International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Javanese volcanic allophane adsorbent as heavy metal adsorber to improve the ...Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes the use of natural allophane from Javanese volcanoes as an adsorbent for removing heavy metals from water.
- Characterization of the allophane samples using NaF, pH, FTIR, and XRD testing confirmed the presence of allophane.
- Activation of the allophane in NaOH solutions was found to increase its acidity and adsorption capacity for heavy metals like chromium, iron, cadmium, copper, lead, and manganese by 50-100% compared to non-activated allophane.
Measuring Trace Concentrations of Phosphorus in Lake Auburn, ME using UV-Visi...Hannah Kiesler
This document presents a year-long thesis project analyzing methods to measure trace concentrations of phosphorus in Lake Auburn, Maine. The introduction provides background on the global phosphorus cycle and its importance in aquatic ecosystems. It describes how phosphorus naturally cycles through soil weathering and uptake by plants and animals, and how human activities have altered these cycles. Two analytical chemistry methods are tested: UV-visible spectrophotometry using the phosphomolybdate blue complex reaction, and chemiluminescence. The results suggest the chemiluminescence method provides better accuracy for measuring low phosphorus concentrations in freshwater samples like Lake Auburn.
This document presents the results of an analysis of soil samples from an agricultural field in India to study the role of trace elements in optimizing crop yields. Soil samples were collected from plots with different fertilizer treatments and analyzed using EDXRF to determine concentrations of 8 trace elements. Highest yields of wheat and rice were obtained from plots treated with farmyard manure and 100% NPK fertilizers. Concentrations of some micronutrients like Cu and Zn were also highest in these plots. Empirical relationships between concentration and atomic number were determined using a cubic spline method. The techniques and results provide information on optimizing fertilizer use to improve soil quality and crop production.
A Review on Removal and Recovery of Phosphorus and Nitrogen from Domestic Was...paperpublications3
This document reviews struvite crystallization as a method to remove and recover phosphorus and nitrogen from domestic wastewater. Struvite crystallization occurs through an equimolar reaction between magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate ions under alkaline conditions. Factors that influence struvite formation include pH, temperature, aeration rate, and the presence of other ions. The document describes several lab-scale experiments investigating struvite precipitation from different wastewater sources using various magnesium sources. The experiments demonstrated high removal of phosphorus and nitrogen, producing struvite fertilizer. Struvite crystallization is an effective nutrient recovery process that can ease eutrophication while providing a slow-release fertilizer.
Heavy metals contamination at whitespots – conlig, newtownards, northern irel...Alexander Decker
This study investigated heavy metal contamination at an abandoned lead mine in Northern Ireland. Soil samples were collected from 7 vertical profiles down to 80cm depth and analyzed for moisture content, pH, minerals using XRD and PXRF spectrometry, and heavy metals using ICP-MS. The results showed elevated levels of lead and other heavy metals accumulated in the topsoil of some profiles, likely due to surface runoff transporting contaminated materials. The clay-rich and slightly alkaline soil composition helped immobilize some heavy metals while allowing limited leaching of others like zinc. The dispersion of contaminants occurred through both surface water flow transporting particles and lateral migration of contaminated spoil materials.
The document discusses a study that examined the ability of the fungus Fusarium oxysporium to remediate heavy metals in irradiated and non-irradiated sewage sludge. Sewage sludge samples were incubated with or without the fungus over time intervals of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. The highest cadmium levels were found in non-irradiated sewage sludge without fungus, while the lowest levels were found in irradiated sewage sludge without fungus. Cadmium levels generally decreased over time in all treatments as incubation continued. The fungus was able to reduce levels of some heavy metals like copper and lead in the sewage sludge compared to treatments without fungus
Javanese volcanic allophane adsorbent as heavy metal adsorber to improve the ...Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes the use of natural allophane from Javanese volcanoes as an adsorbent for removing heavy metals from water.
- Characterization of the allophane samples using NaF, pH, FTIR, and XRD testing confirmed the presence of allophane.
- Activation of the allophane in NaOH solutions was found to increase its acidity and adsorption capacity for heavy metals like chromium, iron, cadmium, copper, lead, and manganese by 50-100% compared to non-activated allophane.
Measuring Trace Concentrations of Phosphorus in Lake Auburn, ME using UV-Visi...Hannah Kiesler
This document presents a year-long thesis project analyzing methods to measure trace concentrations of phosphorus in Lake Auburn, Maine. The introduction provides background on the global phosphorus cycle and its importance in aquatic ecosystems. It describes how phosphorus naturally cycles through soil weathering and uptake by plants and animals, and how human activities have altered these cycles. Two analytical chemistry methods are tested: UV-visible spectrophotometry using the phosphomolybdate blue complex reaction, and chemiluminescence. The results suggest the chemiluminescence method provides better accuracy for measuring low phosphorus concentrations in freshwater samples like Lake Auburn.
This document presents the results of an analysis of soil samples from an agricultural field in India to study the role of trace elements in optimizing crop yields. Soil samples were collected from plots with different fertilizer treatments and analyzed using EDXRF to determine concentrations of 8 trace elements. Highest yields of wheat and rice were obtained from plots treated with farmyard manure and 100% NPK fertilizers. Concentrations of some micronutrients like Cu and Zn were also highest in these plots. Empirical relationships between concentration and atomic number were determined using a cubic spline method. The techniques and results provide information on optimizing fertilizer use to improve soil quality and crop production.
A Review on Removal and Recovery of Phosphorus and Nitrogen from Domestic Was...paperpublications3
This document reviews struvite crystallization as a method to remove and recover phosphorus and nitrogen from domestic wastewater. Struvite crystallization occurs through an equimolar reaction between magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate ions under alkaline conditions. Factors that influence struvite formation include pH, temperature, aeration rate, and the presence of other ions. The document describes several lab-scale experiments investigating struvite precipitation from different wastewater sources using various magnesium sources. The experiments demonstrated high removal of phosphorus and nitrogen, producing struvite fertilizer. Struvite crystallization is an effective nutrient recovery process that can ease eutrophication while providing a slow-release fertilizer.
Heavy metals contamination at whitespots – conlig, newtownards, northern irel...Alexander Decker
This study investigated heavy metal contamination at an abandoned lead mine in Northern Ireland. Soil samples were collected from 7 vertical profiles down to 80cm depth and analyzed for moisture content, pH, minerals using XRD and PXRF spectrometry, and heavy metals using ICP-MS. The results showed elevated levels of lead and other heavy metals accumulated in the topsoil of some profiles, likely due to surface runoff transporting contaminated materials. The clay-rich and slightly alkaline soil composition helped immobilize some heavy metals while allowing limited leaching of others like zinc. The dispersion of contaminants occurred through both surface water flow transporting particles and lateral migration of contaminated spoil materials.
The document discusses a study that examined the ability of the fungus Fusarium oxysporium to remediate heavy metals in irradiated and non-irradiated sewage sludge. Sewage sludge samples were incubated with or without the fungus over time intervals of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. The highest cadmium levels were found in non-irradiated sewage sludge without fungus, while the lowest levels were found in irradiated sewage sludge without fungus. Cadmium levels generally decreased over time in all treatments as incubation continued. The fungus was able to reduce levels of some heavy metals like copper and lead in the sewage sludge compared to treatments without fungus
This document summarizes a seminar on using isotopes in soil and plant studies. It discusses the history and units of radioactivity, different types of isotopes, and monitoring instruments like Geiger counters. Key applications mentioned include using isotopes as tracers to study groundwater movement, fertilizer usage, soil carbon and nitrogen cycling, and erosion. The document concludes by outlining some future research areas like using isotope signatures to study plant silicon, heavy metal cycling and accumulation, and the effects of biochar application.
This study analyzed changes in the microbial community at different stages of an air sparging bioremediation treatment of soil highly contaminated with jet fuel and BTEX compounds. Microbial community composition and biomass were monitored using phospholipid fatty acid profiling and 16S rRNA gene analysis. Initially, the community was dominated by Pseudomonads under high contamination. As treatment progressed and contaminant levels decreased, biomass and diversity increased. The community shifted to a more complex composition with diverse bacterial taxa, indicating selection pressure from contaminants was reduced as bioremediation succeeded.
This review summarizes rare earth doped apatite nanomaterials and their potential for biological applications. Rare earth doped apatite nanoparticles (REAnps) have advantages over traditional fluorophores like long fluorescence lifetimes, sharp emission peaks, and resistance to photobleaching. REAnps can be synthesized through various methods and doped with lanthanide ions like Eu3+, Tb3+, and Er3+ to emit different colors. REAnps show potential for use as biological labels due to their photostability and low toxicity. The review discusses the characteristics, synthesis, and applications of REAnps as well as future studies needed for their effective use in biology.
Determination of some heavy metals in soil samples obtained from rimi local g...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes heavy metal concentrations in soil samples from Rimi Local Government in Katsina State, Nigeria using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The highest mean concentrations found were: lead (8.3 mg/g), chromium (3.125 mg/g), iron (14.2 mg/g), zinc (4.2 mg/g), potassium (218.7 mg/g), magnesium (68.75 mg/g), and sodium (1446.45 mg/g). These levels were below international guidelines for heavy metals in agricultural land. However, remediation of contaminated soils is recommended to reduce health risks and allow safe agricultural use of the land.
Determination of heavy metals in sediments of masingaAlexander Decker
The document analyzes heavy metal concentrations in sediments from Masinga Reservoir in Kenya. Samples were taken from five sites in the reservoir between January 2013 and December 2013 and analyzed for copper, zinc, lead, chromium, and manganese using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Copper, chromium, and manganese concentrations showed significant differences between sites. Copper and zinc levels were below WHO standards at all sites. However, chromium exceeded WHO limits at one site, indicating untreated industrial and sewage waste entering the reservoir at that location.
Heavy metals and acid rain were applied over 4 years to a model forest ecosystem to study their effects on soil microbial communities. Microbial biomass, basal respiration, and hydrolase enzyme activities were reduced by heavy metal contamination, especially in combination with acid rain. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids and genetic fingerprints showed that heavy metals altered the structure of bacterial communities over time. While soil pH and available heavy metal levels were similar between treatments with just heavy metals and those with both heavy metals and acid rain, the combined treatment had more drastic negative effects on the microbial community. This suggests that acid rain exacerbates the toxicity of heavy metals to soil microorganisms.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed various biological techniques, including phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and Biolog substrate utilization profiles, to assess the impact of acid rock drainage (ARD) on microbial communities in sediments and waters of an Australian river system affected by a pyrite mine. Redundancy analysis of the PLFA and Biolog data identified pH as the main factor influencing microbial community composition. Sites impacted by ARD, salinity, and eutrophication could be separated based on multivariate analysis of the biological data and water quality parameters.
Thermoluminescence is light emission from materials when they are heated after being exposed to radiation. This phenomenon was discovered in photosynthetic materials in the 1950s. The document discusses the use of thermoluminescence to study the effects of various chemicals on photosystem II activity in Chlorella cells. It finds good correlation between reduced photosystem II activity and algal growth inhibition for most chemicals. The document provides an overview of the history and development of using thermoluminescence to study photosynthesis, including identification of components involved in generating the glow curves observed. It describes how cooling and heating photosynthetic membranes in the dark produces light emission at distinct temperatures.
This document discusses using phosphate oxygen isotope ratios (δ18OP) to better understand phosphorus cycling in agricultural soils. It presents the goals of developing δ18OP as a tracer to identify the bioavailable P fraction in soils and track the long-term fate of externally applied P. It describes sample processing methods, measurement techniques, and initial findings showing transformation of fertilizer P into recalcitrant apatite P pools in agricultural soils. The document concludes that stable isotope labeling and tracking allows a deeper understanding of P sources, transfer, and transformations in natural environments.
The Contribution of Phytoplankton to the Primary Production in Floodplain Lak...Premier Publishers
This study aimed to estimate photosynthetic productivity of phytoplankton and water quality in two floodplain lakes of north Bihar, India. Gross phytoplankton productivity ranged from 1.849 g Cm-2day-1 to 4.994 g Cm-2day-1 at Tarawe chaur and 1.319 g Cm-2day-1 to 3.965 g Cm-2day-1 at Gamharia chaur. The net primary productivity measured as 1.037 g Cm-2day-1 to 3.849 g Cm-2day-1 at Tarawe chaur and 1.003 g Cm-2day-1 to 2.621 g Cm-2day-1 at Gamharia chaur. Primary productivity (GPP and NPP) of phytoplankton show a single annual peak. Respiration rates varied between 0.428 g Cm-2day-1 to 2.017 g Cm-2day-1 at Tarawe chaur and 0.489 g Cm-2day-1 to 1.475 g Cm-2day-1 at Gamharia chaur. Seasonal variation in phytoplankton gross and the net productivity was almost similar, highest in summer and lowest in winter. NPP/GPP ratio and respiration as percentage of gross production were computed. Physico-chemical parameters of water were analysed concurrently.
Hrustić et al final revised in Biogeosciences 2017Enis Hrustic
This document describes a bioassay used to explore nitrogen and phosphorus limitation in coastal waters. Samples were collected from the Baltic Sea and North Sea and tested in the bioassay. The bioassay involves measuring alkaline phosphatase activity over a matrix of nitrogen and phosphorus additions, allowing determination of primary and secondary nutrient limitation. Tests on Baltic Sea samples indicated nitrogen limitation, while North Sea samples initially showed phosphorus limitation but shifted towards nitrogen limitation with longer incubation times. The nitrogen to phosphorus consumption ratios varied between locations. The bioassay provided information on nutrient limitation but did not detect significant effects of ocean acidification in samples from mesocosm experiments.
The document assessed the effect of pH on soils used for agriculture in Kaduna, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from 21 irrigated farmlands and one control site. Most samples had acidic pH levels, with the lowest at Nasarawa and Kawo (pH 5.8). Kurmin Mashi had the highest pH of 8.5. Statistical analysis found significant pH differences between sites. Sites with lowest pH included Kawo, Nasarawa, and the control, while the highest were Unguwan Dosa and Kurmin Mashi. The variation in soil pH was attributed to excessive fertilizer and chemical use as well as human activities like waste water irrigation.
SEDIMENT QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF AVARAGERE LAKE, DAVANAGERE CITY - A CASE STUDYAM Publications
Avaragere Lake in Davangere was studied for chemical and physical parameters at five locations, for a period of six months (April 2014 to Sep 2014). Lake has been subjected to human interferences regularly and water quality was to be getting deteriorated profoundly. Major anthropogenic activities practiced in and around the stretch: agriculture, discharging of sewage waste etc was generating serious threat to the biota of the lake by altering the physical, chemical and biological concentration of the lake system. The other possibility is that since there are no major industries in the project area, the major source of organic pollutants is only the domestic source.
Monthly data’s been collected. Different parameters studied were pH, Conductivity, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, iron, organothiophosphate and pyrethroid content. The results obtained from the above study indicate that the water of Avaragere Lake organothiophosphate and pyrethroid content shows very low concentrations even at nanogram. Manganese and iron concentrations of sediment sample in avaragere lake shows high level of pollution and ecological balance of Lake is totally disturbed.
This document describes research on nitrogen transformations in aquaponic systems. The objectives were to quantify the impact of physical and chemical variables on nitrogen transformations, evaluate transformations of different nitrogen forms under various conditions, examine ecologically important species, and investigate greenhouse gas emissions. Experiments were conducted with different hydraulic loading rates, pH levels, plant species, and sediment draining frequencies. The results showed that nitrate accumulation was affected by loading rate, pH, and plant uptake rate, while nitrogen loss occurred through denitrification. Microbial analyses provided insight into nitrifying bacteria populations and their role in the nitrogen cycle.
Study on Quality of Soil: Part-II. Simultaneous Determination of Cu, Pb, Cd, ...BRNSS Publication Hub
The analytical procedure has been developed for simultaneous determination of the toxic trace metals Cu, Pb, Cd, and Znin soil samples from Bhusawal, employing electrochemical techniques, namely square wave voltammetry, differential pulse polarographic, and anodic stripping voltammetry (DP-ASV) techniques at hanging mercury drop electrode. The soil samples were collected from Bhusawal area, at five points, in March 2016. The metals were made free from any interference, and the applicability of the method has been proved by the analysis of soil samples from polluted and non-polluted area. Accuracy is verified by employing atomic absorption spectrometry. Simultaneous determination by the polarographic and voltammetric method for studied four metals and calculation of concentration level of each metal in the collected samples from the selected area was studied. The results and conclusions were discussed.
Use of Stable isotope for soil plant nutrition studiesP.K. Mani
- Isotope techniques using 15N are useful for tracing nitrogen pathways and quantifying nitrogen use efficiency in soil-plant systems.
- 15N does not pose health hazards like radioactive isotopes and its use does not require special permitting. However, 15N-labeled fertilizers can be costly.
- Case studies have examined the effects of fertilizer type and application timing on nitrogen uptake and partitioning in crops like rice and corn using 15N labeling. These studies provide insights into nitrogen cycling and losses like ammonia volatilization.
- 15N techniques can distinguish nitrogen sources in the environment and agriculture, helping to identify causes of groundwater nitrate pollution. Overall, 15N isotopic tracing is a valuable tool
Phosphorus speciation in drinking water treatment residualsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to analyze the speciation of phosphorus (P) in soils amended with biosolids and drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Two incubation experiments were conducted, one using soils from Egypt and one using soils from the United States. The experiments involved amending the soils with varying rates of biosolids and WTRs and analyzing the resulting P species after incubation periods of 60 days and 30 days, respectively. The results from both experiments indicated that the dominant P species formed depended on the soil type and application rates of biosolids and WTRs.
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
Byzantine traditions influenced art in Ukraine, such as the mosaics and frescoes of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv from that period. Portrait painting emerged as a separate genre during the Renaissance, often depicting nobles and Cossack chiefs. In the 18th century, many Ukrainian painters were attracted to study at the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg, bringing their work more in line with European classical styles. Ukrainian art in the 19th century was closely connected to the work of Taras Shevchenko, and landscape painting grew as a separate genre represented by artists like Ivan Sochenko, Arkhip Kuindzhi, and Ivan Aivazovskyi. In the 20th century, art
This document summarizes a seminar on using isotopes in soil and plant studies. It discusses the history and units of radioactivity, different types of isotopes, and monitoring instruments like Geiger counters. Key applications mentioned include using isotopes as tracers to study groundwater movement, fertilizer usage, soil carbon and nitrogen cycling, and erosion. The document concludes by outlining some future research areas like using isotope signatures to study plant silicon, heavy metal cycling and accumulation, and the effects of biochar application.
This study analyzed changes in the microbial community at different stages of an air sparging bioremediation treatment of soil highly contaminated with jet fuel and BTEX compounds. Microbial community composition and biomass were monitored using phospholipid fatty acid profiling and 16S rRNA gene analysis. Initially, the community was dominated by Pseudomonads under high contamination. As treatment progressed and contaminant levels decreased, biomass and diversity increased. The community shifted to a more complex composition with diverse bacterial taxa, indicating selection pressure from contaminants was reduced as bioremediation succeeded.
This review summarizes rare earth doped apatite nanomaterials and their potential for biological applications. Rare earth doped apatite nanoparticles (REAnps) have advantages over traditional fluorophores like long fluorescence lifetimes, sharp emission peaks, and resistance to photobleaching. REAnps can be synthesized through various methods and doped with lanthanide ions like Eu3+, Tb3+, and Er3+ to emit different colors. REAnps show potential for use as biological labels due to their photostability and low toxicity. The review discusses the characteristics, synthesis, and applications of REAnps as well as future studies needed for their effective use in biology.
Determination of some heavy metals in soil samples obtained from rimi local g...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes heavy metal concentrations in soil samples from Rimi Local Government in Katsina State, Nigeria using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The highest mean concentrations found were: lead (8.3 mg/g), chromium (3.125 mg/g), iron (14.2 mg/g), zinc (4.2 mg/g), potassium (218.7 mg/g), magnesium (68.75 mg/g), and sodium (1446.45 mg/g). These levels were below international guidelines for heavy metals in agricultural land. However, remediation of contaminated soils is recommended to reduce health risks and allow safe agricultural use of the land.
Determination of heavy metals in sediments of masingaAlexander Decker
The document analyzes heavy metal concentrations in sediments from Masinga Reservoir in Kenya. Samples were taken from five sites in the reservoir between January 2013 and December 2013 and analyzed for copper, zinc, lead, chromium, and manganese using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Copper, chromium, and manganese concentrations showed significant differences between sites. Copper and zinc levels were below WHO standards at all sites. However, chromium exceeded WHO limits at one site, indicating untreated industrial and sewage waste entering the reservoir at that location.
Heavy metals and acid rain were applied over 4 years to a model forest ecosystem to study their effects on soil microbial communities. Microbial biomass, basal respiration, and hydrolase enzyme activities were reduced by heavy metal contamination, especially in combination with acid rain. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids and genetic fingerprints showed that heavy metals altered the structure of bacterial communities over time. While soil pH and available heavy metal levels were similar between treatments with just heavy metals and those with both heavy metals and acid rain, the combined treatment had more drastic negative effects on the microbial community. This suggests that acid rain exacerbates the toxicity of heavy metals to soil microorganisms.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed various biological techniques, including phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and Biolog substrate utilization profiles, to assess the impact of acid rock drainage (ARD) on microbial communities in sediments and waters of an Australian river system affected by a pyrite mine. Redundancy analysis of the PLFA and Biolog data identified pH as the main factor influencing microbial community composition. Sites impacted by ARD, salinity, and eutrophication could be separated based on multivariate analysis of the biological data and water quality parameters.
Thermoluminescence is light emission from materials when they are heated after being exposed to radiation. This phenomenon was discovered in photosynthetic materials in the 1950s. The document discusses the use of thermoluminescence to study the effects of various chemicals on photosystem II activity in Chlorella cells. It finds good correlation between reduced photosystem II activity and algal growth inhibition for most chemicals. The document provides an overview of the history and development of using thermoluminescence to study photosynthesis, including identification of components involved in generating the glow curves observed. It describes how cooling and heating photosynthetic membranes in the dark produces light emission at distinct temperatures.
This document discusses using phosphate oxygen isotope ratios (δ18OP) to better understand phosphorus cycling in agricultural soils. It presents the goals of developing δ18OP as a tracer to identify the bioavailable P fraction in soils and track the long-term fate of externally applied P. It describes sample processing methods, measurement techniques, and initial findings showing transformation of fertilizer P into recalcitrant apatite P pools in agricultural soils. The document concludes that stable isotope labeling and tracking allows a deeper understanding of P sources, transfer, and transformations in natural environments.
The Contribution of Phytoplankton to the Primary Production in Floodplain Lak...Premier Publishers
This study aimed to estimate photosynthetic productivity of phytoplankton and water quality in two floodplain lakes of north Bihar, India. Gross phytoplankton productivity ranged from 1.849 g Cm-2day-1 to 4.994 g Cm-2day-1 at Tarawe chaur and 1.319 g Cm-2day-1 to 3.965 g Cm-2day-1 at Gamharia chaur. The net primary productivity measured as 1.037 g Cm-2day-1 to 3.849 g Cm-2day-1 at Tarawe chaur and 1.003 g Cm-2day-1 to 2.621 g Cm-2day-1 at Gamharia chaur. Primary productivity (GPP and NPP) of phytoplankton show a single annual peak. Respiration rates varied between 0.428 g Cm-2day-1 to 2.017 g Cm-2day-1 at Tarawe chaur and 0.489 g Cm-2day-1 to 1.475 g Cm-2day-1 at Gamharia chaur. Seasonal variation in phytoplankton gross and the net productivity was almost similar, highest in summer and lowest in winter. NPP/GPP ratio and respiration as percentage of gross production were computed. Physico-chemical parameters of water were analysed concurrently.
Hrustić et al final revised in Biogeosciences 2017Enis Hrustic
This document describes a bioassay used to explore nitrogen and phosphorus limitation in coastal waters. Samples were collected from the Baltic Sea and North Sea and tested in the bioassay. The bioassay involves measuring alkaline phosphatase activity over a matrix of nitrogen and phosphorus additions, allowing determination of primary and secondary nutrient limitation. Tests on Baltic Sea samples indicated nitrogen limitation, while North Sea samples initially showed phosphorus limitation but shifted towards nitrogen limitation with longer incubation times. The nitrogen to phosphorus consumption ratios varied between locations. The bioassay provided information on nutrient limitation but did not detect significant effects of ocean acidification in samples from mesocosm experiments.
The document assessed the effect of pH on soils used for agriculture in Kaduna, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from 21 irrigated farmlands and one control site. Most samples had acidic pH levels, with the lowest at Nasarawa and Kawo (pH 5.8). Kurmin Mashi had the highest pH of 8.5. Statistical analysis found significant pH differences between sites. Sites with lowest pH included Kawo, Nasarawa, and the control, while the highest were Unguwan Dosa and Kurmin Mashi. The variation in soil pH was attributed to excessive fertilizer and chemical use as well as human activities like waste water irrigation.
SEDIMENT QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF AVARAGERE LAKE, DAVANAGERE CITY - A CASE STUDYAM Publications
Avaragere Lake in Davangere was studied for chemical and physical parameters at five locations, for a period of six months (April 2014 to Sep 2014). Lake has been subjected to human interferences regularly and water quality was to be getting deteriorated profoundly. Major anthropogenic activities practiced in and around the stretch: agriculture, discharging of sewage waste etc was generating serious threat to the biota of the lake by altering the physical, chemical and biological concentration of the lake system. The other possibility is that since there are no major industries in the project area, the major source of organic pollutants is only the domestic source.
Monthly data’s been collected. Different parameters studied were pH, Conductivity, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, iron, organothiophosphate and pyrethroid content. The results obtained from the above study indicate that the water of Avaragere Lake organothiophosphate and pyrethroid content shows very low concentrations even at nanogram. Manganese and iron concentrations of sediment sample in avaragere lake shows high level of pollution and ecological balance of Lake is totally disturbed.
This document describes research on nitrogen transformations in aquaponic systems. The objectives were to quantify the impact of physical and chemical variables on nitrogen transformations, evaluate transformations of different nitrogen forms under various conditions, examine ecologically important species, and investigate greenhouse gas emissions. Experiments were conducted with different hydraulic loading rates, pH levels, plant species, and sediment draining frequencies. The results showed that nitrate accumulation was affected by loading rate, pH, and plant uptake rate, while nitrogen loss occurred through denitrification. Microbial analyses provided insight into nitrifying bacteria populations and their role in the nitrogen cycle.
Study on Quality of Soil: Part-II. Simultaneous Determination of Cu, Pb, Cd, ...BRNSS Publication Hub
The analytical procedure has been developed for simultaneous determination of the toxic trace metals Cu, Pb, Cd, and Znin soil samples from Bhusawal, employing electrochemical techniques, namely square wave voltammetry, differential pulse polarographic, and anodic stripping voltammetry (DP-ASV) techniques at hanging mercury drop electrode. The soil samples were collected from Bhusawal area, at five points, in March 2016. The metals were made free from any interference, and the applicability of the method has been proved by the analysis of soil samples from polluted and non-polluted area. Accuracy is verified by employing atomic absorption spectrometry. Simultaneous determination by the polarographic and voltammetric method for studied four metals and calculation of concentration level of each metal in the collected samples from the selected area was studied. The results and conclusions were discussed.
Use of Stable isotope for soil plant nutrition studiesP.K. Mani
- Isotope techniques using 15N are useful for tracing nitrogen pathways and quantifying nitrogen use efficiency in soil-plant systems.
- 15N does not pose health hazards like radioactive isotopes and its use does not require special permitting. However, 15N-labeled fertilizers can be costly.
- Case studies have examined the effects of fertilizer type and application timing on nitrogen uptake and partitioning in crops like rice and corn using 15N labeling. These studies provide insights into nitrogen cycling and losses like ammonia volatilization.
- 15N techniques can distinguish nitrogen sources in the environment and agriculture, helping to identify causes of groundwater nitrate pollution. Overall, 15N isotopic tracing is a valuable tool
Phosphorus speciation in drinking water treatment residualsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to analyze the speciation of phosphorus (P) in soils amended with biosolids and drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Two incubation experiments were conducted, one using soils from Egypt and one using soils from the United States. The experiments involved amending the soils with varying rates of biosolids and WTRs and analyzing the resulting P species after incubation periods of 60 days and 30 days, respectively. The results from both experiments indicated that the dominant P species formed depended on the soil type and application rates of biosolids and WTRs.
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
Byzantine traditions influenced art in Ukraine, such as the mosaics and frescoes of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv from that period. Portrait painting emerged as a separate genre during the Renaissance, often depicting nobles and Cossack chiefs. In the 18th century, many Ukrainian painters were attracted to study at the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg, bringing their work more in line with European classical styles. Ukrainian art in the 19th century was closely connected to the work of Taras Shevchenko, and landscape painting grew as a separate genre represented by artists like Ivan Sochenko, Arkhip Kuindzhi, and Ivan Aivazovskyi. In the 20th century, art
This document discusses extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to better explain consumer adoption of e-shopping in Turkey. The extended model adds factors like perceived trust, enjoyment, information quality, system quality and service quality to the core TAM constructs of perceived usefulness and ease of use. The extended model is tested using survey data from 606 Turkish internet users. The results support the original TAM findings but also show the added external factors help explain e-shopping adoption. Security concerns were a major reason cited by Turkish consumers for not engaging in e-shopping.
Once an austrian went yodeling a.c. pfitznermusicquilt
An Austrian man went yodeling on a high mountain. While yodeling, his cry was interrupted by an avalanche, a skier, a St. Bernard dog, and a grizzly bear. Finally, his yodeling was interrupted by a pretty girl. Each interruption was accompanied by sound effects related to the interrupting object or animal.
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJMSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Mathematics and Statistics, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The document discusses the relationship between humanity and advancing technology. It references a quote from 1983 that within 30 years, technology will allow the creation of superhuman intelligence, ending the human era. It notes that human communication abilities have become faster and more integrated through social networks and technology. While technology can enhance life, education, and sustainability, it poses philosophical questions about what life will be like if technology surpasses organic intelligence. The document suggests data and education systems may become automated, requiring governance focused on ethics and human rights to guide humanity's relationship with emerging technologies.
The document compares a comparative study to a non-comparative study. The comparative study examines the effects of PowerPoint presentations versus traditional lectures on student performance and information retention. It finds students retained 15% less from PowerPoint but preferred it over traditional lectures. The non-comparative study looks at how different amounts of on-screen text influence student learning from a multimedia unit. It finds no significant differences between groups with short or full text versions.
This document discusses the progression from data to wisdom. [1] Data is transformed into information through organization and patterns, information is transformed into knowledge through analysis and application, knowledge is transformed into intelligence through decision-making and skill, and intelligence is transformed into wisdom through accountability, foresight, and synthesis. [2] Knowledge provides the power to apply attributes critically or practically to make good decisions and balance execution with uncertainty. [3] Knowledge is important for both organizational adaptation and individual problem-solving.
1) The document discusses mobile technologies and trends in 2011, focusing on smartphones, operating systems, connectivity technologies, and applications.
2) Key topics analyzed include the dominance of Android and iOS, the decline of other operating systems, the rise of mobile payments using NFC, and the growing importance of social networking applications.
3) Emerging technologies discussed include augmented reality, the internet of things, mobile commerce, cloud computing models, and new form factors like tablets.
Get with the Program (Swissnex Edition)Doug Gapinski
This deck was originally presented at a Swissnex Higher Ed Webinar in January 2015.
Majors, degrees, and programs ... these are the products that colleges and universities offer, and the act of earning a degree is a life-changing experience for most people. Why, then, are so many major, program, and degree pages on .edu sites so long, lackluster, or lifeless?
This session focused on the content needed to create better user experiences for prospective students browsing major, degree, and program pages. We looked at the assessment, planning, collaboration, and governance needed to get it done.
The document summarizes the targeting of specific social and psychographic groups for a marketing campaign. It aimed to target demographic groups classified as C1-E and the psychographic groups of "Reformers" and "Explorers". The design of the masthead used a graffiti-like font to portray a rebellious attitude aligned with the Reformers category of valuing independence and freedom from restrictions. However, the overall style was similar to existing products in the genre, which somewhat went against Explorers who prefer new things.
Designs In Motion, Inc. is a full-service graphic design and advertising firm that has been in business for over 18 years. They offer a wide range of services including branding, advertising, web development, print materials, and presentations. Their mission is to enhance how businesses communicate their brand through innovative design solutions with quick turnaround times at an affordable price. They help clients develop strong, recognizable brands that create customer loyalty and attention.
En aquest informe es presenten els principals resultats de l’estudi d’impacte de tres programes de mentoria ja consolidats a Catalunya: el Projecte Coach, el Programa Referents i el Projecte Rossinyol. Ha estat realitzat el curs 2012-2013 pel Gabinet de Mentoria de la Universitat de Girona.
Taylor Stansel held an Avon party and created a product work log slide show to document the process. The slide show followed Taylor from their first meeting with a facilitator through practicing new makeup skills, selecting models, preparing for the party, taking orders at the successful event, and receiving payment while putting together a scrapbook.
Este documento describe la obra del compositor húngaro György Ligeti y los desafíos que enfrenta la música vanguardista. Explica que Ligeti creó obras complejas que requieren un esfuerzo mental mayor por parte del público. Sin embargo, su música tuvo éxito al ser utilizada en las películas 2001: A Space Odyssey y Eyes Wide Shut de Stanley Kubrick, lo que educó sutilmente al público masivo sobre la música vanguardista. La obra de Ligeti crea atmósferas mediante la micropolifonía y el
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Influence of Vermiculite on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in a Terre...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite, typical 2:1 clay. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles in the presence of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite in soil. Silver nanoparticles were characterized using techniques including transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction. The levels of silver in test species exposed to silver nanoparticles were measured using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. An increase in the cation exchange capacity of soil was observed with the increase in the concentration of vermiculite in soil. The results suggested a decrease in the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil by Acheta domesticus as a function of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite in soil. No apparent trend was observed in the remaining species. Both plant species were found to accumulate silver in their roots. The translocation of silver to stems and leaves was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Vermiculite in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses the isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis from soil in Basra, Iraq and its ability to biosorb heavy metals like cadmium and lead. B. thuringiensis showed resistance to high concentrations of lead and cadmium. Experiments examined the effect of metal concentration and contact time on biosorption. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction analysis were used to identify functional groups on the bacterial surface. The bacterium was able to effectively biosorb cadmium and lead from solutions, demonstrating its potential for remediating environments contaminated with heavy metals.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Impact of long term application of agrochemicals on the agro-ecology of the l...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the impact of long-term agrochemical use on soil and water quality in the lower Anambra River Basin in Nigeria. Samples were analyzed for heavy metal content and microbial load. Results found heavy metal levels in soil and runoff water exceeded standards for agriculture and domestic use. Microbial loads in soil samples were also reduced compared to standards. Long-term application of agrochemicals like fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides introduced heavy metals into the soil and water that harmed microbial life and contaminated the environment. Countermeasures like adding organic manure were recommended to remediate soils and improve quality.
Effect of Concentration of Silver Nanoparticles on the Uptake of Silver from ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The bioavailability and uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated. Two species of insects, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two species of plants, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to a range of concentrations of silver nanoparticles in soil. Silver nanoparticles were charactrized by techniques including transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction. The concentration of silver in insects and plants exposed to silver nanoparticles was measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The results suggested an increase in the levels of silver in both insects and plants as a function of increasing concentrations of silver nanoparticles in soil. The translocation of silver to various parts of dicot plants such as stems and leaves was also observed. Such a result was not observed in the case of monocot plants. Results from this study suggests that silver nanoparticles would be available for uptake by insects and plants in terrestrial ecosystems.
Evidence of sea water Boron in the lower layers of tropical woody peatRepository Ipb
This document summarizes research on boron levels in tropical peat soils in Indonesia. It finds that total and soluble boron levels are generally low in peat soils, except in deeper layers below 40 cm of certain inland peat deposits. In these lower layers, boron levels are higher, similar to seawater concentrations. Sodium levels and magnesium-calcium ratios in these layers also resemble seawater. This suggests seawater infiltration is enriching boron in the lower layers of some inland peat deposits.
Geochemical Survey, Health and Environmental Implication of Trace Elements in...Premier Publishers
This study involves the geochemical assessment of trace elements of surface soil samples from Owo area in Ondo State, Nigeria. In environmental studies, chemical elements are often distinguished as lithogenic and anthropogenic based on their sources. The knowledge about their distribution in soils is thus crucial for the assessment of the environmental hazards due to chemical pollution of urban soils. In this area, fourteen (14) soil samples were collected and analyzed for the following trace elements – Zinc(Zn), Copper(Cu), Lead(Pb), Arsenic(As), Cadmium(Cd), Titanium(Ti), Strontium(Sr), Zircon(Zr), Molybdenum(Mo), Silver(Ag), Rubidium (Rb), and Tin(Sn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The background values as determined were as follows: Zn(8.30-8.70ppm), Cu(1.95-2.19ppm), Pb(0.83-0.87ppm) As(0.052-0.054ppm), Cd(0.06-0.07ppm), Ti(0.12-0.14ppm), Sr(0.04-0.05ppm), Zr(0.04-0.05ppm), Mo(0.13-0.14ppm), Ag(0.12 0.13ppm), Rb(0.013-0.014ppm) and Sn(0.07-0.08ppm).The threshold values in (ppm) were: 9.12, 2.69, 0.93, 0.06, 0.07, 0.20, 0.05, 0.06, 0.20, 0.26, 0.02, and 0.11. The increase above the background concentrations is probably anthropogenic. The Anthropogenic Factor (AF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) were determined for Zn, Pb, Cu and As in order to quantify the level of contamination in the soils. The result revealed an average AF of 1.1 and Igeo of -0.44, 1.00, -1.05 and -0.37. This result indicates uncontaminated to slightly contaminated soil condition. The pH values of the soils, ranging from (5.5-7.7) indicate a slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soils owing to the chemical reactions of the anthropogenic additives. Anthropogenic inputs from the few industries in the area were quite minimal, except for municipal and vehicular contributions. Therefore, monitoring programs should be introduced to check the level of environmental degradation that may result from future anthropogenic perturbations.
1) The document analyzes humic acids from Amazonian Dark Earth soils and a nearby natural soil using atomic force microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
2) Atomic force microscopy images showed the humic acid from the anthropogenic soil formed ring-shaped aggregates on the nanometer scale, indicating possible supramolecular structures. The humic acid from the natural soil showed globular particles with a uniform distribution.
3) Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy results indicated the humic acid from the natural soil contained more aliphatic groups and polysaccharides, while the humic acid from the anthropogenic soil contained more aromatic carbon, explaining its more hydrophobic character.
Nutrient loads and heavy metals assessment along sosiani river, kenya.Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed nutrient loads and heavy metal levels along the Sosiani River in Kenya. Water, soil, and sediment samples were collected from 5 sites along the river and analyzed for nitrates, phosphates, and heavy metals. Nitrate and phosphate levels were found to be below recommended limits. However, concentrations of heavy metals like iron, lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper exceeded Kenyan standards, with zinc levels above WHO standards for drinking water. The study concluded that the river water is not safe for domestic use due to heavy metal contamination.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This thesis studied phosphate cycling in Green Lake, a meromictic lake in New York. Water samples were collected monthly from May to November 2011 at depths from 18-22 meters. Phosphate concentrations generally increased with depth and decreased over the sampling period, likely due to uptake by phototrophic bacteria. Turbidity measurements, which indicate bacterial density, peaked below phosphate maxima, suggesting bacteria growth was limited by phosphate availability. Non-point sources like nearby farms and a golf course may have contributed phosphate to the lake. Unusually high October phosphate levels could reflect input from heavy rain events in late summer.
Phosphorus mineralization of bioslurry and other manures in soil Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to see the phosphorus (P) mineralization pattern of bioslurry under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Two bioslurry (cowdung bioslurry and poultry manure bioslurry) and their original manure (cowdung and poultry manure) at 3, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1, respectively were thoroughly mixed with soil and incubated in aerobic and anaerobic moisture condition for 12 weeks. Among the four different types of manure, P release from poultry manure slurry was the highest. Poultry manure and cowdung slurry recorded very closer amount of available P. Both cowdung slurry and poultry manure slurry released higher amount of P compared to their original state (cowdung and poultry manure). P mineralization reaches in peak within 4-6 weeks of incubation. Under anaerobic condition the P mineralization was found higher compared to aerobic condition. The P mineralization data fitted strongly to the first order kinetic model. The bioslurries had lower rate of mineralization but had higher potentiality to release P in the soil compared to their original state.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of nutrients on rice plants grown in sodic soils. The study was conducted over two years on a farmer's field in India. Soil tests found the soil to be low in organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, zinc and manganese, and medium in potassium. Rice yields and plant nutrient concentrations increased with the addition of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, zinc and manganese fertilizers. The highest yield increases came from nitrogen application, followed by phosphorus and potassium. Cumulatively, the added nutrients increased yields by over 80% compared to the control plot with no added nutrients. The soil was found to be deficient in all the nutrients tested. Satisfactory
Assessment of Natural Radioactivity in Soil and Water Samples from Aden Gover...paperpublications3
Abstract:The level of natural radioactivity in soils and water of 74 samples collected from locations at Aden governorate south of Yemen was measured. Concentrations of radionuclides in soils and water samples were determined by gamma-ray spectrometer using a NaI (Tl) detector with specially designed shield. The mean activity level of the natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K is 30.41 ±2.4, 36.26 ±2.9 and 358.12±26.54 Bq kg-1, respectively. These values are well within values reported elsewhere in the country and in other countries with similar environments. The study also examined some radiation hazard indices. The mean values obtained are, 215±37Bq kg-1, 50.10±6 nGy h-1, 0.34mSv y-1, 0.30 and 0.34 for Radium Equivalent Activity (Raeq), Absorbed Dose Rates (D), Annual Effective Dose Rates (Eff Dose), External Hazard Index (Hex) and Internal Hazard Index (Hin) respectively. All the health hazard indices are well below their recommended limits. The paper recommends further studies to estimate internal and external doses from other suspected radiological sources to the population in Aden governorate.
Keywords:Absorbed dose, south Yemen, Aden governorate, Water, Soil, Natural Radioactivity.
This document summarizes a study on the tolerance of fungi found in peri-urban agricultural soils contaminated with heavy metals in Lahore and Faisalabad, Pakistan. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for heavy metal content, pH, organic matter, etc. Aspergillus niger fungi were isolated from the soils and tested for their tolerance to chromium by measuring their growth in increasing concentrations of chromium. A. niger showed minimum growth at 6mg/ml of chromium. A. niger from both sites also exhibited maximum biosorption of chromium at 8mM and 10mM concentrations. The study aimed to explore fungi from contaminated soils for their potential in bioremediation and biosorption applications.
Identifying the wide diversity of extraterrestrial purine and pyrimidine nucl...BkesNar
This document summarizes a study that detected a diverse set of purine and pyrimidine nucleobases in three carbonaceous meteorites using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. In addition to previously detected purine nucleobases like guanine and adenine, various pyrimidine nucleobases such as cytosine, uracil, and thymine, and their structural isomers were identified. The similarity in molecular distributions to photon-processed interstellar ice analogs suggests these derivatives could have formed by photochemical reactions in the interstellar medium and been incorporated into asteroids during solar system formation. This demonstrates meteoritic nucleobases could have served as building blocks of DNA and RNA
Similar to mpact of Some Ecological Factors on the Occurrence and Distribution of Mitosporic Fungi in the Cold Desert of Ladakh (India) (20)
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
mpact of Some Ecological Factors on the Occurrence and Distribution of Mitosporic Fungi in the Cold Desert of Ladakh (India)
1. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X
www.ijpsi.org Volume 3 Issue 10 ‖ October 2014 ‖ PP.32-40
www.ijpsi.org 32 | Page
Impact of Some Ecological Factors on the Occurrence and
Distribution of Mitosporic Fungi in the Cold Desert of Ladakh
(India).
1,
Skarma Nonzom , 2,
Geeta Sumbali
1,2
Department of Botany,University of Jammu, B.R. Ambedkar Road, Jammu-180006.
ABSTRACT: Extreme nature of climate and topographical conditions may affect the soil properties, which in
turn affect the occurrence and distribution of mycoflora inhabiting cold desert high altitude. In view of this,
investigations were carried out to assess the ecological factors regulating the distribution and survival of
mitosporic fungi inhabiting the base soil of Moonland (Ladakh), a completely barren, distinctive, splendid,
moon-like landscape situated in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir state (India). The soils were nearly
neutral to slightly alkaline and with moderate electrical conductivity. Electrical conductivity showed a negative
effect on the occurrence and distribution of mitosporic fungi as well as on majority of the macronutrients. All
the soil samples showed good amount of organic matter and the mitosporic fungi were generally found to be
proportional to the soil organic matter, organic carbon and pH. The soil samples also possessed high amounts
of phosphorus but low levels of potassium. The micronutrients were present in sufficient amounts in all the
investigated soil samples. Physico-chemical soil parameters and majority of the macronutrients played an
important role in the occurrence, diversity, distribution, and relative abundance of fungal species in the
investigated soil samples.
KEY WORDS: ecological factors, mitosporic fungi, cold desert, Ladakh.
I. INTRODUCTION
Mitosporic fungi represent more than half of the Ascomycota and are very important as parasites and
saprophytes. This group of fungi produces their spores asexually (conidia or oidia) or by budding. There are
about 25,000 species that have been classified in the Deuteromycota and many of them are anamorphs
Basidiomycota or Ascomycota anamorphs. Studies on the soil fungal population in different geographical
regions have shown that the mitosporic fungi are the largest, most varied and best represented group. The
numbers and kinds of micro-organisms present in the soil depend on many environmental factors, such as,
amount and type of available nutrients, available moisture, degree of aeration, pH, temperature, etc.
Microorganisms respond to nitrogen (Jenkins et al., 1988), organic matter (Lynch and Whipps, 1990) and soil
moisture (Wardle, 1992). Their abundance in soil varies spatially as well as temporally and this pattern is related
to temporal and spatial variations in the quantity and quality of nutrients (Wardle, 1992). Among the various
nutrients, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium are very important for fungi. In the absence of
any one of these, the growth and sporulation of fungi and other microorganisms gets hampered. Magnesium,
manganese and iron though needed in very small quantities, are also essential (Saksena, 1955). The availability
of other micro nutrients such as, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in 1–25 ppm concentration is also essential (Alexander,
1986). In addition, soil temperature, pH and moisture are some of the major factors affecting fungal population
and diversity (Song et al., 2004). In view of this, soil samples from four different sites of Moonland landscape at
Lamayuru (Ladakh) were analysed for their nutrients and physico-chemical properties in order to assess their
influence on the occurrence and distribution of mitosporic fungi. The various characteristics of soil that were
investigated included macronutrients viz., nitrogen (N), carbon (C), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulphur
(S); micronutrients viz., zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe); and physico-chemical properties
viz., pH, electrical conductivity and texture.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Soil samples were collected from four base sites of Moonland, Ladakh about 3300 mts above the sea
level with a latitude and longitude of 30o
N-36o
N and 76o
E-79o
E and were brought to the laboratory in pre-
sterilised polythene bags. For the isolation of mitosporic fungi, dilution pour plate method was used. For the
purpose of identification, the isolated fungal species were grown and made to sporulate on different culture
media, such as potato dextrose agar medium (PDA), malt extract agar medium (MEA), Czapek yeast agar
medium (CYA), potato sucrose agar medium (PSA) and water agar medium (WA).
2. Impact of some ecological factors on the occurrence...
www.ijpsi.org 33 | Page
The recovered fungal species were identified on the basis of their macro and micro-morphological
characters using various keys and relevant literature.
Analysis of soil samples: The various characteristics of soil that were investigated included macronutrients viz.,
nitrogen (N), carbon (C), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulphur (S); micronutrients viz., zinc (Zn), copper
(Cu), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe); and physico-chemical properties viz., pH, electrical conductivity and
texture. Total nitrogen was determined by Kjeldahl’s method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956). in which a known
weight of soil is treated with an excess of alkaline potassium permanganate, which extracts relatively easily
oxidizable fractions of organic matter. Ammonia evolved is absorbed in a known volume of standard acid, the
excess of which is titrated against standard alkali using methyl red as an indicator.Organic carbon was
determined by rapid titration method in which oxidisable organic matter of soils is oxidised by potassium
dichromate in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid. The excess of potassium dichromate is determined by
titration with ferrous sulphate or ferrous ammonium sulphate solution in the presence of diphenylamine
indicator and sodium fluoride powder. The quantity of substance oxidised is then calculated from the amount of
potassium dichromate reduced or used for oxidation.
Humus (organic matter) was calculated by multiplying the Walkley Black value (i.e. percent of carbon
in the soil) by a factor of 1.724 (percent of organic matter in soil = percent carbon in soil). Phosphorus was
determined by colorimetric method (Olsen et al., 1954) which is based on the extraction of available phosphorus
from the soil as phosphates by shaking with sodium bicarbonate solution adjusted to pH 8.5 which raises the
activity of carbonate ions and decreases the calcium activity and thus results in release of some phosphates from
the surface of calcium phosphates. The soluble phosphates form heteropoly complexes with molybdate ions
which gives a yellow colour and simultaneously reduction with stannous chloride indicator gives a blue colour.
The intensity of the colour is propotional to the concentration of P in the sample which can be read on a
colorimeter/spectrophotometer at 660 µ wave length using red filter.Potassium was determined by ammonium
acetate method which is based on the principle that when large number of elements when excited in a flame emit
radiations at characteristic wavelengths. The excitation causes one of the electron of neutral atoms to jump to an
outer orbit of higher energy level or the atoms may be excited sufficiently to loose an electron completely.
When the excited atom return to lower energy level, light of characteristic wavelength is emitted. Excited atoms
or ions give line radiations at a very definite wave length and potassium gives at 404 and 707 µ emission.
Available sulphur was determined by turbidimetric method (Chesnin and Yien, 1951) which is based on the
reduction in the intensity of light passing through a solution containing suspended particles of barium sulphate.
Sulphate ions are precipitated in aqueous solution by adding finely divided barium chloride crystals,
being fine, the barium sulphate precipitate remains suspended in the solution and its effect on light transmission
through the solution is measured by means of a colorimeter or spectrophotometer at 440 µ. Micronutrients were
determined using DTPA (Diethyltriamine penta acitic acid) method (Lindsay and Norvell, 1978) which
involves shaking the soil sample with a buffered solution chelating agent that can extract easily soluble Zn, Cu,
Fe and Mn cations which can be determined on AAS. The basis of analytical absorption spectrophotometry is
the measurement of the absorption of light energy by free atoms in ground state and its quantitative correlation
with the concentration of the analytic solution. The absorption of light by the vapourised sample is related to the
concentration of the desired metal in it. Texture was determined by hydrometer method, percentage of sand, silt
and clay was calculated using the diagram for textural triangle to determine the textural class of the soil (Figure
1).
Figure 1. Soil textural classes according to proportions of sand, silt and clay.
3. Impact of some ecological factors on the occurrence...
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pH and electrical conductivity of the soil samples were determined using pH meter and conductivity
meter respectively.
ӀӀӀ. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A total of 32 fungal species belonging to 14 genera were recovered by using dilution plate technique
and it was observed that all the four base sites of Moonland landscape at Lamayuru that were examined were
positive for them and maximum number of fungal species (25) were recovered from site 4, followed in
decreasing order by site 3 (21 species), site 2 (19 species) and site 1 (17 species). The recovered mitosporic
fungi are tabulated below.
S. No. Fungal species
Recovery from different sites
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4
1. Alternaria alternate - + + +
2. Alternaria citri - - - +
3. Alternaria longipes - - + +
4. Aspergillus flavus + + + +
5. Aspergillus fumigatus + + + +
6. Aspergillus niger + + + +
7. Aspergillus ochraceous + + + +
8 Aspergillus parasiticus + + - -
9. Aspergillus penicillioides + - - -
10. Aspergillus sydowii + + + +
11. Aspergillus versicolor - + + +
12. Cladosporium cladosporioides + + + +
13. Cladosporiuym oxysporum + + + -
14. Cladosporium sphaerospermum - + + +
15. Curvularia brachyspora - - + +
16. Curvularia pallescens - - + +
17. Dendryphiella vinosa - - - +
18. Drechslera australiensis + + + +
19. Fusarium pallidoroseum - - - +
20. Fusarium verticilloides - - - +
21. Humicola fuscoatra - - - +
22. Paecilomyces lilacinus + + - -
23. Penicillium griseofulvum + + + +
24. Penicillium italicum + + + +
25. Penicillium olivicolor + + + -
26. Penicillium puberulum - - + +
27. Penicillium purpurogenum - - - +
28. Penicillium verrucosum + + + +
29. Rhinocladiella cellaris - - - +
30. Sporothrix schenckii - - + -
31. Trichoderma viride + + - -
32. Ulocladium atrum + + + +
+ , present - , absent
Soil texture and fungal population :Data tabulated in table 1 shows that in all the four soil samples, sand
contributed maximum portion (62% in sampling site 1 and 2, 40% in sampling site 3 and 35% in sampling site
4), followed in decreasing order by silt (24%, 33%, 38% and 40% for sampling sites 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively),
whereas minimum percentage was that of clay (13%, 18%, 21% and 25% for sampling sites 1, 2, 3 and 4
respectively). Similar results were also obtained by Charan et al. (2013) for the cold desert soil of Ladakh at
different altitudes wherein they found dominance of sand fraction, which increased along the altitude.
According to Dwivedi et al. (2005), soils of cold desert high altitude areas have originated from weathered rocks
and they are immature having large proportion of sand, gravel and stone.
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During the investigation, texture of the soil samples was determined according to the proportions of
sand, silt and clay by using the soil textural triangle (Figure 1). It was observed that the soil samples of site 1
and 2 were having loamy texture while that of site 3 and 4 were having silty loam texture (Table 1). Data
provided in table 1 also indicates that silty loam soil favours the prevalence of mitosporic fungi more prolifically
in comparison to loamy soils as the number of recovered mitosporic fungi was more in soil samples of site 3 and
4 than that of site 1 and 2. Although, many of the recovered fungi were common to the sampling sites, yet three
fungal species viz., Aspergillus penicillioides, Trichoderma viride and Paecilomyces lilacinus were recovered
exclusively from loamy soil samples and 12 fungal species viz., Sporothrix schenckii, Alternaria citri, A.
longipes, Dendryphiella vinosa, Fusarium pallidoroseum, F. verticilloides, Humicola fuscoatra, Curvularia
brachyspora, C. pallescens, Penicillium puberulum, P. purpurogenum and Rhinocladiella cellaris from silty
loam soils. Filamentous fungi grow in soil via an expansive growth habit and physical impedance due to
changes in soil structure can affect the ability of fungi to penetrate soil. Earlier, many workers have observed
that the growth of fungi is affected by soil porosity and their penetrance in sand is reduced with pore size (Otten
and Gilligan, 1998; Harris et al., 2003; Drew et al., 2003). Reduction in soil pore size may also directly
advantage fungal species with smaller hyphal width, such as the mitosporic fungi. Later, Wakelin et al. (2008)
derived a link between soil textural properties and fungal community structure.
pH and fungal population : Data on the pH of soil samples revealed that it varied from 7.45-8.12 (Table 1).
This shows that the soil of Moonland is neutral to slightly alkaline and it favoured the prevalence of some
specific mitosporic fungi, which were detected from the samples. The recovered fungal species can be
categorized as alkalophillic fungi as three of the four soil samples were slightly alkaline. In the present
investigation, it was observed that with a slight increase in pH value of the soil samples, there was a
corresponding increase in the number of fungal species. Soil pH is considered as one of the major factors
affecting fungal population and diversity (Song et al., 2004; Wakelin et al., 2008 and Rousk et al., 2009). In
addition, pH strongly influences abiotic factors, such as, carbon availability, nutrient availibility (Kemmitt et al.,
2006), solubility of metals (Flis et al., 1993) and may control biotic factors, such as, the biomass composition of
fungi (Fierer and Jackson, 2006). Earlier, Abdel-Sater (1987) also found that the pH values of cultivated, desert
and saline soils gathered from Egypt fluctuated between 7.2-8.9, 6.9-7.4 and 7.2-8.8 respectively. Later, similar
observations were obtained by Abdel-Hafez et al. (1991) and by El-Said (1994). However, in contrast to our
observations, Rousk et al. (2009) observed that an acidic pH (4.5) favoured a marked fungal growth.
Figure 2. pH and electroconductivity (EC) of the soil samples from four sites
of Moonland (Lamayuru), Ladakh.
Electical conductivity and fungal population : Electrical conductivity (EC) indicates the presence or absence
of salts, but does not indicate which salt may be present. According to FAO, soil salinity is assessed by the
measurement of electrical conductivity of soil extracts (Landon, 1991). Soil salinity is part of natural ecosystems
under arid and semi-arid conditions (Pathak and Rao, 1998). During the present investigation, electrical
conductivity (dSm-1
) for the soil samples ranged from 1.56-2.90 showing that the soil samples were slight to
moderate in their conductivity. The reason for such level of conductivity may be attributed to the extremely low
precipitation due to which soluble salts are more likely to accumulate in soil profiles resulting in high EC. It was
also observed that with an increase in soil conductivity, there was a corresponding decrease in pH (Figure 1).
5. Impact of some ecological factors on the occurrence...
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The highest electrical conductivity was observed for soil samples from site 1 in which only 17 fungal
species were recovered, whereas lowest EC was that for site 2 from where 19 fungal species were recovered.
This indicates that high electrical conductivity (2.9) does not support fungal growth as prolifically as the soils
with low or moderate conductivity (1.53 – 2.66). In addition, it was also observed that the organic carbon and
nitrogen content of soils from site 1 was least, indicating thereby that the soil nutrients are sensitive to high
electrical conductivity. These results are in accordance with the earlier findings of Tripathi et al. (2006) and
Shah and Shah (2011) who observed a decrease in the microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, nitrogen
mineralization, nitrification, rate of CO2 evolution and cumulative CO2 production with an increase in electrical
conductivity.
Organic carbon and fungal population : As shown in table 1, the four soil samples of Moonland (Lamayuru)
possessed good amount of organic carbon as it was present in moderate to high concentrations and the
occurrence of mitosporic fungi was found directly proportional to the soil organic carbon. It was observed that
the number of mitosporic fungal species (17, 19, 21 and 25) increased proportionately with the increase in
organic carbon at site 1, 2 3 and 4 respectively indicating thereby, the role of organic carbon in the prevalence of
soil fungal species. Similar results were observed in case of organic matter as it was found to influence the
distribution of the mitosporic fungi in the soil samples of the four sites (Table 1). Charan et al. (2013) also
detected good amount of organic matter and organic carbon in high altitude cold desert soils of Ladakh. Higher
precipitation in the form of snow at high altitude and subzero temperature causes hyper aridity of soil and
suppression of microbial enzymatic activities, which results in least soil organic matter decomposition that
contributes to higher accumulation of soil organic carbon (Schinner, 1982; Jacot et al., 2000; Bhattacharyya et
al., 2008). This might be the probable reason that why cold arid bioclimate of Ladakh contains more soil organic
carbon (SOC) and soil organic matter (SOM).
Figure 3. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content of the
soil samples from four sites of Moonland (Lamayuru), Ladakh.
Nitrogen and fungal population : The soil sample from site 1 possessed very low level of nitrogen (180 kg/ha)
in comparison to other three soil samples, which showed medium level ranging from 353-431 kg/ha (Figure 3).
During the present investigation, Aspergillus penicillioides was recovered only from site 1, which indicates that
it can grow in soils containing low nitrogen and other nutrients. Recently, Ali et al. (2013) also reported A.
penicillioides from soil samples of man-made solar saltern in Thailand, which contained relatively low nitrogen,
organic carbon and organic matter. Other species of recovered fungal genera did not show any particular trend
with respect to their incidence and the content of organic carbon, organic matter, nitrogen and potassium present
in the soils.
Potassium and fungal population : As per the data on soil ratings, the content of potassium in all the soil
samples was low (< 110 kg/ha) with soil samples from site 1 and 2 showing comparatively lower content than
site 3 and 4. These results are in contrast to the findings of earlier workers who observed medium to high
amounts of potassium in other soils (Arokiyaraj, 2011; Singh and Mishra, 2012; Pandey et al., 2013; Singh and
Rathore, 2013). During the present investigation, some of the fungal species were detected exclusively in soil
samples of site 3 (Sporothrix schenckii) and site 4 (Alternaria citri, Dendryphiella vinosa, Fusarium
pallidoroseum, F. verticilloides, Humicola fuscoatra, Penicillium purpurogenum and Rhinocladiella cellaris),
which indicates that these fungi show preference for elevated amounts of potassium as well as majority of the
other macro and micronutrients. Similar conclusion can be assigned to the fungal species viz., Alternaria
6. Impact of some ecological factors on the occurrence...
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longipes, Curvularia brachyspora, C. pallescens and Penicillium puberulum, which occurred in soil samples of
both site 3 and 4. On the other hand, fungal species, such as, Aspergillus penicillioides, Paecilomyces lilacinus
and Trichoderma viride, which were detected only from soil samples of site 1 and 2, show that they have the
ability to survive in habitats with relatively low levels of potassium, nitrogen, organic carbon and organic
matter.
Phosphorus and fungal population : Perusal of data on available phosphorus presented in table 1 shows that
its content ranged between 41-50 kg/ha. Considering the available phosphorus rating values i.e., low (< 10
kg/ha), medium (10-24 kg/ha) and high (>24 kg/ha), it was observed that all the soil samples obtained from
Moonland, Lamayuru in Ladakh were high in available phosphorus. Majority of the other macronutrients viz.,
nitrogen, potassium and carbon were found to be maximum in site 4, followed in decreasing order in site 3, 2
and 1, whereas the content of phosphorus was found to be reverse (Table 1). Earlier, Singh and Rathore (2013)
made a comparative study of the soil properties of Aravalli mountain ranges and Malwa Plateau in Rajasthan
and also detected maximum content of available phosphorous in the soils of hill top followed in decreasing
order by valley, whereas lowest phosphorus value was detected in the soil of plain areas. Moreover, they also
observed a negative correlation with clay and silt and pointed out that there was a negative impact of topography
on available phosphorus. Phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and organic carbon are very important nutrients for
the growth and sporulation of fungi and other microorganisms which otherwise gets hampered (Saravanakumar
and Kaviyarasan, 2010).
Sulphur and fungal population : As shown in table 1, available sulphur was present in sufficient amounts (>
20 ppm) in all the soil samples taken from Moonland and their content was nearly equal. In view of this,
correlation between sulphur and other parameters of soil could not be established. In addition, the levels of
sulphur and phosphorus in all the four soil samples did not show much variability and thus their impact on the
diversity of mitosporic fungi could not be established.
Figure 4. Zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe)
content of the four sites of Moonland (Lamayuru), Ladakh.
Micronutrients and fungal population : As per the data on soil ratings, the micronutrients were present in
sufficiently adequate amounts with zinc ranging from low to high (low in site 2 and high in site 1,3 and 4),
copper high in all the sites (maximum in site 3, followed in decreasing order by that of site 4, 1 and 2),
manganese ranging from medium to high (medium in site 1 and high in site 2, 3 and 4) and iron ranging from
low to high (low in site 1, medium in site 2 and high in site 3 and 4). The micronutrients such as copper, zinc
and iron were highest in the soil samples of site 3 followed by that of site 4. However, manganese content was
slightly higher in soil sample of site 4 (Figure 4). In India, analysis of 2.52 lakh surface soil samples collected
from different parts of the country revealed the predominance of zinc deficiency in divergent soils (Govindaraj
et al., 2011). However, in contrast, the results obtained in the present investigation revealed that the soil samples
of Moonland landscape at Lamayuru, (Ladakh) possessed sufficient amounts of zinc. Further, as shown in table
1, it was observed that with an increase in pH, there was a corresponding decrease in zinc content indicating its
sensitivity to high pH. A negative correlation between pH and zinc content of Aravalli mountain ranges was also
observed by Singh and Rathore (2013). During the present investigation, available copper in all the soil samples
was also found to be in sufficient amounts. However, a negative correlation between pH and available copper
was noticed. Similar correlation was also observed by Mahashabde et al. (2012), Singh and Rathore (2013) and
Pandey et al. (2013).
7. Impact of some ecological factors on the occurrence...
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As per the soil ratings, majority of the investigated soil samples showed high amounts of manganese
(1.09-19.76) and iron (1.01-12.09). These results corroborate with the earlier findings of Sharma et al. (2006).
Similar predictions were also given by Gilkes and Mc Kenzie (1988) who observed that manganese is more
abundant in soils developed from rocks rich in iron, thereby showing association of these two elements.The
availability of micronutrients increased significantly with increase in finer fractions (silt and clay) because these
fractions are helpful to improve soil structure and aeration, which are favourable conditions for increasing
availability. Similarly, the availability of micronutrients also enhanced significantly with an increase in the
organic matter of the soil. It happens because organic matter is helpful in improving soil structure and aeration;
it protects the oxidation and precipitation of micronutrients into unavailable forms and supplies soluble
chelating agents, which increase the solubility of micronutrients. Similar findings were reported by Sharma et
al. (2003) who observed that the micronutrients Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn showed positive correlation with silt, clay,
organic matter and organic carbon. In the present investigation, mitosporic fungi were found to show preference
for the soils with elevated amounts of micronutrients as their number as well as diversity enhanced with
increased level of micronutrients.
Table 1. Soil characteristics and mitosporic fungi of the four soil samples of Moonland (Lamayuru),
Ladakh.
Soil
character
s
Soil samples
S1 S2 S3 S4
pH 7.45 8.06 8.01 8.03
EC(dSm-
1
)
2.90 1.56 2.66 2.12
OC (%) 0.66 0.72 0.80 0.97
N (Kg ha-
1
)
180 353 417 431
P (Kg ha-
1
)
50 50 43 41
K (Kg ha-
1
)
23 20 54 58
S (ppm) 22 22 23 22
Zn (ppm) 0.63 0.28 2.78 2.06
Cu (ppm) 0.65 0.61 3.3 2.09
Mn (ppm) 1.09 3.30 17.96 19.76
Fe (ppm) 1.01 2.09 12.09 11.28
Silt (%) 24 33 38 40
Clay (%) 13 18 21 25
Sand (%) 62 62 40 35
Organic
matter
(%)
1.13 1.24 1.37 1.67
Mitospori
c fungi
recovered
Aspergillus flavus
A.fumigatus
A. niger
A.ochraceous
A. parasiticus
A. penicillioides
A. sydowii
Cladosporium
oxysporum
C.cladosporioides
Drechslera
australiensis
Paecilomyces
lilacinus
Penicillium
griseofulvum
P.italicum
Alternaria
alternata
Aspergillus flavus
A. fumigatus
A. niger
A.ochraceous
A. parasiticus
A. sydowii
A. versicolor
Cladosporium
oxysporum
C.
sphaerospermum
C.cladosporioides
Drechslera
australiensis
Paecilomyces
Alternaria
alternata
A.longipes
A. fumigatus
A. flavus
A. niger
A.ochraceous
A. sydowii
A. versicolor
Cladosporium
oxysporum
C.cladosporioides
C.
sphaerospermum
Curvularia
brachyspora
C. pallescens
Alternaria alternata
A.longipes
A. citri
Aspergillus flavus
A. fumigatus
A. niger
A.ochraceous
A. sydowii
A. versicolor
Cladosporium
cladosporioides
C. sphaerospermum
Curvularia
brachyspora
C. pallescens
Dendryphiella vinosa
Drechslera
8. Impact of some ecological factors on the occurrence...
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P.olivicolor
P.verrucosum
Trichoderma
viride
Ulocladium atrum
lilacinus
Penicillium
griseofulvum
P.italicum
P.olivicolor
P.verrucosum
Trichoderma
viride
Ulocladium atrum
Drechslera
australiensis
Penicillium
griseofulvum
P.italicum
P.olivicolor
P. puberulum
P.verrucosum
Sporothrix
schenckii
Ulocladium atrum
australiensis
Fusarium
pallidoroseum
F. verticilloides
Humicola fuscoatra
Penicillium
griseofulvum
P.italicum
P. puberulum
P. purpurogenum
P.verrucosum
Rhinocladiella
cellaris
Ulocladium atrum
Total
species
recovered
17 19 21 25
III. CONCLUSION
Therefore, from the present investigation, it is concluded that some of the soil factors, such as, slight
alkalinity, high electrical conductivity (salinity), low amount of some nutrients and harsh climatic conditions,
such as, extremely low temperature, high UV radiations and arid conditions do not suppress the prevalence of
mitosporic fungi in such habitats. However, their diversity is affected by the fluctuations in the soil properties as
observed during the present investigation. Good amount of organic matter, carbon, phosphorus and
micronutrients favour mitosporic fungi by playing a vital role in their structural and metabolic processes. It is
complicated to determine the order of importance of these factors as they are often closely related and show a
collective effect.
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The first author is grateful to University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi for the financial
assistance in the form of Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship (RGNF), which facilitated the study.
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