This document summarizes an experimental study on the use of unmodified lignocellulosic fibrous layer of palm tree trunk (ULFPT) as a low-cost biosorbent for removing copper (Cu2+) and zinc (Zn2+) from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of pH, initial metal ion concentration, and contact time on biosorption. Equilibrium data were modeled using Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Temkin isotherm models. The Redlich-Peterson model provided the best fit for Cu2+ and Zn2+ biosorption. The Langmuir model also provided a good fit. Maximum Cu2+ removal (
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, a novel copper oxide coated kaolinite was prepared as an adsorbent of Hg(II) ions from aqueous media. The materials used for this study were synthesized, characterised and the product tested for mercury ion removal using standard laboratory procedures. Reactivity and removal kinetic models derived from Freundlich isotherm were used to investigate contact time and pH effects on the coefficient of protonation and rate of mass transfer of Hg(II) ions to the reactive sites, Proton coefficient of 0.89 indicated a decrease in proton consumption function when compared with uncoated kaolinite. At the 12th h reaction time, a maximum adsorption capacity of 85% was achieved. Mass transfer rates of 0.9359h-1 and 0.0748h-1 for the first and second reaction phases indicated a reduction when compared with uncoated kaolinite. These changes may be ascribed to masking of reaction sites and exposed surface area of the Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite.
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
This paper studied the ability of using local activated carbon (LAC) derived from olive waste cakes as an
adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution by batch operation. Various operating parameters
such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ions concentration, and equilibrium contact time have been
studied. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cu(II) increased with the increasing pH, and the optimum
solution pH for the adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be 5. The adsorption process increases with increasing
dosage of LAC, also the amount of Cu(II) removed changes with Cu(II) initial concentration and contact time.
Adsorption was rapid and occurred within 25 min. for Cu(II) concentration range from 60 to 120 mg/l
isothermally at 30±1 oC. Maximum adsorption occurs at Cu(II) initial concentration lesser than 100 mg/l by
using adsorbent dosage (1.2 g/l). The equilibrium adsorption data for Cu(II) were fitted well with the Langmuir
and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of LAC was found to be 106.383
mg/g. So, the results indicated the suitability use of the activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes (LAC)
as low cost and natural material for reliable removal of Cu(II) from water and wastewater effluents.
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by the Apricot Stone by Moussa Abbas*, Tounsia Aksil and Mohamed Trari in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, a novel copper oxide coated kaolinite was prepared as an adsorbent of Hg(II) ions from aqueous media. The materials used for this study were synthesized, characterised and the product tested for mercury ion removal using standard laboratory procedures. Reactivity and removal kinetic models derived from Freundlich isotherm were used to investigate contact time and pH effects on the coefficient of protonation and rate of mass transfer of Hg(II) ions to the reactive sites, Proton coefficient of 0.89 indicated a decrease in proton consumption function when compared with uncoated kaolinite. At the 12th h reaction time, a maximum adsorption capacity of 85% was achieved. Mass transfer rates of 0.9359h-1 and 0.0748h-1 for the first and second reaction phases indicated a reduction when compared with uncoated kaolinite. These changes may be ascribed to masking of reaction sites and exposed surface area of the Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite.
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
This paper studied the ability of using local activated carbon (LAC) derived from olive waste cakes as an
adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution by batch operation. Various operating parameters
such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ions concentration, and equilibrium contact time have been
studied. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cu(II) increased with the increasing pH, and the optimum
solution pH for the adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be 5. The adsorption process increases with increasing
dosage of LAC, also the amount of Cu(II) removed changes with Cu(II) initial concentration and contact time.
Adsorption was rapid and occurred within 25 min. for Cu(II) concentration range from 60 to 120 mg/l
isothermally at 30±1 oC. Maximum adsorption occurs at Cu(II) initial concentration lesser than 100 mg/l by
using adsorbent dosage (1.2 g/l). The equilibrium adsorption data for Cu(II) were fitted well with the Langmuir
and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of LAC was found to be 106.383
mg/g. So, the results indicated the suitability use of the activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes (LAC)
as low cost and natural material for reliable removal of Cu(II) from water and wastewater effluents.
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by the Apricot Stone by Moussa Abbas*, Tounsia Aksil and Mohamed Trari in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
Using Tunisian Phosphate Rock and Her Converted Hydroxyapatite for Lead Remov...IJERA Editor
Natural and synthesis apatites represent a cost effective soil amendment, which can be used for in situ reduction of lead bioavailability and mobility. In our previous work, we selected Tunisian Phosphate Rock (TPR) and Hydroxyapatite (CaHAp) as promising minerals for the removal of lead from aqueous solutions. X-ray powder diffraction patterns (DRX), Infra Red (IR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize TPR and CaHAp. CaHAp was prepared from TPR and employed for the removal of Pb2+ ions at different concentrations from aqueous solution to determine the adsorption properties of CaHAp and compare them with those of a TPR. The kinetic data obtained indicated that the adsorption performances of the adsorbents depended both on their specific surface area and crystallinity. Complexation of lead ion on the adsorbent surface favoured the dissolution of hydroxyapatites characterized by a Ca/Pb molar ratio of 1.69. The maximum adsorption capacity of CaHAp for Pb2+ ions at 25 °C was 1.806 mmol /g relative to 1.035 mmol /g for TPR at the same temperature. The higher capacity of CaHAp was explained in terms of its porosity and crystallinity. The Pb2+ ions sorption results could be modelled by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The simulations of adsorption isotherms of Pb2+ on CaHAp allow us to conclude that there is a good correlation between the experimental data and the Langmuir model. On TPR, we show a good correlation between the experimental data and the Langmuir and Freundlich model.
Removal of heavy metal lead (pb) from electrochemical industry waste water us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Electrochemical industries generates a wastewater that has a potential hazard for our environment as it contains various heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium, Nickel etc. If this wastewater left untreated, will pollute soil and water resources. Out of the above heavy metals, in this project work, only removal of Lead (Pb) from electrochemical industrial wastewater has been investigated by using low cost adsorbent such as charcoal along with coconut shell powder as a natural adsorbent. The project is a bench scale experimental type i.e. Batch mode technique and analyses have performed by using different amounts of adsorbent in solutions with different concentrations of Lead metal. Beside the effect of various amounts of adsorbent used in adsorption efficiency experiments has been investigated. Result indicates that the maximum removal efficiency for Lead is about 94% by using 0.25 gm/L amount of activated coconut shell carbon powder (ACSCP) and charcoal powder (ACP) mixed in equal amount for particular pH and contact time. Keywords: Adsorption, batch mode technique, battery industry waste water, Coconut shell powder, Charcoal carbon powder, Economic, Heavy Metal.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Equilibrium and Kinetics Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead Ions from Aqueous Sol...theijes
Sourcing cheap adsorbents for the treatment of waste water is imperative for local environments. The adsorption of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from aqueous solution onto bamboo activated carbon prepared by chemical activation with ZnCl2 was investigated. The unwashed chemical activated bamboo carbon (UCABC) achieved up to 87.81% and 96.45% removal of Cd and Pb at pH-5 and 11, respectively. Removal equilibrium was attained within 1hr and 2.5hrs for Cd and Pb, respectively. The Cd and Pb adsorption increased with adsorbent dosage decrease while removal rate (%) increased with Cd and Pb concentration. Adsorption isotherm of Cd and Pb onto UCABC was determined and correlated with four isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Hills). The equilibrium data fitted into Freundlich Cd (R2 = 0.9873, SSE = 0.045), Pb (R2 =0.9903, SSE = 0.051); Temkin Cd (R2 =0.9730, SSE = 0.052), Pb (R2 = 0.9079, SSE = 0.056); Hills Cd (R2 = 0.9961, SSE = 0.048), Pb (R2.= 0.9183, SSE = 0.053) and Langmuir Cd (R2 = 0.9653, SSE = 0.302), Pb (R2 = 0.9899, SSE = 0.136) isotherms. The Freundlich fitting showed isotherm adsorption capacity constants Kf = 7.843 and 5.098 (mg/g) for Cd and Pb, respectively. Furthermore, their adsorption kinetics correlated with the Pseudo-first order, Pseudo-second order and Intra-particle diffusion models and could be best described by the Pseudo-second order equation, suggesting chemisorptions as the limiting process. This study demonstrated that the UCABC can remove Cd2+ and Pb+ ions from aqueous solution to avert expensive commercial adsorbents
Preparation, characterization and application of sonochemically doped fe3+ in...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present study, mechanistic investigation of ultrasound–assisted dye decolorization/degradation was investigated using sonochemically prepared Fe3+ doped ZnO. Fe3+ doped ZnO nanoparticle was prepared under ultrasound (20 kHz) irradiation using a doping concentration of 2 wt% of Fe(III). To investigate the catalytic activity of Fe3+ doped ZnO, Acid Red 14 (azo dye) was chosen for decolorization/degradation using sonolysis, photocatalysis and sono–photocatalysis processes. To study the influence of dopant onto structure, crystallinity, and optical properties, different analytical analyses were performed such as X–ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, Delsa Nano Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer analysis (VSM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE–SEM) etc. For photocatalytic experiments, a blended high pressure mercury UV lamp with maximum peak emission at 365 nm was used. The decolorization/degradation of dye with modified photocatalyst showed faster reaction kinetics under sono–photocatalytic process. Ultrasound showed an additive effect for degradation/decolorization process. The maximum decolorization of AR14 was achieved (~ 82%) under sono–photocatlytic process with an initial dye concentration of 20 ppm. The sono–photocatalysis process showed 1.4 – 1.6 higher reaction rates with Fe–doped ZnO than pure ZnO. Index Terms: ZnO, Fe–ZnO, Fe-doped ZnO, Sonocatalytic, Photocatalytic, Advanced Oxidation Process, AOP
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
Removal of Pb II from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from ...ijtsrd
The recent study explains about the removal of Pb II ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from Garlic waste. Garlic peels have been used for the production of Carbon by treating with conc.H2SO4 for metal ions removal. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Boehm titration have been used for various physicochemical characterization of the outcome of activated carbon which proclaimed the presence of oxygen containing surface functional groups like phenolic, lactonic and carboxylic in the carbons. In a batch adsorption process the effect of pH and initial metal ion concentration was calculated. The optimum pH for lead adsorption is found to be equal to 6.The resultant activated carbon showed maximum adsorption capacity of Pb II was 210 mg g 1. The waste material which is used in this work is cost effective and easily available for the production of activated carbon. Hence the removal of Pb II from water using the carbons prepared from Garlic peels can act as possible low cost adsorbents for the removal of Pb II from water. R. Mary Nancy Flora | Ashok | Ramanathan ""Removal of Pb (II) from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from Garlic Waste"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23365.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/23365/removal-of-pb-ii-from-aqueous-solutions-using-activated-carbon-prepared-from-garlic-waste/r-mary-nancy-flora
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, the effect of copper oxide coated kaolinite on mercury (II) removal based on initial metal concentration, particle concentration, and prolonged residence time have been investigated. Experimental methods involved batch mode techniques at ambient temperature. The content was analysed for Hg(II) adsorbed, using standard laboratory procedures. Here, using empirical models derived from Freundlich isotherm, adsorption capacity increased from 300 to 400 mg/kg over the range of initial metal concentration investigated. The complex behavior of existing reactive sites and the generation of new active sites accounted for these changes in adsorption capacity. Increase in particle concentration led to decrease in adsorption. This was over the range of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 gL-1 solid concentration. Higher Cp reduced the specific surface area for adsorption. Hg(II) ions removal increased with increase in residence time. The most efficient ratio of Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite was at 0.002kgL-1 at 40mgL-1 mercury concentration. Values of between 600 to 900 mg/kg for Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite was higher when compared with the uncoated kaolinite. As ageing was increased, hydroxylation probably increased thus leading to the formation of new reactive sites.
Adsorption of cr (vi) from aqueous environment using neem leaves powdereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Using Tunisian Phosphate Rock and Her Converted Hydroxyapatite for Lead Remov...IJERA Editor
Natural and synthesis apatites represent a cost effective soil amendment, which can be used for in situ reduction of lead bioavailability and mobility. In our previous work, we selected Tunisian Phosphate Rock (TPR) and Hydroxyapatite (CaHAp) as promising minerals for the removal of lead from aqueous solutions. X-ray powder diffraction patterns (DRX), Infra Red (IR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize TPR and CaHAp. CaHAp was prepared from TPR and employed for the removal of Pb2+ ions at different concentrations from aqueous solution to determine the adsorption properties of CaHAp and compare them with those of a TPR. The kinetic data obtained indicated that the adsorption performances of the adsorbents depended both on their specific surface area and crystallinity. Complexation of lead ion on the adsorbent surface favoured the dissolution of hydroxyapatites characterized by a Ca/Pb molar ratio of 1.69. The maximum adsorption capacity of CaHAp for Pb2+ ions at 25 °C was 1.806 mmol /g relative to 1.035 mmol /g for TPR at the same temperature. The higher capacity of CaHAp was explained in terms of its porosity and crystallinity. The Pb2+ ions sorption results could be modelled by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The simulations of adsorption isotherms of Pb2+ on CaHAp allow us to conclude that there is a good correlation between the experimental data and the Langmuir model. On TPR, we show a good correlation between the experimental data and the Langmuir and Freundlich model.
Removal of heavy metal lead (pb) from electrochemical industry waste water us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Electrochemical industries generates a wastewater that has a potential hazard for our environment as it contains various heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium, Nickel etc. If this wastewater left untreated, will pollute soil and water resources. Out of the above heavy metals, in this project work, only removal of Lead (Pb) from electrochemical industrial wastewater has been investigated by using low cost adsorbent such as charcoal along with coconut shell powder as a natural adsorbent. The project is a bench scale experimental type i.e. Batch mode technique and analyses have performed by using different amounts of adsorbent in solutions with different concentrations of Lead metal. Beside the effect of various amounts of adsorbent used in adsorption efficiency experiments has been investigated. Result indicates that the maximum removal efficiency for Lead is about 94% by using 0.25 gm/L amount of activated coconut shell carbon powder (ACSCP) and charcoal powder (ACP) mixed in equal amount for particular pH and contact time. Keywords: Adsorption, batch mode technique, battery industry waste water, Coconut shell powder, Charcoal carbon powder, Economic, Heavy Metal.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Equilibrium and Kinetics Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead Ions from Aqueous Sol...theijes
Sourcing cheap adsorbents for the treatment of waste water is imperative for local environments. The adsorption of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from aqueous solution onto bamboo activated carbon prepared by chemical activation with ZnCl2 was investigated. The unwashed chemical activated bamboo carbon (UCABC) achieved up to 87.81% and 96.45% removal of Cd and Pb at pH-5 and 11, respectively. Removal equilibrium was attained within 1hr and 2.5hrs for Cd and Pb, respectively. The Cd and Pb adsorption increased with adsorbent dosage decrease while removal rate (%) increased with Cd and Pb concentration. Adsorption isotherm of Cd and Pb onto UCABC was determined and correlated with four isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Hills). The equilibrium data fitted into Freundlich Cd (R2 = 0.9873, SSE = 0.045), Pb (R2 =0.9903, SSE = 0.051); Temkin Cd (R2 =0.9730, SSE = 0.052), Pb (R2 = 0.9079, SSE = 0.056); Hills Cd (R2 = 0.9961, SSE = 0.048), Pb (R2.= 0.9183, SSE = 0.053) and Langmuir Cd (R2 = 0.9653, SSE = 0.302), Pb (R2 = 0.9899, SSE = 0.136) isotherms. The Freundlich fitting showed isotherm adsorption capacity constants Kf = 7.843 and 5.098 (mg/g) for Cd and Pb, respectively. Furthermore, their adsorption kinetics correlated with the Pseudo-first order, Pseudo-second order and Intra-particle diffusion models and could be best described by the Pseudo-second order equation, suggesting chemisorptions as the limiting process. This study demonstrated that the UCABC can remove Cd2+ and Pb+ ions from aqueous solution to avert expensive commercial adsorbents
Preparation, characterization and application of sonochemically doped fe3+ in...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present study, mechanistic investigation of ultrasound–assisted dye decolorization/degradation was investigated using sonochemically prepared Fe3+ doped ZnO. Fe3+ doped ZnO nanoparticle was prepared under ultrasound (20 kHz) irradiation using a doping concentration of 2 wt% of Fe(III). To investigate the catalytic activity of Fe3+ doped ZnO, Acid Red 14 (azo dye) was chosen for decolorization/degradation using sonolysis, photocatalysis and sono–photocatalysis processes. To study the influence of dopant onto structure, crystallinity, and optical properties, different analytical analyses were performed such as X–ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, Delsa Nano Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer analysis (VSM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE–SEM) etc. For photocatalytic experiments, a blended high pressure mercury UV lamp with maximum peak emission at 365 nm was used. The decolorization/degradation of dye with modified photocatalyst showed faster reaction kinetics under sono–photocatalytic process. Ultrasound showed an additive effect for degradation/decolorization process. The maximum decolorization of AR14 was achieved (~ 82%) under sono–photocatlytic process with an initial dye concentration of 20 ppm. The sono–photocatalysis process showed 1.4 – 1.6 higher reaction rates with Fe–doped ZnO than pure ZnO. Index Terms: ZnO, Fe–ZnO, Fe-doped ZnO, Sonocatalytic, Photocatalytic, Advanced Oxidation Process, AOP
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
Removal of Pb II from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from ...ijtsrd
The recent study explains about the removal of Pb II ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from Garlic waste. Garlic peels have been used for the production of Carbon by treating with conc.H2SO4 for metal ions removal. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Boehm titration have been used for various physicochemical characterization of the outcome of activated carbon which proclaimed the presence of oxygen containing surface functional groups like phenolic, lactonic and carboxylic in the carbons. In a batch adsorption process the effect of pH and initial metal ion concentration was calculated. The optimum pH for lead adsorption is found to be equal to 6.The resultant activated carbon showed maximum adsorption capacity of Pb II was 210 mg g 1. The waste material which is used in this work is cost effective and easily available for the production of activated carbon. Hence the removal of Pb II from water using the carbons prepared from Garlic peels can act as possible low cost adsorbents for the removal of Pb II from water. R. Mary Nancy Flora | Ashok | Ramanathan ""Removal of Pb (II) from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from Garlic Waste"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23365.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/23365/removal-of-pb-ii-from-aqueous-solutions-using-activated-carbon-prepared-from-garlic-waste/r-mary-nancy-flora
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, the effect of copper oxide coated kaolinite on mercury (II) removal based on initial metal concentration, particle concentration, and prolonged residence time have been investigated. Experimental methods involved batch mode techniques at ambient temperature. The content was analysed for Hg(II) adsorbed, using standard laboratory procedures. Here, using empirical models derived from Freundlich isotherm, adsorption capacity increased from 300 to 400 mg/kg over the range of initial metal concentration investigated. The complex behavior of existing reactive sites and the generation of new active sites accounted for these changes in adsorption capacity. Increase in particle concentration led to decrease in adsorption. This was over the range of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 gL-1 solid concentration. Higher Cp reduced the specific surface area for adsorption. Hg(II) ions removal increased with increase in residence time. The most efficient ratio of Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite was at 0.002kgL-1 at 40mgL-1 mercury concentration. Values of between 600 to 900 mg/kg for Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite was higher when compared with the uncoated kaolinite. As ageing was increased, hydroxylation probably increased thus leading to the formation of new reactive sites.
Adsorption of cr (vi) from aqueous environment using neem leaves powdereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Statistical optimization of adsorption variables for biosorption of chromium ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Content personalisation is becoming more prevalent. A site, it's content and/or it's products, change dynamically according to the specific needs of the user. SEO needs to ensure we do not fall behind of this trend.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
Succession “Losers”: What Happens to Executives Passed Over for the CEO Job?
By David F. Larcker, Stephen A. Miles, and Brian Tayan
Stanford Closer Look Series
Overview:
Shareholders pay considerable attention to the choice of executive selected as the new CEO whenever a change in leadership takes place. However, without an inside look at the leading candidates to assume the CEO role, it is difficult for shareholders to tell whether the board has made the correct choice. In this Closer Look, we examine CEO succession events among the largest 100 companies over a ten-year period to determine what happens to the executives who were not selected (i.e., the “succession losers”) and how they perform relative to those who were selected (the “succession winners”).
We ask:
• Are the executives selected for the CEO role really better than those passed over?
• What are the implications for understanding the labor market for executive talent?
• Are differences in performance due to operating conditions or quality of available talent?
• Are boards better at identifying CEO talent than other research generally suggests?
Effluents containing heavy metals can be
remediated with the help of dead microorganisms by the process
known as biosorption. In this study the dead biomass 1of fungus
Aspergillus flavus was used for the biosorption of heavy metals
i.e., Zinc and Nickel. The capacity of biosorption by the dead
biomass of Aspergillus flavus was evaluated at room temperature
with different parameters which are; pH, contact time, biomass
concentration and metal ion concentration. The biosorption
capacity for Zn was found to be 47.36% at room temperature, at
pH 6.5, with biomass concentration of 2g/L having contact time of
50 min and solution concentration of 2ppm. Biosorption capacity
for Ni was found to be 61.60% at room temperature, at pH 5,
with biomass concentration of 2g/L having contact time of 60 min
and solution concentration of 2ppm. . In this study, desorption of
the heavy metals by 0.1M HCl was found to be effective. Fungal
biomass was recovered for reuse.
DOI 10.1002tqem.21536R E S E A R C H A R T I C L EExDustiBuckner14
DOI: 10.1002/tqem.21536
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Experimental investigation of adsorption capacity of anthill
in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff Idowu Iyabo Olateju
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engi-
neering, College of Engineering, Afe Babalola
University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Correspondence
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff, Department of Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineer-
ing, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti P.M.B.
5454, Nigeria.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In the present work, the adsorption capacity of anthill was investigated as a low-cost adsorbent
to remove the heavy metal ions, lead (II) ion (Pb2+), and zinc (II) ion (Zn2+) from an aqueous solu-
tion. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms of the heavy metal ions were investigated under batch
process. For the study we examined the effect of the solution's pH and the initial cations con-
centrations on the adsorption process under a fixed contact time and temperature. The anthill
sample was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF),
and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. From the SEM analysis, structural change in the
adsorbent was a result of heavy metals adsorption. Based on the XRF analysis, the main compo-
sition of the anthill sample was silica (SiO2 ), alumina (Al2 O3 ), and zirconia (ZrO2 ). The change in
the peaks of the spectra before and after adsorption indicated that there was active participation
of surface functional groups during the adsorption process. The experimental data obtained were
analyzed using 2- and 3-parameter isotherm models. The isotherm data fitted very well to the 3-
parameter Radke–Prausnitz model. It was noted that Pb2+ and Zn2+ can be effectively removed
from aqueous solution using anthill as an adsorbent.
K E Y W O R D S
adsorption, anthill, characterization, equilibrium isotherm, heavy metal
1 I N T R O D U C T I O N
Indiscriminate disposal of wastewater containing heavy metals has
received considerable attention in recent years, primarily due to the
fact that their presence in waste stream can be readily adsorbed by
aquatic organisms and make them directly enter the human food chain,
thus posing a serious health risk to consumers (Lin, MacLean, & Zeng,
2000). Because of the ability of heavy metals to accumulate in living
tissues and because they cause damage to these tissues over time,
heavy metals are classified as carcinogens. For example, exposure to
lead ions can cause anemia, kidney damage, and even untimely death
(Mohammed-Ridha, Ahmed, & Raoof, 2017), while zinc ions at elevated
concentration result in pancreas damage, osteoporosis, and even death
(Wahi, Ngaini, & Jok, 2009). Water or wastewater containing heavy
metals requires effective treatment techniques that can completely
remove these toxic metals (Yusuff, 2017).
A number of treatment techniques for the removal of heavy
me ...
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Running head USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+1USING BENTONITE.docxrtodd599
Running head: USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+1
USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+15
Using Bentonite to Extract Cu2+
Name
Institution
Abstract
This study was aimed at determining and comparing the potential of various weights of activated bentonite (BN). BN is an essential adsorbent used to remove copper sulfate in aqueous systems. This bentonite composes of 1M ammonium chloride i.e. NH3CL ratio; 1:1, w/w. The investigation of the adsorption ability of the naturally activated material (BN) to adsorb copper sulfate (CUSO4.5H2O) was investigated using UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Raw BN (unheated) has the adsorption ability and thus eliminates copper (II) ions from this aqueous solution. BN has approximately 62% efficiency of eliminating Cu2+ from copper sulfate. Various studies have determined that the removal efficiency of copper (II) ions increase with the rise in temperature of BN with temperatures not exceeding 200 C having about 69% efficiency. The percentage was seen to rise to close to 90% when BN was treated thermally. The optimal values of the removal rate of Cu2+ resulted when the BN dosage was 0.4g/100mL.
1.0 Introduction
The existence of heavy metals in most of the aquatic systems has raised significant concern owing to their high toxicity. The contamination of water with heavy metals results from daily human activities. It has been observed that lead concentration in areas inhabited by people is 20 times higher than in regions that are not influenced directly by the actions of people. As a result, various regulations and laws have been enacted to control effluence with these heavy metals. Thus, the Environmental Protection Agency, an institution set by the federal government to adjust and observe pollutants discharge in the environment, has set the allowable limits of massive metal emissions as copper 1.3 ppm, mercury two ppb, cadmium 5ppb, lead 15 ppb and chromium 100 ppb (EPA). Copper is one of the conventional metal as it is used in metal mechanic manufactories, industrial plant, and also in food production. Although many laws have set limits of allowable copper emissions, excess of its compounds are prevalent in water bodies. Therefore, it has become necessary to find ways of safely removing copper from aqueous solutions.
This study is aimed at investigating the efficiency of an adsorbent material BN in adsorption of CuSO4 from aqueous solutions. The investigation was conducted using the usages rates of BN, the influence of BN dose, and results from other batch adsorption studies.2.0 Literature Review
In the last few decades, contamination of water resources with ions from heavy metals has increased, becoming a global concern. Studies have shown that some metals are toxic to the ecological environment and human lives. Copper sulfate is a compound of copper and sulfur which forms a heavy metal precipitate in water bodies. However, copper in controlled amounts is essential in life forms due to its extensive role in the ge.
Running head USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+1USING BENTONITE.docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+1
USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+15
Using Bentonite to Extract Cu2+
Name
Institution
Abstract
This study was aimed at determining and comparing the potential of various weights of activated bentonite (BN). BN is an essential adsorbent used to remove copper sulfate in aqueous systems. This bentonite composes of 1M ammonium chloride i.e. NH3CL ratio; 1:1, w/w. The investigation of the adsorption ability of the naturally activated material (BN) to adsorb copper sulfate (CUSO4.5H2O) was investigated using UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Raw BN (unheated) has the adsorption ability and thus eliminates copper (II) ions from this aqueous solution. BN has approximately 62% efficiency of eliminating Cu2+ from copper sulfate. Various studies have determined that the removal efficiency of copper (II) ions increase with the rise in temperature of BN with temperatures not exceeding 200 C having about 69% efficiency. The percentage was seen to rise to close to 90% when BN was treated thermally. The optimal values of the removal rate of Cu2+ resulted when the BN dosage was 0.4g/100mL.
1.0 Introduction
The existence of heavy metals in most of the aquatic systems has raised significant concern owing to their high toxicity. The contamination of water with heavy metals results from daily human activities. It has been observed that lead concentration in areas inhabited by people is 20 times higher than in regions that are not influenced directly by the actions of people. As a result, various regulations and laws have been enacted to control effluence with these heavy metals. Thus, the Environmental Protection Agency, an institution set by the federal government to adjust and observe pollutants discharge in the environment, has set the allowable limits of massive metal emissions as copper 1.3 ppm, mercury two ppb, cadmium 5ppb, lead 15 ppb and chromium 100 ppb (EPA). Copper is one of the conventional metal as it is used in metal mechanic manufactories, industrial plant, and also in food production. Although many laws have set limits of allowable copper emissions, excess of its compounds are prevalent in water bodies. Therefore, it has become necessary to find ways of safely removing copper from aqueous solutions.
This study is aimed at investigating the efficiency of an adsorbent material BN in adsorption of CuSO4 from aqueous solutions. The investigation was conducted using the usages rates of BN, the influence of BN dose, and results from other batch adsorption studies.2.0 Literature Review
In the last few decades, contamination of water resources with ions from heavy metals has increased, becoming a global concern. Studies have shown that some metals are toxic to the ecological environment and human lives. Copper sulfate is a compound of copper and sulfur which forms a heavy metal precipitate in water bodies. However, copper in controlled amounts is essential in life forms due to its extensive role in the ge.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Degradation of mono azo dye in aqueous solution using cast iron filingseSAT Journals
Abstract The mono-azo dye, Orange II, solution was substantially degraded with cast iron particles under varied conditions of experimental variables such as pH, initial dye concentration and cast iron dosage.At all solution pH studied, the degradation efficiency achieved was > 90%. With an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L and optimum cast iron load of 28.56 g/L, the optimum degradation efficiency of 97.63% was achieved at pH 3. With same cast iron load and solution pH, more than 95% dye degradation efficiency was achieved at different initial Orange II concentrations ranging from 50-500 mg/L. The efficiency of cast iron particles in degrading Orange II dye was compared with that of pure elemental iron used in other study. Cast iron particles showed better degradation efficiencies than elemental iron that too at relatively lower dosages. Ultimately, from the results it can be inferred that cast iron fillings can be successfully applied to treat textile effluents containing high dye concentration and treatment efficiency can be enhanced by optimizing the reaction conditions. Index Terms: azo dyes, Orange II, degradation efficiency, cast iron fillings
For a sustainable future it is essential to close the global carbon cycle. Oxidised forms of carbon, in
particular CO2, can be used to synthesise energy-rich organic molecules. Engineered cyanobacteria have
attracted attention as catalysts for the direct conversion of CO2 into reduced fuel compounds.1-Butanol is a
promising gasoline replacement compared to the more commonly used ethanol due to several advantages.
Specifically, 1-butanol is less corrosive and has a higher energy density than ethanol. In this study,
Synechococcus elongatus was isolated from the sea sediment in Konak and the effects of CO2 isolated from the
same region on the production of 1-butanol was investigated. Addition of plasmid slightly increased the CO2
utilisation rates. The effects of environmental factors (NO3-N, SO4-S, NaCl, H2, O2) on the ratio of 1-butanol
production to CO2 removal were investigated. Under optimized conditions S.elongatus metabolized theCO2
according to Monod kinetic(Ks = 1.5 mg L-1
and µ = 0.21 day-1
). Under highNO3-N, SO4-S, NaCl, and O2
concentrations 1-butanol produced with un-competitive inhibition with a high Ki value of 2.3 mg L-1 indicating
the low inhibition in S.elongatus with plasmid. The competitive inhibition constant (Ki) is low (0.70 mg L-1
)
exhibiting the high competitive inhibition at high concentration for the operational conditions given above
Efficiency of Carbonate Precipitation and Removal of Copper and Nickel Ions f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of pH and initial concentration on the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent and two-component aqueous solutions using Na2CO3 as a chemical precipitation agent was investigated in this paper. Monocomponent aqueous solutions of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions with their initial concentrations of 50 and 500 mg/L and two-component aqueous solution with initial concentration of 500 mg/L were prepared. The precipitation was carried out by batch method at room temperature by stirring the solution at 300 rpm for 5 minutes, resulting in the formation of precipitates. The resulting precipitate was separated by filtration from the solution. The experiment proved that Na2CO3 is a good agent for removing Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent water solutions of 50 and 500 mg/L concentration and two-component water solution with initial concentration of each metal 500 mg/L. The percentage of Cu(II) removal was higher at lower pH values compared to Ni(II) removal.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...
E0262027035
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 6 ǁ June. 2013 ǁ PP.27-35
www.ijesi.org 27 | Page
Equilibrium isotherm studies for the biosorption of Cu (II) and
Zn (II) from aqueous solution by unmodified lignocellulosic
fibrous layer of palm tree trunk- Single component system.
1
Abuh. M.A, 1
Akpomie.G.K, 2
Nwagbara.N.K, 2
Nwafor.E.C.,
(1
Department of ceramics research and production, Projects research and development institute (PRODA)
enugu state Nigeria)
(2
Material energy technology department, Projects research and development institute (PRODA)
enugu state Nigeria)
ABSTRACT: The unmodified lignocellulosic fibrous layer of palm tree trunk (ULFPT), an agricultural waste
residue from oilpalm/palmwine was investigated to ascertain its suitability as a low cost adsorbent for Cu and
Zn removal from aqueous solutions. Batch biosorption technique was used to investigate the effect of pH, initial
metal ion concentration and contact time. The experimental data were analysed using Langmuir, freundlich,
redlich-peterson and tempkin isotherm models. The Redlisch- Peterson model gave the best fit for Cu and Zn
biosorption with regression values R2
>0.9 respectively. The Langmuir model also gave a good fit for the
experimental data. The percentage removal of Cu and Zn ions decreased with increase in the concentration of
metal ions and increased with increase in contact time up to a certain point. Cu (II) removal was highest at pH
5.0(81%) while that of Zn(II) was at pH 6.0(79%). The FT-IR study revealed the involvement of functional
groups with lone pairs of electrons for binding with metal ions.The success rate is quite low when compared
with other low-cost adsorbents available but ULFPT can still be successfully applied for meeting the condition
suggested by most isotherm models applied.
KEYWORDS: Unmodified lignocellulosic fibrous layer of palm tree trunk (ULFPT), isotherm model, Cu (II),
Zn(II), pH.
I. INTRODUCTION
Technology has brought increased challenges to the environment. With the advent of industrialization,
environmental pollution by toxic substances increased. The problems associated with the presence of these
metals in industrial effluents discharged are enormous, due to their toxicity and carcinogenic properties [1]-[4].
Copper is a micro nutrient but at elevated level (over 1.0mg/l in drinking water) can cause anemia, stomach and
intestinal disorders, kidney and liver damage [5]-[6]. Zinc, like copper is a micronutrient but at elevated level
can cause damage to pancreas, arteriosclerosis and upset of protein metabolism. Consequently, there arises a
need to reduce the concentrations of copper and zinc to permissible limits in water/wastewater.
Much works and advance development of technologies have been directed towards the remediation and removal
of heavy metals from aqueous media as a result of increased concern by environmentalist and governments on
effects of heavy metals and in attempt to protect public health [7]. Conventional methods for metal ions
removal from industrial effluents include chemical precipitation, coagulation, solvent extraction, electrolytic
processes, membrane separation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, ultra-filtration, biological systems and
adsorption[8]-[9]. These techniques are usually expensive or ineffective especially when the concentrations of
heavy metal ions are less than 10mg/l [10]. This has made researchers the world over to search for cheaper and
more efficient alternatives. Adsorptions using agricultural by-products have been studied as potential
inexpensive alternatives. Many examples are available in literature concerning the direct or activated use3 of
these materials as adsorbents [11]. Most waste from oilpalm/palmwine processing is usually used as fuel to
produce process steam and electricity in palm oil mills [6]. However, a large portion of it is either burnt in open
air or dumped in areas adjacent to the mills, which creates environmental and disposal problems [12]. The use of
waste to clean up waste is also achieved in this study. The equilibrium isotherm studies for the removal of Cu
(II) and Zn (II) from aqueous solution by unmodified lignocellulosic fibrous layer of palm tree trunk(ULFPT)are
reported. Four models of adsorption isotherms were evaluated and reported.
2. Equilibrium isotherm Studies for the Biosorption of Cu(II)…
www.ijesi.org 28 | Page
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Preparation of biosorbent material
Unmodified lignocellulosic fibrous layer of palm tree trunk(ULFPT). The biosobent (ULFPT) used in
this study was gotten from the Nigerian institute for Oil palm Research (NIFOR), Benin City, edo state, Nigeria.
The dark lignin layer was removed to expose the inner dense network of stiff fibres as was previously reported
[6]. After cutting and washing with de-ionized water, the sample was sundried and then oven dried at 900
c for
seven days. The dried sample was pulverized and sieved using a 100µm sieve to obtain the biomass which was
used for the study.
2.2 Preparation of Adsorbate.
Cu2+
and zn2+
solutions were prepared by dissolving a known quantity of analytical grade Copper
Sulphate (CuSO4.5H2O) and Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4.7H2O) from their stock solutions in distilled water
respectively. The cold vapour AAS (Perkin Elmer, mercury analyzer, MAS 50) was used to determine the metal
ions concentration. To get the required concentration and appropriate pH, a dropwise addition of 0.1M NaOH
and 0.1M HNO3 was done usinga pH-meter.
III. BATCH EQUILIBRIUM STUDIES.
The study was conducted at the Ceramics research and production Department of Projects research and
Development institute (PRODA), Enugu, Nigeria. A room temperature of 290
C was used for the biosorption
studies. The Equilibrium adsorption studies were performed for different contact time (10-90 mins), sorbate
dose (10-50 mg/l), and pH (1-7). Each study was performed by adding 1.0g of the processed dry sample to 10ml
of the given concentrations of Cu and Zn respectively. The solutions were placed in glass flasks and gently
agitated on an orbital shaker at 120rpm, 290
C, at given times. During each study, a parameter was varied while
others were kept constant. At the end of a given contact time, the residual concentrations of Cu and Zn in the
simulated waste water was measured by Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (Buck scientific model
210 VGP). Each sample was analyzed in triplicates. The mean values and standard deviations were recorded as
given by AAS. Copper and Zinc uptake (qe) were calculated respectively using equation (1) as shown below:
qe =V (Co - Ce)/m (1)
The percentage removed was calculated using (2) below;
R (%) = 100(Co – Ce)/Co (2)
Where Co and Ce is the initial and equilibrium metal ion concentrations in solution in mg/l respectively, qe is the
equilibrium adsorption capacity in mg/g, V is the volume of metal ion solution used in ml, m is mass of biomass
in g.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 FTIR Spectral Studies
The FTIR spectrum of the adsorbent is shown in fig 1.0 The spectrum was used to obtain information
about the nature of the functional groups responsible for the biosorption of the metal ions on the binding sites of
the ULFPT biomass [13]-[15]. The broad band observed around 3422.85cm-1
is due to vibration of structural
OH-
groups from the ULFPT. The peak at 1640.93 is in the region of C=C for conjugated alkenes (1644-1617).
The peak can also be assigned to HOH deformation (δ H-O-H) confirming the presence of water [16]. The peak at
2914.28cm-1
is typical of aliphatic C-H stretch (2850-2920). The assignment of functional groups responsible
for bands is as shown in table 1.
3. Equilibrium isotherm Studies for the Biosorption of Cu(II)…
www.ijesi.org 29 | Page
From the IR-spectrum, it can be said that the cell wall of the biomass possesses different surface
structures and functional groups with lone pair of electrons that are available to bind to the positively divalent
metal ions, the reaction involved being the biosorption of metal ion (represented as M2+
) and the adsorbent with
lone pair of electrons (represented as X) from the liquid phase to the solid phase [15]. The reaction is also
considered reversible with equilibrium made between the two phases shown below:
X + M2+
X-M.
4.2 EFFECTS OF pH
The initial pH is reported to be one of the most critical parameters in the adsorption process which
affects surface charge of the adsorbent material and the degree of ionization and specification of adsorbate [17]-
[18]. Researchers have shown that different metals require different pH levels for their removal using specific
adsorbents. The pH determines the net charge on the biomass and this invariably determines whether the metal
ions can bind or not [15]. The effect of pH on the biosorption of Cu2+
and Zn2+
onto the biomass at pH 1-8 is
shown in fig. 2.
Figure 2: Effect of pH on Zn and cu
From fig. 2 above, the maximum pH for Cu adsorption was 5.0 representing 81% and with a slight
reduction at pH 6 (79.70%). Hence, subsequent studies for Cu2+
were carried out at pH 5.0 as the optimum pH.
For Zn, the % removal increased with increase in pH to 6.0, slight decrease at pH 7.0 and an increase at pH 8.0.
Since metals tend to precipitate at high pH levels, it was suspected that the further increase in Zinc removal may
have been a result of Zinc Precipitation. pH 6.0 was chosen as the optimum pH for Zn adsorption in further
studies. Biosorption mechanism on the biomass surface is a reflection of the phytochemical interaction of the
species in solution and the biosorptive sites of the sorbent [19]-[21] At high acidity, the low pH makes
the active sites positive. Consequently, metal ions compete with H+
ions for the available active sites present in
the cell wall of the biomass. The result is the reduction in metal ions uptake by the sorbent [21]. Protonating the
available active sites on the biomass cell wall also reduces the negatively charge sites required by the metal ions
to bind. At low acidity of solution, the functional groups on the biomass surface are deprotonated, making the
negative charge density on the cell wall of the biomass to increase. Consequently, competition between metal
ions and H+
ions is reduced leading to increase in biosorption. The increase in Zinc removal at high pH can also
be attributed to the reduction of H+
ions which compete with metal ions at lower pH [18], [22].
4.3 EFFECT OF INITIAL METAL IONS CONCENTRATION
The initial concentration of metal ions in solution determines the amount of metal ions biosorped by
the biomass in the presence of available active sites.
4. Equilibrium isotherm Studies for the Biosorption of Cu(II)…
www.ijesi.org 30 | Page
Figure 3.0: Effect of concentration of Zn and Cu on biosorption, expressed as percentage removed (% R)
As observed from fig 3.0 above, the percentage removal (%R) for Cu and Zn decreased with increase
in initial Cu (II) and Zn (II) ions concentration. This is because at lower concentrations, almost all the ions are
adsorbed due to availability of active sites, which becomes saturated at higher concentrations [10]
Figure 4.0: Effect of concentration plot for Zn and Cu biosorption, expressed as quantity adsorbed qe (mg/g).
Fig 4.0 above shows an increase in uptake capacity with increase in the concentration of Cu and Zn.
This is due to higher availability of metal ions for sorption [23]. The increase in metal ions concentration leads
to increase in collision between the metal ions and the sorbent. The higher concentration results in higher
driving force generated which makes utilization of active sites effective. The fall in metal uptake capacity with
increasing metal ions concentration as seen in fig 4.0 above is observed when the equilibrium adsorption is
exceeded, the metal ions in solution are more than the available active sites in the biomass surface.
4.4 ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS
Data obtained from equilibrium isotherms helps to understand adsorption mechanisms and in
developing mathematical models that could be used for the quantitative description of the results. The
Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Redlich-peterson isotherms were tested in this study. Linear regression is
often used to determine the best-fitting isotherm, the applicability of the isotherm equation compared by judging
the correlation coefficients.
5. Equilibrium isotherm Studies for the Biosorption of Cu(II)…
www.ijesi.org 31 | Page
4.4.1 Langmuir isotherm model:
The Langmuir isotherm model was used to describe sorption phenomena and suggest that uptake
occurs on a homogenous surface by monolayer sorption without interaction between adsorbed molecules [18].
The linearized form of the Langmuir equation is given in equation (3) below.
Ce/qe = ce/qmax + 1/qmaxb……………………….(3)
Where qe(mg/g) and ce(mg/l) is amount of metal ion adsorbed per specific amount of adsorbent and
equilibrium concentration respectively, qmax is the maximum adsorption capacity for a complete monolayer
coverage. b is the Langmuir isotherm constant which expresses affinity between adsorbent and adsorbate. The
Langmuir plot for copper and zinc are shown in fig 5 and fig 6 below respectively, from where the constants b
and qmax is determined.
The values of the linear regression equation R2
, qmax and b are shown in table 2.0 above. Since
0.9<R2<1.0 for both Cu (II) and Zn (II), it means that the Langmuir isotherm provided a good fit for the
experimental data. An important feature of the isotherm is expressed in terms of a dimensionless constant
separation factor (RL) defined by (4) [24].
RL = 1/ (1+bCo) …………………………… (4)
RL values indicate the type of isotherm to be either favourable (0<RL<1), unfavourable(RL>1),
linear(RL=1) or irreversible (RL = 0) [25]. The RL values for both copper and zinc biosorption at all initial
concentrations lie between 0 and 1. This fulfils the condition 0<RL<1 needed for favourable adsorption. This
suggest the applicability of the lignocellulosic fibrous layer of palm tree trunk as good absorbent for copper and
zinc biosorption from waste water.
4.4.2. Freundlich isotherm
This isotherm assumes that the removal of metal ions occurs on a heterogenous surface, involving a multilayer
adsorption of metal ions. It is often criticized for lacking a fundamental thermodynamic basis since it does not
reduce to Henry’s law at low concentrations [4]. The linearized form of the isotherm is presented in (5).
log qe = log KF + 1/n logCe. (5)
Where KF and n is freundlich constants, describing the adsorption capacity and intensity respectively.
The freundlich parameters are shown in table 2 above. The plot from which these variables were obtained is as
shown in fig 7 and 8. The KF value was higher in Zinc than Copper. The magnitude of the exponent, n, gives an
indication of the favourability and capacity of the adsorbent/adsorbate system [26]. n values between 1 and 10
represent favourable adsorption conditions [9]. From table 2 above, the exponent n for copper and Zinc was in
the range 1<n<4 and within the range of 1<n<10 for favourable adsorption. The regression values R2
where not
6. Equilibrium isotherm Studies for the Biosorption of Cu(II)…
www.ijesi.org 32 | Page
so close to unity except for zinc. This means that when compared with the Langmuir model, the freundlich
model did not provide a good fit for the experimental data
.
Figure
4.4.3. Temkin isotherm
This isotherm assumes that the fall in the heat of sorption is linear rather than logarithmic, as implied in
the freundlich equation [27]. It takes into account, the interaction between adsorbents and metal ions to be
adsorbed. The linearized form of the equation is shown in (6).
qe = BlnA + BlnCe (6)
Where B (B=RT/b) and A is temkin constant.
The temkin isotherm parameters are shown in table 2. The temkin isotherm plots for copper and zinc
biosorption are also shown in fig 9 and 10 respectively. Zinc had a higher R2
values than copper (see TABLE 2).
The constants B which is related to the heat of adsorption was higher for copper than zinc. A (L/min), which is
the equilibrium binding constant corresponding to the maximum binding energy was also higher for copper than
zinc (table 2).
7. Equilibrium isotherm Studies for the Biosorption of Cu(II)…
www.ijesi.org 33 | Page
4.4.4. Redlich-peterson isotherm model.
This equation incorporates three parameters into an empirical isotherm and therefore can be applied
either in homogenous or heterogenous systems due to its high versatility [28]. Incorporating the features of
Langmuir and freundlich, at low concentrations, the isotherm approximates to Henry’s law and at high
concentrations, it behaves like freundlich isotherm. The linearized form of the equation is shown below.
ln ((KRCe/qe)-1) = lnaR + βlnCe (7)
The parameter KR is varied to obtain the maximum value of the correlation coefficient for the
regression of ln(KRCe/qe - 1) versus lnCe. The values of the constants are shown in table 2. The R-P isotherm
plots for copper and Zinc are also shown in fig 11 and 12 respectively.
The highest value for the regression R2
was obtained at Kr value of 0.1. The R2
value for the biosorption unto
ULFPT was higher for Zinc than copper, likewise the ar value. The closeness of the R2
values to unity shows
that this model provided the best fit for the experimental data. Copper however had a higher β value than zinc.
4.4.5. Scatchard plot analysis
Also called the independent site-oriented model, gives more comprehensive information about the
affinity of binding sites [16]. This analysis was applied to the experimental data and the expression is shown in
(8).
qe/ce = qmaxb – qeb (8)
a plot of qe/ce against qe allows other constants (qmax and b) to be determined. The shape of the plot relates the
adsorbate/adsorbent interaction. If the plot of qe/ce against ce gives a straight line, then only one type of binding
site is present in the adsorbent but if the plot shows deviation from linearity, the adsorbent presents more than
one type of binding sites [30]. The scatchard plot constants are shown in table 2. The scatchard plots for copper
and zinc are also shown in fig 13 and 14 respectively.
8. Equilibrium isotherm Studies for the Biosorption of Cu(II)…
www.ijesi.org 34 | Page
From table 2,the calculated values of b and qmax from Langmuir isotherm were close to those
calculated from the scatchard analysis and this corresponds to the low affinity binding sites(R2
<1.0). It can then
be assumed that the biosorption of copper and zinc by the adsorbate is mainly attributed to low affinity binding
sites. The plots show deviation from linearity (see fig 13 and fig 14). It can also be assumed that the adsorbent
presented more than one binding sites.
V. CONCLUSION
The study was carried out on unmodified ligno-cellulosic fibrous layer of palm tree trunk to see its
potentials for removal of metal ions from simulated waste water using batch sorption techniques.
The percentage removal of Cu and Zn ions decreased with increase in the concentration of the metal ions and
increased with increase in contact time up to a certain level. Cu ion removal was highest at pH 5.0 while that of
Zn was at pH 6.0
The non-linearity of scatchard plots in this study reveals different affinity binding sites of ULFPT
towards metal ions.
` These results suggest that ULFPT can be applied as a low-cost adsorbent for copper and zinc ions
removal from waste water.
References
[1]. T.D Luckey, B. venugopal. Metal toxicity in mammals, physiologic and chemical basis for metal toxicity, vol 1,plenum press,
newyork and London. 1977
[2]. G.W Goldstein. lead poisoning and brain cell function, environ. Health perspective, vol 89, 1990, 91-94.
[3]. R. Freedman, L.Olson, B.J.Hoffer. Toxic effect of lead on neuronal development and function, envir. Health perp, 89, 1990, 27-
33.
[4]. Y.S Ho, J.S Porter, G.Mckay. Equilibrium isotherm studies for the sorption of divalent metal ions onto peat. Copper, Nickel and
lead single component systems. Kluwer acad. Pub. Water, air, and soil pollution,141, 2001, 1-33
[5]. R.R. Bansode, J.N Losso, W.E Marshall., R.M Rao., R.J Portier. Adsorption of metal ions by pecan shell-based granular
activated carbons. Bioresource technology, 89, 2003, 115-119.
[6]. M.A Abuh., G.K Akpomie., N.K Nwagbara., .N Abia-Bassey, D.I Ape., .B.U Ayabie. Kinetic rate equations application on the
removal of copper(II) and Zinc(II) by unmodified lignocellulosic fibrous layer of palm tree trunk- Single component system
studies. International journal of basic and applied sciences, vol 01, No 4,2013, 800-809.
9. Equilibrium isotherm Studies for the Biosorption of Cu(II)…
www.ijesi.org 35 | Page
[7]. C.Y Abasi, A.A Abia, J.C Igwe, Adsorption of iron(III), lead(II) and cadmium(II) ions by unmodified Raphia palm( Raphia
Hookeri) fruit endocarp. Environmental Research journal, vol 5, 3, 2011, 104-113
[8]. F.Gode, E.petilivan, Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by two lewitit-anion exchange resins. J.Hazard mat.B119, 2005,
175-182.
[9]. G. Karthikeyan, S.Siva-Ilango. Equilibrium sorption studies of Fe, Cu and Co ions in aqueous medium using activated carbon
prepared from Recinus communis linn. J.applied sciences and env. Management. Vol 12, 2, 2008 81-87
[10]. G.K Akpomie, I.C Ogbu, A.A.Osunkunle, M.A Abuh., and M.N Abonyi. Equilibrium isotherm studies on the sorption of Pb(II)
from solution by Ehandiagu clay. J.Emerg.trends.Eng.appl.sci. (JETEAS). 3(2), 2012, 354-358.
[11]. E.L Cochrane., S.Lu, S.W.Gibba, I.Villaescusa. A comparative of low cost biosorbents and commercial sorbents for the removal
of copper from aqueous media. J. hazard mat. B137, 2006, 198-206
[12]. I.Gulnaziya, K.A.Mohammed, M.Nik, S.Nik. Removal of lead from aqueous solutions on palm shell activated carbon.
Bioresource technology 97, 2006, 2350-2355.
[13]. R.Elangoyan, L. Pilip. and K.Chandraraj, Biosorption of chromium species by aquatic weeds; kinetic and mechanism studies.
J.hazard mat, vol 152, 2008, 100-112.
[14]. N. Ertugay. and Y.K. Bayham. Biosorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions by biomass of agaricus bisporus. J.Haz. mater.154,
2008. 432-439.
[15]. N.A.A Babarinde., J.O Babalola. The biosorption of Pb(II) from solution by elephant grass(pennisetum purpureum): kinetics,
Equilibrium , and thermodynamics studies .Pacific journal of science and technology,vol 11, no 1, 2010, 622-629.
[16]. T.S Anirudhan., P.S Suchithra. Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics modeling for the adsorption of heavy metals onto
chemically modified hydrotalcite. Indian journal of chemical technology, vol 17, 2010, 247-259.
[17]. M. Imamoglu, and O.Tekir. Removal of copper (II) and lead(II) ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption on activated carbon
from a new precursor hazelnut husks. Desalination, 228(1-3), 2008, 108-113.
[18]. B. Das., and N.K Mondal. Calcerous soils as a new adsorbent to remove lead from aqueous solution: equilibrium,kinetics and
thermodynamic studies. Univ. j.Env.Res.Tech.,vol 1, 4, 2011, 515-530
[19]. Z.Aksu. Biosorption of reactive dyes by dried activated sludge. Equilibrium and kinetic modeling. Biochem. Eng.J. 7, 2001, 79-
84.
[20]. M.Amini, H.Younesi, N.Bahramifar, A.A.Z.Loretstani., F.Ghorbani, A Daneshi, .M Sharfzadeh, Application of response surface
methodology for optimization of lead biosortion in an aqueous solution by aspergillus niger. J.Haz. mater. 154, 2008, 694-702.
[21]. N.A.A Babarinde., J.O Babalola., and S.O Sanni. Biosorption of lead ions from aqueous solution by maize leaf, international
journal of physical science. 1, 2006, 23-26
[22]. A.E Ofomaja., E.I Unabonah., and N.A Oladoja. Competitive modeling for the biosorptive removal of copper and lead ions from
aqueous solution by mansonia wood sawdust. Bioresource technol, 101(11), 2010, 3844-3852.
[23]. R. Vimala. and N Das. Biosorption of cadmium and lead (II) from aqueous solutions using mushrooms: a comparative study.
J.Haz.Mater.168, 2009, 376-382.
[24]. T.S.Anirudhan..,and P.G Radhakrishnan, Thermodynamics and kinetics of adsorption of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions onto a
new cation exchanger derived from tamarind fruit shell. J.Chem.Therm.40(4), 2008. 702-709.
[25]. S.Mor, K.Ravidra, N.R Bishnoi. Adsorption of Cr (IV) from aqueous solutions by activated alumina and activated carbon.
Biores. Tech.1(8), 2007; 954-957.
[26]. J.T. Nwabanne, P.K.Igbokwe. Mechanism of copper (II) removal from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from
different agricultural materials. Int.journal of multidisciplinary sciences and engineering.vol 3. No 7, 2012; 2045-7057.
[27]. C.Aharoni, and M.Ungarish . Kinetics of activated chemisorptions. Part 2. Theoretical models; J.chem.Soc.Far.Trans. 73, 1977;
456-464.
[28]. Y.S Ho, W.T.Chiu, C.T Huang. Sorption of lead ions from aqueous solution using tree fern as adsorbent. Hydrometallurgy, 73,
2004. 55-61.
[29]. S.E.Bailay., T.J Olin, R.M.Bricka, D.D.Adrian. A review of potentially low cost adsorbents for heavy metals. Wat. Res 33. 1999;
2469-2479.
[30]. T.Wu, S.Zhang, X.Guo and H.Huang. Bioresource technology.99, 2008; 7709