on the activity of acid
phosphatases obtained from A. niger
Incubation period affecting APase activity
Enzyme activity was performed by incubating the enzyme with p-nitrophenyl phosphate
at varying time periods (10,20,30,40, and 50 min) as shown in Fig. 6, in order to identify
the ideal time needed for the acid phosphatase-catalyzed reaction. After 40 minutes of
incubation, the enzyme activity as well as specific activity reached its peak and was
measured to be 17.4±1.15 U/ml and 97.8±3.1 U/mg, respectively. At this stage, the
amount of released P was 462 µg/ml. Any further advancement in time had a negative
impact on activity.
Fig 6: Influence of different incubation periods on the activity of acid
phosphatases obtained from A. niger
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
50 75 100 125 150
Enzyme
activity
(U/ml)
Substrate concentration (mM)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
10 20 30 40 50
Enzyme
activity
(U/ml)
Incubation time (min)
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In a nutshell, optimization experiments outlined that the ideal setting for achieving peak
enzymatic turnover (17.4 U/ml) was 30°C, pH 4.5, 100 mM substrate concentration, and
an incubation time of 40 minutes.
DISCUSSION
Phosphorus plays an important part in many plant activities, but its scarcity limits
agricultural production. Chemical phosphate fertilizers only showcase up to 25% efficacy,
given their soil-associated problems such as insoluble complexes formation. Moreover,
rock reserves of phosphate are near to deplete. So, scrutinizing phosphorus using
biological machinery is a need of the hour due to rising concerns about the phosphorus
crisis [32]. As per estimates, approximately 70–90% of phosphorus fertilizers given to
soils are fixed by cations and transformed into inorganic P [33]. Contrarily, phosphate-
solubilizing microorganisms provide a long-term solution since they are sustainable, cost-
effective, and improve nutrient accessibility. Inoculating plants with potent phosphatases
has been proven to increase plant yield and phosphorus uptake. As a result, contributes
to plant growth by assisting with nitrogen fixation, phytohormone production, and vitamin
availability. Besides their agricultural benefits, APases serve plenty of roles in a variety of
domains. They aid in medical diagnostics for the detection of prostate cancer and bone
problems, industrial operations such as detergent and food production, and
environmental monitoring for the assessment of water quality and pollution [34]. This
study focused on the screening of the best phosphate-solubilizing species of Aspergillus
from the soil samples of Lahore agricultural area to produce acid phosphatase. Results
of the study have outlined A. niger as the most efficient strain with a TCP-solubilization
zone of 2.38 mm. These results are in agreement with the findings of LA [35], who also
determined that on PVK, A. niger was the most efficient phosphate solubilizer of all 12
isolated fungi, with a solubilization index (PSI) of 2.4. In contrast, no solubility of A.
fumigatus on PVK was observed in our case. Our study was also in line with the study of
Yasser and his fellows, who described that Aspergillus niger, Penicillium
variable and Trichoderma harzianum 301 are the dominant Phosphate-solubilizing
genera present in the soil of the Beni-Suef, Egypt. The study further disclosed that A.
niger had the highest solubility potential i.e. 1.67 followed by P. variable and T.
harzianum on Pikovskaya's medium [36]. In the same vein, two A. niger strains displayed
effective tricalcium phosphate (TCP) solubilization in Svalbard Arctic soils. In seven days,
strain-1 released 285 g/ml of inorganic P and strain-2 released 262 g/ml of 0.5% TCP,
indicating their potential as effective biofertilizers [37]. Isolation of phosphorus hydrolyzing
Aspergillus has been reported in numerous studies [38,39].
Maximal APase activity was observed at 30°C. The declining trend of enzyme activity at
further increase in the incubation temperature suggests that the enzyme might be
destabilized at high temperatures. These results corroborated with the study of
Bhattacharya and his teammates [40] as their work showed that maximum P hydrolysis
(468 µg/ml) by APase was recorded when the temperature was kept at 30°C. Likewise,
[35] also prospected 30°C as the optimal temperature to achieve the highest phosphate
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solubilization rate (58.53 g/ml) using APase isolated from A. niger MPF-8. Further
outcomes of our findings to optimize pH have defined that at pH 4.5, enzyme activity was
improved and gained the maximum level of free phosphorus in the assay medium and
decreased at slightly acidic pH. Perhaps, due to the change in the pH, amino acids of the
active site deteriorated which in turn affected the activity of the enzyme [41]. A parallel
investigation has indicated that 4.5 is the ideal pH exhibited by extracellular acid
phosphatases [42]. However, the results are not aligned with the study of Hidayat, 2006
[6] who At PH 6.5, attained the greatest activity of A.niger acid phosphatase.
Correspondingly, Chen et al., (2019) investigated the hydrolysis of 2-Phospho-L-ascorbic
acid (AAP) and concluded that pH 4.5 was the best pH to yield higher titers of ascorbic
acid and orthophosphate ion [43]. Further optimizations revealed that where increasing
the time of incubation supported the hydrolysis at the same time the boosted
concentration of substrate beyond 100 mM led to a decrease in the activity of the enzyme.
According to available data, the combined effects of end-product inhibition by released
phosphate ions, substrate inhibition involving non-productive binding that changes the
enzyme structure, and saturation of the catalytic reaction kinetics maximum rate cause
the APase activity to decline at higher substrate concentrations [44]. The abovementioned
results help us to infer that acid phosphatases work better in lower phosphate soils and
P-depleted environments.
Conclusion: Phosphorus is the second most essential nutrient for plants. This study
aimed to isolate the best phosphate-hydrolyzing species of Aspergillus to produce potent
acid phosphatases followed by their characterization. To achieve the purpose, three of
the seven isolated Aspergillus strains; A. niger, A. oryzae and A. flavus, were identified
to be promising phosphorus solubilizers on PVK media, with A. niger having the highest
solubility index of 2.38. Subsequently, this strain (A. niger) was employed to produce the
extracellular acid phosphatase (APases) enzyme under shake flask method. The
characterization of APases involved optimizing various assay conditions, revealing that
the enzyme exhibited optimal activity at 30°C, pH 4.5, with a 100 mM substrate
concentration and a 40-minute incubation time, resulting in the highest enzyme activity
and specific activity values of 17.4±1.15 U/ml and 97.8±3.1 U/mg, respectively. The
study's findings revealed that under optimized settings, 17% more phosphorus was
released than under unoptimized conditions. In addition, the enzyme's activity was also
increased by 43.8%. These findings imply that A. niger and its extracellular acid
phosphatase enzyme have the potential to be reliable tools for boosting phosphorus
availability in agricultural, environmental, and other applications, with implications for
improved nutrient uptake and sustainable agriculture practices.
Conflict of interest
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.
Funding sources
This study is not part of any sponsored research project. No other financial support was provided from the
university or any other source.
12. Tianjin Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue yu Gongcheng Jishu Ban)/
Journal of Tianjin University Science and Technology
ISSN (Online):0493-2137
E-Publication: Online Open Access
Vol: 56 Issue: 11:2023
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10152981
Nov 2023 | 23
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