This paper illustrates the main normal and Boron superconducting state temperature properties of magnesium diboride, a substance known since early 1950's, but lately graded to be superconductive at a remarkably high critical temperature Tc=40K for a binary synthesis. What makes MgB2 so special? Its high Tc, simple crystal construction, large coherence lengths, high serious current densities and fields, lucidity of surface boundaries to current promises that MgB2 will be a good material for both large scale applications and electronic devices. Throughout the last seven month, MgB2 has been fabricated in various shape, bulk, single crystals, thin films, ribbons and wires. The largest critical current densities >10MA/cm2 and critical fields 40T are achieved for thin films. The anisotropy attribution inferred from upper critical field measurements is still to be resolved, a wide range of values being reported, γ = 1.2 ÷ 9. Also there is no consensus about the existence of a single anisotropic or double energy cavity. One central issue is whether or not MgB2 represents a new class of superconductors, being the tip of an iceberg that waits to be discovered. Until now MgB2 holds the record of the highest Tc among simple binary synthesis. However, the discovery of superconductivity in MgB2 revived the interest in non-oxides and initiated a search for superconductivity in related materials, several synthesis being already announced to become superconductive: TaB2, BeB2.75, C-S composites, and the elemental B under pressure.
Potential enhancement of thermoelectric energy conversion in cobaltite superl...Anastasios Englezos
This document is a master's thesis submitted by Tasos Englezos investigating the potential enhancement of thermoelectric energy conversion in cobaltite oxide superlattices. The thesis aims to grow superlattices composed of alternating layers of NaxCoO3 and Ca3Co4O9 using pulsed laser deposition, as both materials show promise for thermoelectric applications but also have limitations. Characterization of the superlattices shows the structures maintain crystalline coherence while electrical and thermal properties are preserved at a good level. Further measurements of thermal conductivity are needed to determine if the superlattice approach reduces thermal conductivity and thereby improves thermoelectric efficiency in these cobaltite oxides.
A Nano Capacitor Including Graphene Layers Composed with Doped Boron and Nitr...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
A Nano Capacitor Including Graphene Layers Composed with Doped Boron and Nitrogen by Majid Monajjemi* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
Amorphous-nano-crystalline silicon composite thin films (a-nc-Si:H) samples were synthesized by
Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition technique. The measurement of DC conductivities was
accomplished using Dielectric spectroscopy (Impedance Spectroscopy) in wide frequency and temperature range.
In analysis of impedance data, two approaches were tested: the Debye type equivalent circuit with two parallel R
and CPEs (constant phase elements) and modified one, with tree parallel R and CPEs including crystal grain
boundary effects. It was found that the later better fits to experimental results properly describes crystal grains
dielectric effect and hydrogen concentration indicating presence of strain. The amorphous matrix showed larger
resistance and lower capacity than nano-crystal phase. Also it was found that composite silicon thin film cannot
be properly described by equivalent circuit only with resistors and constant phase elements in serial relation
10.1016-j.mssp.2015.01.037-Electrochemical investigation of graphene_nanoporo...Mahdi Robat Sarpoushi
This study investigated the effect of mixing graphene nanosheets and nanoporous carbon black on the surface morphology and electrochemical performance of electrodes prepared for supercapacitors. Electrodes containing 80% nanoporous carbon black, 10% graphene nanosheets, and 10% PTFE binder showed the highest specific capacitance of 10.22 F/g. The addition of nanoporous carbon black increased the proportion of outer charge stored on the electrode relative to the total charge stored, indicating higher current response and voltage reversal at the end potentials. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that adding nanoporous carbon black particles arranged the graphene nanosheets in different directions, increasing the specific surface area and changing diffusion characteristics to improve capacitance and reversibility
Graphene Supported Metal Oxide for Non-Enzymatic H2O2 Sensing - Crimson Publi...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
This document summarizes research on using graphene as a support material for metal oxides in producing sensors for detecting hydrogen peroxide. Graphene is well-suited as a support due to its large surface area, high conductivity, and ability to prevent metal oxide nanoparticle aggregation. Several studies are described that synthesized composites of graphene with various metal oxides like iron oxide, cobalt oxide, zinc oxide, and copper oxide. The graphene-metal oxide composites showed enhanced sensitivity, detection limits, stability, and electrochemical performance compared to metal oxides alone, due to the properties graphene provides as a support.
Rotation of transition metal ions under electric fields possible new supercon...zhoutiege
The document summarizes research on the effects of electric fields on transition metal ions in iron- and copper-based superconductors. First-principles calculations using DFT, GGA+U, and HSE methods were performed on four iron-based and four copper-based superconductors. It was found that under electric fields, the electron clouds of Fe ions rotate rigidly rather than deforming elastically. This suggests a possible new mechanism of superconducting electron pairing via rotation of transition metal ion electron clouds induced by electric fields.
1) The document investigates the effect of cation and anion sizes on the charge storage capabilities of graphite nanosheets as electrode materials for electrochemical double layer capacitors.
2) Scanning electron microscope images confirm the layered structure of the graphite nanosheets used, which are 12nm thick with 3.36 Angstrom spacing between layers.
3) Electrochemical measurements using cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy indicate that the graphite electrodes exhibited better charge storage and delivery in 3M NaCl electrolyte compared to NaOH and KOH electrolytes, due to the smaller ion sizes matching better with the graphite structure.
This document describes research on fabricating a novel graphene electrode embedded with zirconium dioxide nanoparticles for electrochemical capacitors. The electrode showed a maximum specific capacitance of 11.84 F g−1. SEM images showed ions redepositing as agglomerates on the electrode surface after one charge/discharge cycle, accompanied by a decrease in surface area. Electrochemical tests confirmed pseudocapacitive behavior and low resistance. The research aims to investigate how electrolyte ion and active material redeposition affects the electrode's charge distribution ability.
Potential enhancement of thermoelectric energy conversion in cobaltite superl...Anastasios Englezos
This document is a master's thesis submitted by Tasos Englezos investigating the potential enhancement of thermoelectric energy conversion in cobaltite oxide superlattices. The thesis aims to grow superlattices composed of alternating layers of NaxCoO3 and Ca3Co4O9 using pulsed laser deposition, as both materials show promise for thermoelectric applications but also have limitations. Characterization of the superlattices shows the structures maintain crystalline coherence while electrical and thermal properties are preserved at a good level. Further measurements of thermal conductivity are needed to determine if the superlattice approach reduces thermal conductivity and thereby improves thermoelectric efficiency in these cobaltite oxides.
A Nano Capacitor Including Graphene Layers Composed with Doped Boron and Nitr...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
A Nano Capacitor Including Graphene Layers Composed with Doped Boron and Nitrogen by Majid Monajjemi* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
Amorphous-nano-crystalline silicon composite thin films (a-nc-Si:H) samples were synthesized by
Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition technique. The measurement of DC conductivities was
accomplished using Dielectric spectroscopy (Impedance Spectroscopy) in wide frequency and temperature range.
In analysis of impedance data, two approaches were tested: the Debye type equivalent circuit with two parallel R
and CPEs (constant phase elements) and modified one, with tree parallel R and CPEs including crystal grain
boundary effects. It was found that the later better fits to experimental results properly describes crystal grains
dielectric effect and hydrogen concentration indicating presence of strain. The amorphous matrix showed larger
resistance and lower capacity than nano-crystal phase. Also it was found that composite silicon thin film cannot
be properly described by equivalent circuit only with resistors and constant phase elements in serial relation
10.1016-j.mssp.2015.01.037-Electrochemical investigation of graphene_nanoporo...Mahdi Robat Sarpoushi
This study investigated the effect of mixing graphene nanosheets and nanoporous carbon black on the surface morphology and electrochemical performance of electrodes prepared for supercapacitors. Electrodes containing 80% nanoporous carbon black, 10% graphene nanosheets, and 10% PTFE binder showed the highest specific capacitance of 10.22 F/g. The addition of nanoporous carbon black increased the proportion of outer charge stored on the electrode relative to the total charge stored, indicating higher current response and voltage reversal at the end potentials. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that adding nanoporous carbon black particles arranged the graphene nanosheets in different directions, increasing the specific surface area and changing diffusion characteristics to improve capacitance and reversibility
Graphene Supported Metal Oxide for Non-Enzymatic H2O2 Sensing - Crimson Publi...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
This document summarizes research on using graphene as a support material for metal oxides in producing sensors for detecting hydrogen peroxide. Graphene is well-suited as a support due to its large surface area, high conductivity, and ability to prevent metal oxide nanoparticle aggregation. Several studies are described that synthesized composites of graphene with various metal oxides like iron oxide, cobalt oxide, zinc oxide, and copper oxide. The graphene-metal oxide composites showed enhanced sensitivity, detection limits, stability, and electrochemical performance compared to metal oxides alone, due to the properties graphene provides as a support.
Rotation of transition metal ions under electric fields possible new supercon...zhoutiege
The document summarizes research on the effects of electric fields on transition metal ions in iron- and copper-based superconductors. First-principles calculations using DFT, GGA+U, and HSE methods were performed on four iron-based and four copper-based superconductors. It was found that under electric fields, the electron clouds of Fe ions rotate rigidly rather than deforming elastically. This suggests a possible new mechanism of superconducting electron pairing via rotation of transition metal ion electron clouds induced by electric fields.
1) The document investigates the effect of cation and anion sizes on the charge storage capabilities of graphite nanosheets as electrode materials for electrochemical double layer capacitors.
2) Scanning electron microscope images confirm the layered structure of the graphite nanosheets used, which are 12nm thick with 3.36 Angstrom spacing between layers.
3) Electrochemical measurements using cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy indicate that the graphite electrodes exhibited better charge storage and delivery in 3M NaCl electrolyte compared to NaOH and KOH electrolytes, due to the smaller ion sizes matching better with the graphite structure.
This document describes research on fabricating a novel graphene electrode embedded with zirconium dioxide nanoparticles for electrochemical capacitors. The electrode showed a maximum specific capacitance of 11.84 F g−1. SEM images showed ions redepositing as agglomerates on the electrode surface after one charge/discharge cycle, accompanied by a decrease in surface area. Electrochemical tests confirmed pseudocapacitive behavior and low resistance. The research aims to investigate how electrolyte ion and active material redeposition affects the electrode's charge distribution ability.
This document summarizes research investigating graphene/cerium oxide nanoparticles as an electrode material for supercapacitors. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the layered structure of graphene with cerium oxide nanoparticles dispersed across the surface. Electrochemical testing found the electrode achieved a maximum specific capacitance of 11.09 F g−1 in 3 M NaCl electrolyte. Charge/discharge cycling showed good reversibility and 37% increase in capacitance after 500 cycles. The graphene/cerium oxide composite performed better than cerium oxide alone due to graphene's conductivity and the formation of an electrical double layer at the electrode interface.
This document summarizes a study that compared a single chamber microbial fuel cell (SC-MFC) to a double chamber microbial fuel cell (DC-MFC) using different electron acceptors. The SC-MFC used oxygen from the air as the cathode, while the DC-MFC used diluted hydrogen peroxide. Testing found the DC-MFC produced a higher open circuit voltage of 448mV compared to 200mV for the SC-MFC. The DC-MFC also generated more power, with a maximum power of 7.57mW and coulombic efficiency of 9.2%, versus 0.46mW and 1.88% respectively for the SC-MFC. This suggests hydrogen per
This document describes how synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy techniques like XANES and STXM can provide insights into structure-performance relationships in battery materials to enable faster optimization. These techniques allow mapping of local chemistry, bonding structure, and phase distributions. Studies have shown how surface coatings and composite designs can influence properties like conductivity and stability. Chemical mapping of electrodes also revealed non-uniform reactions related to "hot spots" that correlate with performance. Faster screening of materials and correlation of structural properties with electrochemical data could significantly reduce battery development timelines.
Electrical characterization of semiconductor-insulator interfaces in VLSI:ULS...Dang Trang
The document summarizes an electrical engineering student's research project characterizing semiconductor-insulator interfaces in VLSI/ULSI technology. The student fabricated metal-oxide-silicon capacitors using hafnium oxide and silicon dioxide gate dielectrics. Through capacitance-voltage measurements, the student extracted the dielectric constants of the materials and found the hafnium oxide k-value matched reported values between 18-25. Interface charges in the hafnium oxide caused shifts in the flat-band voltage. Overall, using high-k hafnium oxide allowed thicker dielectric layers while maintaining capacitance, reducing leakage currents.
This review article summarizes methods for synthesizing graphene through indirect and direct deposition processes. Indirect methods involve first depositing an amorphous carbon layer onto a substrate and then converting it to graphene through a post-treatment process using heat or other energy. Direct methods grow graphene directly on a substrate surface using a solid carbon source. The article groups and assesses these methods and discusses the underlying growth mechanisms and challenges to further advancing graphene synthesis.
This document summarizes research on the electrical conductivity of Ba-Sr-Co-Fe cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Single phase cubic Ba0.5Sr0.5Co1-xFexO3-δ compositions were synthesized via gel combustion and cation complexation routes. Electrical conductivity measurements showed that conductivity initially increased with temperature up to a maximum then decreased, attributed to oxygen loss from the lattice. Fe substitution had little effect on conductivity. While BSCF shows potential as an SOFC cathode, further work is needed to increase conductivity to meet requirements of current IT-SOFCs.
Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. It has unique electrical properties due to its massless Dirac fermions and linear energy-momentum dispersion relation. Some key electrical properties include half-integer quantum Hall effect observed even at room temperature, Klein tunneling where barriers become transparent to normal incidence, and exceptional band structure described by the Dirac equation rather than the Schrodinger equation. Graphene shows potential applications in touch screens, solar cells, and flexible displays due to its thin, strong, transparent and flexible conductive properties.
This document describes research into using pulsed anodic arc discharges to synthesize carbon nanomaterials. Pulsed arcs with frequencies of 1-5 Hz and a 10% duty cycle were generated between graphite electrodes in a helium atmosphere. Plasma parameters like electron density (1016-1017 m-3) and temperature (0.5-2.0 eV) were measured. Carbon nanostructures like graphene nanoplatelets and carbon nanotubes were deposited on the cathode. Pulsed arcs showed higher peak currents than steady DC arcs but did not reach steady state levels. This pulsed method could improve control over carbon nanomaterial synthesis compared to conventional DC arcs.
- The document discusses an undergraduate investigation using point contact spectroscopy (PCS) to study quantum criticality in materials. PCS has traditionally been used to determine scattering information in metals and energy gaps in superconductors. A recent theory suggests PCS may also detect non-Fermi liquid behavior associated with quantum criticality.
- The investigation began by using PCS to study the superconductor FeTe0.55Se0.45 to establish ballistic contacts. It then aimed to use PCS to search for signatures of quantum fluctuations in the quantum critical material YFe2Al10 above the superconductor's critical temperature. This may provide evidence for detecting quantum critical behavior through PCS.
Analysis of Electric Circuit Model on Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier...AM Publications
Analysis of Electric Circuit Model on Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Plasma has been simulated using the Simulink-Matlab R2010a software. Plasma reactor being used as the basis to determine the parameters in the circuit is in the coaxial form made of pyrex glass with an iron rod as the active electrode and spiral copper wire as passive electrode. The reactor was filled with argon gas with the flow rate of 2 L/s. Simulation circuit model which was prepared based on a DBD equivalent circuit, operated in a voltage range of 1.0 kV to 6.0 kV for frequency of 10 kHz to 66 kHz. Electrical characterization was performed to describe the plasma discharge that occurs in the reactor. The datas of supply voltage and current, as well as voltage and current discharge, was used to determine the average power during one period. From the simulation was obtained an increase in supply and discharge currents with increasing of frequency at the same operating voltage. Discharge power has increased in a specific voltage and increased frequency. It is obtained the average discharge power for 5.5 kV of 11.28 W and 10.90 W at a frequency of 21 kHz and 24 kHz, respectively. The highest efficiency obtained from the simulation that achieved at voltage of 1 kV and frequency of 45.7 kHz is equal to 56.59%.
The document discusses graphene and its potential use in transistors. It describes graphene as a single sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. Researchers have shown that stacking a few layers of graphene could enable optical switches that are 100 times faster than current technologies. The document also details experiments where graphene field-effect transistors were fabricated with gate lengths down to 150nm, achieving a cutoff frequency of 26GHz. Scaling to smaller gate lengths allows higher frequencies, with cutoff frequency scaling inversely with the square of the gate length. Graphene has potential for high-frequency and versatile applications due to its high carrier mobility and small channel lengths.
1) The document discusses how high pressures can modify chemical bonding laws and enable novel materials with unusual properties. Extreme pressures are found in planetary interiors and can lead to new stoichiometries, bonding schemes, and crystal structures.
2) Experiments on nitrogen-hydrogen mixtures showed the formation of novel hydronitrogen compounds through chemical reactions above 47 GPa. These compounds remain metastable upon decompression and may have potential as high energy density materials.
3) A new carbon-nitride material with a β-InS crystal structure was synthesized by laser heating of carbon and nitrogen above 40 GPa. This material is superhard and remains in nearly the predicted stoichiometry upon decompression, though the high pressure
Superconductivity in Al-substituted Ba8Si46 clathratesYang Li
There is a great deal of interest vested in the superconductivity of Si clathrate compounds with sp3 network, in which the structure is dominated by strong covalent bonds among silicon atoms, rather than the metallic bonding that is more typical of traditional superconductors. A joint experimental and theoretical investigation of superconductivity in Al-substituted type-I silicon clathrates is reported. Samples of the general formula Ba8Si46xAlx, with different values of x were prepared. With an increase in the Al composition, the superconducting transition temperature TC was observed to decrease systematically. The resistivity measurement revealed
that Ba8Si42Al4 is superconductive with transition temperature at TC=5.5 K. The magnetic measurements showed that the bulk superconducting Ba8Si42Al4 is a type II superconductor. For x=6 sample Ba8Si40Al6, the superconducting transition was observed down to TC=4.7K which pointed to a strong suppression of superconductivity with increasing Al content as compared with TC=8K for Ba8Si46. Suppression of superconductivity can be attributed primarily to a
decrease in the density of states at the Fermi level, caused by reduced integrity of the sp3 hybridized networks as well as the lowering of carrier concentration. These results corroborated
by first-principles calculations showed that Al substitution results in a large decrease of the electronic density of states at the Fermi level, which also explains the decreased superconducting critical temperature within the BCS framework. The work provided a comprehensiveunderstanding of the doping effect on superconductivity of clathrates.
Effect of Temperature and Nickel Concentration on the Electrical and Dielectr...IJERD Editor
In this paper the effect of temperature range of 298 K to 348 K and volume filler content ф on
electrical properties of polyethylene PE filled with nickel Ni powders has been investigated .The volume
electrical resistivity
V
of such composites decreases suddenly by several orders of magnitude at a critical
volume concentration (i.e. фc=14.27 Vol.%) ,whereas the dielectric constant and the A.C electrical
conductivity AC of such composites increase suddenly at a critical volume concentration (i.e. фc=14.27
Vol.%).For volume filler content lower than percolation threshold ф<фc> фc there is increase in the value of their
resistivity, and decrease in the value of their dielectric constant and the A.C electrical conductivity AC with
increasing temperature indicating metallic-conduction.
This document discusses graphene MOSFETs and their potential for post-silicon electronics. It summarizes that graphene has zero bandgap, which prevents switching, but the bandgap can be modified through nanoribbons, bilayers, or strain. Graphene MOSFETs have been fabricated with exfoliated or epitaxial graphene using various dielectrics and show high mobility but low on-off ratios. While graphene's properties are promising for high-speed devices, opening a bandgap comparable to silicon would decrease mobility and hinder low-power applications. Overall, graphene transistors continue to be explored but challenges remain for practical logic devices to replace silicon MOSFETs.
Double layer energy storage in graphene a studysudesh789
This document summarizes research on using graphene for energy storage in electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs). Graphene has potential as an electrode material due to its high surface area and conductivity. Studies have measured specific capacitances as high as 205 F/g for graphene electrodes, though capacitance depends on accessible surface area. Graphene electrodes can allow for high power applications with fast charge/discharge rates over 10 kW/kg. Ongoing research aims to prevent restacking of graphene sheets and improve ion accessibility to maximize surface area utilization and energy storage performance.
Modeling of Dirac voltage for highly p-doped graphene field-effect transistor...journalBEEI
In this paper, the modeling approach of Dirac voltage extraction of highly p-doped graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) measured at atmospheric pressure is presented. The difference of measurement results between atmospheric and vacuum pressures was analyzed. This work was started with actual wafer-scale fabrication of GFET with the purposes of getting functional device and good contact of metal/graphene interface. The output and transfer characteristic curves were measured accordingly to support on GFET functionality and suitability of presented wafer fabrication flow. The Dirac voltage was derived based on the measured output characteristic curve using ambipolar virtual source model parameter extraction methodology. The circuit-level simulation using frequency doubler circuit shows the importance of accurate Dirac voltage value to the device practicality towards design integration.
Electrodeposited pt on three dimensional interconnected graphene as a free st...tshankar20134
The document summarizes research on using a three-dimensional interconnected graphene structure as an electrode support for platinum nanoparticles for fuel cell applications. Key points:
1) Graphene was grown into a 3D foam-like structure using chemical vapor deposition on a nickel foam template, creating a seamless porous structure with high surface area and conductivity.
2) Platinum nanoparticles were deposited on the 3D graphene using pulsed electrodeposition, allowing control over particle size and uniform dispersion.
3) The 3D graphene with platinum nanoparticles showed improved catalytic activity for methanol oxidation compared to carbon fibers, due to the unique 3D structure, high surface area, and high conductivity of the graphene support.
Superconductivity in Gallium-substituted Ba8Si46 ClathratesYang Li
We report a joint experimental and theoretical investigation of superconductivity in Ga-substituted type-I silicon clathrates. We prepared samples of the general formula Ba8Si46−xGax, with different values of x. We show that Ba8Si40Ga6 is a bulk superconductor, with an onset at TC=3.3 K. For x=10 and higher, no superconductivity was observed down to T=1.8 K. This represents a strong suppression of superconductivity with increasing Ga content, compared to Ba8Si46 with TC=8 K. Suppression of superconductivity can be attributed primarily to a decrease in the density of states at the Fermi level, caused by a reduced integrity of the sp3-hybridized networks as well as the lowering of carrier concentration. These results are corroborated by first-principles calculations, which show that Ga substitution results in a large decrease of the electronic density of states at the Fermi level, which explains the decreased superconducting critical temperature within the BCS framework. To further characterize the superconducting state, we carried out magnetic measurements showing Ba8Si40Ga6 to be a type-II superconductor. The critical magnetic fields were measured to be Hc1=35 Oe and Hc2=8.5 kOe.We deduce the London penetration depth 3700 Å and the coherence length 200 Å. Our estimate of the electron-phonon coupling reveals that Ba8Si40Ga6 is a moderate phonon-mediated BCS superconductor.
This document discusses the topic of superconductivity. It begins by introducing superconductivity as a phenomenon where certain materials conduct electricity without resistance below a critical temperature. It then describes the general properties of superconductors such as critical temperature, magnetic field effect, and persistent current. The document goes on to classify superconductors into two types and discusses their different behaviors in magnetic fields. It concludes by outlining several applications that utilize the unique properties of superconductors, such as Maglev trains, SQUIDs, and efficient power transmission.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon where electrical resistance drops abruptly to zero below a critical temperature. When this happens, magnetic fields are expelled from the material's interior, known as the Meissner effect. Superconductivity was first discovered in mercury in 1911. Later, theories were developed to explain superconductivity, such as Cooper pairs of electrons interacting through phonons. High-temperature superconductors were discovered in 1986 capable of superconductivity above liquid nitrogen temperatures. Potential applications of superconductors include maglev trains, MRI machines, and power cables with reduced transmission losses.
This document summarizes research investigating graphene/cerium oxide nanoparticles as an electrode material for supercapacitors. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the layered structure of graphene with cerium oxide nanoparticles dispersed across the surface. Electrochemical testing found the electrode achieved a maximum specific capacitance of 11.09 F g−1 in 3 M NaCl electrolyte. Charge/discharge cycling showed good reversibility and 37% increase in capacitance after 500 cycles. The graphene/cerium oxide composite performed better than cerium oxide alone due to graphene's conductivity and the formation of an electrical double layer at the electrode interface.
This document summarizes a study that compared a single chamber microbial fuel cell (SC-MFC) to a double chamber microbial fuel cell (DC-MFC) using different electron acceptors. The SC-MFC used oxygen from the air as the cathode, while the DC-MFC used diluted hydrogen peroxide. Testing found the DC-MFC produced a higher open circuit voltage of 448mV compared to 200mV for the SC-MFC. The DC-MFC also generated more power, with a maximum power of 7.57mW and coulombic efficiency of 9.2%, versus 0.46mW and 1.88% respectively for the SC-MFC. This suggests hydrogen per
This document describes how synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy techniques like XANES and STXM can provide insights into structure-performance relationships in battery materials to enable faster optimization. These techniques allow mapping of local chemistry, bonding structure, and phase distributions. Studies have shown how surface coatings and composite designs can influence properties like conductivity and stability. Chemical mapping of electrodes also revealed non-uniform reactions related to "hot spots" that correlate with performance. Faster screening of materials and correlation of structural properties with electrochemical data could significantly reduce battery development timelines.
Electrical characterization of semiconductor-insulator interfaces in VLSI:ULS...Dang Trang
The document summarizes an electrical engineering student's research project characterizing semiconductor-insulator interfaces in VLSI/ULSI technology. The student fabricated metal-oxide-silicon capacitors using hafnium oxide and silicon dioxide gate dielectrics. Through capacitance-voltage measurements, the student extracted the dielectric constants of the materials and found the hafnium oxide k-value matched reported values between 18-25. Interface charges in the hafnium oxide caused shifts in the flat-band voltage. Overall, using high-k hafnium oxide allowed thicker dielectric layers while maintaining capacitance, reducing leakage currents.
This review article summarizes methods for synthesizing graphene through indirect and direct deposition processes. Indirect methods involve first depositing an amorphous carbon layer onto a substrate and then converting it to graphene through a post-treatment process using heat or other energy. Direct methods grow graphene directly on a substrate surface using a solid carbon source. The article groups and assesses these methods and discusses the underlying growth mechanisms and challenges to further advancing graphene synthesis.
This document summarizes research on the electrical conductivity of Ba-Sr-Co-Fe cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Single phase cubic Ba0.5Sr0.5Co1-xFexO3-δ compositions were synthesized via gel combustion and cation complexation routes. Electrical conductivity measurements showed that conductivity initially increased with temperature up to a maximum then decreased, attributed to oxygen loss from the lattice. Fe substitution had little effect on conductivity. While BSCF shows potential as an SOFC cathode, further work is needed to increase conductivity to meet requirements of current IT-SOFCs.
Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. It has unique electrical properties due to its massless Dirac fermions and linear energy-momentum dispersion relation. Some key electrical properties include half-integer quantum Hall effect observed even at room temperature, Klein tunneling where barriers become transparent to normal incidence, and exceptional band structure described by the Dirac equation rather than the Schrodinger equation. Graphene shows potential applications in touch screens, solar cells, and flexible displays due to its thin, strong, transparent and flexible conductive properties.
This document describes research into using pulsed anodic arc discharges to synthesize carbon nanomaterials. Pulsed arcs with frequencies of 1-5 Hz and a 10% duty cycle were generated between graphite electrodes in a helium atmosphere. Plasma parameters like electron density (1016-1017 m-3) and temperature (0.5-2.0 eV) were measured. Carbon nanostructures like graphene nanoplatelets and carbon nanotubes were deposited on the cathode. Pulsed arcs showed higher peak currents than steady DC arcs but did not reach steady state levels. This pulsed method could improve control over carbon nanomaterial synthesis compared to conventional DC arcs.
- The document discusses an undergraduate investigation using point contact spectroscopy (PCS) to study quantum criticality in materials. PCS has traditionally been used to determine scattering information in metals and energy gaps in superconductors. A recent theory suggests PCS may also detect non-Fermi liquid behavior associated with quantum criticality.
- The investigation began by using PCS to study the superconductor FeTe0.55Se0.45 to establish ballistic contacts. It then aimed to use PCS to search for signatures of quantum fluctuations in the quantum critical material YFe2Al10 above the superconductor's critical temperature. This may provide evidence for detecting quantum critical behavior through PCS.
Analysis of Electric Circuit Model on Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier...AM Publications
Analysis of Electric Circuit Model on Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Plasma has been simulated using the Simulink-Matlab R2010a software. Plasma reactor being used as the basis to determine the parameters in the circuit is in the coaxial form made of pyrex glass with an iron rod as the active electrode and spiral copper wire as passive electrode. The reactor was filled with argon gas with the flow rate of 2 L/s. Simulation circuit model which was prepared based on a DBD equivalent circuit, operated in a voltage range of 1.0 kV to 6.0 kV for frequency of 10 kHz to 66 kHz. Electrical characterization was performed to describe the plasma discharge that occurs in the reactor. The datas of supply voltage and current, as well as voltage and current discharge, was used to determine the average power during one period. From the simulation was obtained an increase in supply and discharge currents with increasing of frequency at the same operating voltage. Discharge power has increased in a specific voltage and increased frequency. It is obtained the average discharge power for 5.5 kV of 11.28 W and 10.90 W at a frequency of 21 kHz and 24 kHz, respectively. The highest efficiency obtained from the simulation that achieved at voltage of 1 kV and frequency of 45.7 kHz is equal to 56.59%.
The document discusses graphene and its potential use in transistors. It describes graphene as a single sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. Researchers have shown that stacking a few layers of graphene could enable optical switches that are 100 times faster than current technologies. The document also details experiments where graphene field-effect transistors were fabricated with gate lengths down to 150nm, achieving a cutoff frequency of 26GHz. Scaling to smaller gate lengths allows higher frequencies, with cutoff frequency scaling inversely with the square of the gate length. Graphene has potential for high-frequency and versatile applications due to its high carrier mobility and small channel lengths.
1) The document discusses how high pressures can modify chemical bonding laws and enable novel materials with unusual properties. Extreme pressures are found in planetary interiors and can lead to new stoichiometries, bonding schemes, and crystal structures.
2) Experiments on nitrogen-hydrogen mixtures showed the formation of novel hydronitrogen compounds through chemical reactions above 47 GPa. These compounds remain metastable upon decompression and may have potential as high energy density materials.
3) A new carbon-nitride material with a β-InS crystal structure was synthesized by laser heating of carbon and nitrogen above 40 GPa. This material is superhard and remains in nearly the predicted stoichiometry upon decompression, though the high pressure
Superconductivity in Al-substituted Ba8Si46 clathratesYang Li
There is a great deal of interest vested in the superconductivity of Si clathrate compounds with sp3 network, in which the structure is dominated by strong covalent bonds among silicon atoms, rather than the metallic bonding that is more typical of traditional superconductors. A joint experimental and theoretical investigation of superconductivity in Al-substituted type-I silicon clathrates is reported. Samples of the general formula Ba8Si46xAlx, with different values of x were prepared. With an increase in the Al composition, the superconducting transition temperature TC was observed to decrease systematically. The resistivity measurement revealed
that Ba8Si42Al4 is superconductive with transition temperature at TC=5.5 K. The magnetic measurements showed that the bulk superconducting Ba8Si42Al4 is a type II superconductor. For x=6 sample Ba8Si40Al6, the superconducting transition was observed down to TC=4.7K which pointed to a strong suppression of superconductivity with increasing Al content as compared with TC=8K for Ba8Si46. Suppression of superconductivity can be attributed primarily to a
decrease in the density of states at the Fermi level, caused by reduced integrity of the sp3 hybridized networks as well as the lowering of carrier concentration. These results corroborated
by first-principles calculations showed that Al substitution results in a large decrease of the electronic density of states at the Fermi level, which also explains the decreased superconducting critical temperature within the BCS framework. The work provided a comprehensiveunderstanding of the doping effect on superconductivity of clathrates.
Effect of Temperature and Nickel Concentration on the Electrical and Dielectr...IJERD Editor
In this paper the effect of temperature range of 298 K to 348 K and volume filler content ф on
electrical properties of polyethylene PE filled with nickel Ni powders has been investigated .The volume
electrical resistivity
V
of such composites decreases suddenly by several orders of magnitude at a critical
volume concentration (i.e. фc=14.27 Vol.%) ,whereas the dielectric constant and the A.C electrical
conductivity AC of such composites increase suddenly at a critical volume concentration (i.e. фc=14.27
Vol.%).For volume filler content lower than percolation threshold ф<фc> фc there is increase in the value of their
resistivity, and decrease in the value of their dielectric constant and the A.C electrical conductivity AC with
increasing temperature indicating metallic-conduction.
This document discusses graphene MOSFETs and their potential for post-silicon electronics. It summarizes that graphene has zero bandgap, which prevents switching, but the bandgap can be modified through nanoribbons, bilayers, or strain. Graphene MOSFETs have been fabricated with exfoliated or epitaxial graphene using various dielectrics and show high mobility but low on-off ratios. While graphene's properties are promising for high-speed devices, opening a bandgap comparable to silicon would decrease mobility and hinder low-power applications. Overall, graphene transistors continue to be explored but challenges remain for practical logic devices to replace silicon MOSFETs.
Double layer energy storage in graphene a studysudesh789
This document summarizes research on using graphene for energy storage in electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs). Graphene has potential as an electrode material due to its high surface area and conductivity. Studies have measured specific capacitances as high as 205 F/g for graphene electrodes, though capacitance depends on accessible surface area. Graphene electrodes can allow for high power applications with fast charge/discharge rates over 10 kW/kg. Ongoing research aims to prevent restacking of graphene sheets and improve ion accessibility to maximize surface area utilization and energy storage performance.
Modeling of Dirac voltage for highly p-doped graphene field-effect transistor...journalBEEI
In this paper, the modeling approach of Dirac voltage extraction of highly p-doped graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) measured at atmospheric pressure is presented. The difference of measurement results between atmospheric and vacuum pressures was analyzed. This work was started with actual wafer-scale fabrication of GFET with the purposes of getting functional device and good contact of metal/graphene interface. The output and transfer characteristic curves were measured accordingly to support on GFET functionality and suitability of presented wafer fabrication flow. The Dirac voltage was derived based on the measured output characteristic curve using ambipolar virtual source model parameter extraction methodology. The circuit-level simulation using frequency doubler circuit shows the importance of accurate Dirac voltage value to the device practicality towards design integration.
Electrodeposited pt on three dimensional interconnected graphene as a free st...tshankar20134
The document summarizes research on using a three-dimensional interconnected graphene structure as an electrode support for platinum nanoparticles for fuel cell applications. Key points:
1) Graphene was grown into a 3D foam-like structure using chemical vapor deposition on a nickel foam template, creating a seamless porous structure with high surface area and conductivity.
2) Platinum nanoparticles were deposited on the 3D graphene using pulsed electrodeposition, allowing control over particle size and uniform dispersion.
3) The 3D graphene with platinum nanoparticles showed improved catalytic activity for methanol oxidation compared to carbon fibers, due to the unique 3D structure, high surface area, and high conductivity of the graphene support.
Superconductivity in Gallium-substituted Ba8Si46 ClathratesYang Li
We report a joint experimental and theoretical investigation of superconductivity in Ga-substituted type-I silicon clathrates. We prepared samples of the general formula Ba8Si46−xGax, with different values of x. We show that Ba8Si40Ga6 is a bulk superconductor, with an onset at TC=3.3 K. For x=10 and higher, no superconductivity was observed down to T=1.8 K. This represents a strong suppression of superconductivity with increasing Ga content, compared to Ba8Si46 with TC=8 K. Suppression of superconductivity can be attributed primarily to a decrease in the density of states at the Fermi level, caused by a reduced integrity of the sp3-hybridized networks as well as the lowering of carrier concentration. These results are corroborated by first-principles calculations, which show that Ga substitution results in a large decrease of the electronic density of states at the Fermi level, which explains the decreased superconducting critical temperature within the BCS framework. To further characterize the superconducting state, we carried out magnetic measurements showing Ba8Si40Ga6 to be a type-II superconductor. The critical magnetic fields were measured to be Hc1=35 Oe and Hc2=8.5 kOe.We deduce the London penetration depth 3700 Å and the coherence length 200 Å. Our estimate of the electron-phonon coupling reveals that Ba8Si40Ga6 is a moderate phonon-mediated BCS superconductor.
This document discusses the topic of superconductivity. It begins by introducing superconductivity as a phenomenon where certain materials conduct electricity without resistance below a critical temperature. It then describes the general properties of superconductors such as critical temperature, magnetic field effect, and persistent current. The document goes on to classify superconductors into two types and discusses their different behaviors in magnetic fields. It concludes by outlining several applications that utilize the unique properties of superconductors, such as Maglev trains, SQUIDs, and efficient power transmission.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon where electrical resistance drops abruptly to zero below a critical temperature. When this happens, magnetic fields are expelled from the material's interior, known as the Meissner effect. Superconductivity was first discovered in mercury in 1911. Later, theories were developed to explain superconductivity, such as Cooper pairs of electrons interacting through phonons. High-temperature superconductors were discovered in 1986 capable of superconductivity above liquid nitrogen temperatures. Potential applications of superconductors include maglev trains, MRI machines, and power cables with reduced transmission losses.
B.Tech sem I Engineering Physics U-III Chapter 2-SuperconductivityAbhi Hirpara
1. Superconductivity occurs when the electrical resistance of a material drops to zero below a certain critical temperature. In certain metals such as lead, the electrical resistance becomes zero at temperatures below 7.2K.
2. There are two types of superconductors - Type I superconductors exhibit an abrupt loss of magnetization above a critical field strength, while Type II superconductors show a more gradual loss of magnetization above two critical field strengths.
3. The BCS theory developed by Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer in 1957 explains superconductivity as arising from electrons forming pairs (Cooper pairs) that condense into the same quantum state. This pairing is mediated by lattice vibrations
Basic Information regarding superconductors.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.
This power-point presentation include
1. Introduction to Superconductors
2. Discovery
3. Properties
4. Important factors
5. Types
6. High Tc Superconductors
7. Magnetic Levitation and its application
8. Josephson effect
9. Application of superconductors
#Tip- You can further add videos which are available in vast amount on YouTube regarding superconductivity(specially magnetic levitation)
P.S.Does not contain information about Cooper pairs and BCS theory
Introduction.
Superconductivity.
Meissner effect.
Flux Quantization.
Types of Superconductors.
London Equations.
BCS Theory.
London Penetration Depth
Applications of Super conductors.
This document presents a thesis analyzing the stability margin of superconducting cables for the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HiLumi-LHC) project at CERN. It uses both zero-dimensional and one-dimensional numerical models to simulate the electro-thermal behavior of Nb3Sn cables during a quench induced by beam losses. The results show the quench energy for the Nb3Sn inner triplet quadrupole magnet is significantly different than for the existing NbTi magnets. Comparisons with NbTi cables highlight differences in quench performance between impregnated Nb3Sn cables and non-impregnated NbTi cables in their typical operating conditions.
Electron Diffusion and Phonon Drag Thermopower in Silicon NanowiresAI Publications
The field of thermoelectric research has undergone a renaissance and boom in the fast two decades, largely fueled by the prospect of engineering electronic and phononic properties in nanostructures, among which semiconductor nanowires (NWs) have served both as an important platform to investigate fundamental thermoelectric transport phenomena and as a promising route for high thermoelectric performance for device applications. In this report we theoretical studied the carrier diffusion and phonon-drag contribution to thermoelectric performance of silicon nanowires and compared with the existing experimental data. We observed a good agreement between theoretical data and experimental observations in the overall temperature range from 50 – 350 K. Electron diffusion thermopower is found to be dominant mechanism in the low temperature range and shows linear dependence with temperature.
This study examines the structural, optical, dielectric, electrical, and ferroelectric properties of the lead-free perovskite compound 0.9[KNbO3]-0.1[BaNi1/2Nb1/2O3−δ] (KBNNO) using various characterization techniques. X-ray diffraction analysis at room temperature revealed an orthorhombic crystal structure with a minor cubic phase. Direct optical band gap was estimated to be 1.66 eV from UV-Vis spectroscopy. Temperature-dependent studies showed orthorhombic to tetragonal and tetragonal to cubic phase transitions at 523 K and 713 K, respectively. Electrical conductivity obeyed the Jonscher power
In this article, we studied the past and existing research in nanowire (NW) especially based on SiGe NWs. The basic Thermoelectric (TE) principles and theories are introduced and the factors that may influence the TE performance of SiGe NWs are discussed. The superiority of the group IV material-based NWs as TE materials are detailed with feasible structures while their fabrication methods and TE measurements are also reviewed. The existing SiGe NW are discussed for their potential applications and the feasible applications are illustrated. Finally, the variation of parameter TE on Temperature and carrier concentration is discussed and compare theoretically with the available experimental data.
Superconductors are materials that have zero resistivity and behave as perfect diamagnets below a critical temperature. The first superconductor discovered was mercury, which loses all resistivity at 4.2 K. High-temperature superconductors have higher critical temperatures, some above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen at 77 K. Applications of superconductors include transmission lines with zero power losses, motors and generators that are much lighter, magnetic energy storage, MRI imaging requiring strong uniform magnetic fields, fault current limiters for power grids, and magnetically levitated trains that float without friction. Common high-temperature superconductors have layered crystal structures containing copper-oxide planes.
Microstructural and Dielectric Characterization of Sr doped Ba(Fe0.5Ta0.5)O3 ...theijes
Solid state reaction method was used to synthesize Ba1-xSrx(Fe0.5Ta0.5)O3 ceramic(x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5). The raw materials of making Sr doped Ba(Fe0.5Ta0.5)O3 were BaCO3, SrCO3, Fe2O3, Ta2O5 (purity better than 99%). Pellet and ring shaped samples prepared from each composition were sintered at 1400 and 1450ºC for 5 hour. The phase formation of Ba1-xSrx(Fe0.5Ta0.5)O3 was checked using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and observed a cubic perovskite crystal structure in space group Pm3m (221). Microstructure of the individual compound was examined by the field emission scanning electron micrograph (FESEM). Grain size was found to be varied with Sr content. The lattice parameter decreased with increasing Sr content. Dielectric spectroscopy was applied to investigate the electrical properties of BSFT at room temperature and in a frequency range of 100Hz–100 MHz. An analysis of the dielectric constant εʹ and loss tangent tan with frequency was performed assuming a distribution of relaxation times. The low frequency dielectric dispersion corresponds to the DC electrical conductivity.
Hot hole transfer from Ag nanoparticles to multiferroic YMn2O5 nanowires enab...Pawan Kumar
Plasmonic hot carriers with a nonthermal distribution of kinetic energies have opened up new avenues in photovoltaics, photodetection and photocatalysis. While several articles have reported ultrafast hot electron injection from coinage metals into n-type semiconductors across Schottky barriers and efficient subsequent utilization of injected hot electrons, reports of hot hole harvesting are comparatively rare due to the difficulty in forming Schottky junctions between p-type semiconductors and high work function metals. In this communication, we report the fabrication, characterization and theoretical calculations of a novel integrated multiferroic-plasmonic system comprising YMn2O5 nanowires decorated on their surface with Ag nanoparticles (NPs). A Schottky barrier for holes exists at the YMn2O5-Ag hetero-interface and hot holes were injected from Ag across this barrier. The synthesized hybrid along with bare Ag NPs were tested for Raman surface photocatalytic reduction of 4-NBT (4-nitrobenzenethiol) to DMAB (p, p′-dimercaptoazobenzene) where the composite demonstrated superior activity compared to the bare metal. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) revealed a significantly reduced work function of the composite compared to the pristine Ag, indicative of more energetic hot electrons on the surface of the composite required for efficient photoreduction. Density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations revealed localization of molecular orbitals supportive of a possible hole transfer from YMn2O5 to Ag and a reorganization of electronic states beneficial for plasmon-induced charge carrier enhancement. DFT results also indicated a purely electronic contribution to the ferroelectric polarization of YMn2O5 over and above the ionic contribution, which originated from the magnetic polarization of O 2p states.
This document summarizes thermoelectric materials and their potential for waste heat recovery. It discusses the basics of thermoelectricity, factors that influence performance like the figure of merit ZT, and strategies for improving ZT such as nanostructuring, band engineering, and using materials with low lattice thermal conductivity. Examples of promising thermoelectric materials classes are provided, like Bi2Te3 alloys, skutterudites, clathrates, and half-Heusler compounds. The talk outlines advantages of thermoelectric generators and their applications in areas like automotive waste heat recovery and concludes with equations for calculating thermoelectric efficiency.
Basically i have tried giving every details about the phenomenon Superconductivity in the simplest way. This is my first upload.I'll be very glad if u all give your valuable feedback. Thank u.
This research proposal aims to investigate titanium-based Heusler alloys for thermoelectric applications using computational modeling and experimental synthesis. The researcher will use density functional theory calculations to model pristine and doped titanium alloys and estimate their thermoelectric properties like Seebeck coefficient and power factor. Experimentally, the researcher will synthesize and grow single crystals of titanium alloys with and without dopants. The best performing crystals will be fabricated into thermoelectric devices to harness waste heat and potentially commercialize the technology.
This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of morphology and pore size distribution on the physicochemical properties of graphite nanosheets/nanoporous carbon black/cerium oxide nanoparticle electrodes for electrochemical capacitors. Electrodes with different compositions of these materials were fabricated and their surfaces and pores were characterized using SEM. Electrochemical testing showed that electrodes with a mixture of materials exhibited the highest capacitance due to having macro, micro, and nano pores that increased the accessible surface area. Introducing cerium oxide nanoparticles created micro pores, while carbon black particles created macro pores and rearranged the graphite nanosheets. This nanoporous structure resulted in an electrode with the highest capacitance of 16.2 F/
This document provides a comprehensive overview of superconducting materials, beginning with a brief history of their discovery. It discusses the key differences between Type I and Type II superconductors, including their characteristic properties and examples of materials that fall into each category. The document also outlines several important applications of superconductors, highlighting their use in superconducting magnets.
This document summarizes research on using electrodeposited manganese dioxide (MnO2) coatings on porous carbon substrates for capacitive deionization (CDI) applications. Two carbon substrates with different surface areas and morphologies were coated with MnO2 using galvanostatic and cyclic voltammetric deposition. Characterization of the coated electrodes found mixed MnO2 phases present. Testing in half-cell configurations showed that maximum ion uptake per mass was not necessarily optimal for practical CDI applications, where performance per electrode area is more important. The results suggest the structure and deposition method can impact how effectively the electrode volume participates in ion removal reactions.
TiO2-HfN Radial Nano-Heterojunction: A Hot Carrier Photoanode for Sunlight-Dr...Pawan Kumar
The lack of active, stable, earth-abundant, and visible-light absorbing materials to replace
plasmonic noble metals is a critical obstacle for researchers in developing highly efficient and costeffective photocatalytic systems. Herein, a core–shell nanotube catalyst was fabricated consisting of
atomic layer deposited HfN shell and anodic TiO2 support layer with full-visible regime photoactivity
for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The HfN active layer has two unique characteristics: (1) a
large bandgap between optical and acoustic phonon modes (2) and no electronic bandgap, which
allows a large population of long life-time hot carriers, which are used to enhance the photoelectrochemical performance. The photocurrent density (≈2.5 mA·cm−2 at 1 V vs. Ag/AgCl) obtained in
this study under AM 1.5G 1 Sun illumination is unprecedented, as it is superior to most existing
plasmonic noble metal-decorated catalysts and surprisingly indicates a photocurrent response that
extends to 730 nm. The result demonstrates the far-reaching application potential of replacing active
HER/HOR noble metals such as Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, etc. with low-cost plasmonic ceramics.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
SYNTHESIS AND DIELECTRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF BARIUM SUBSTITUTED STRONTIUM BIS...ijrap
The strontium bismuth niobate, SrBi2Nb2O9 (SBN) is a bismuth layered perovskite oxide
compound with potentially useful ferroelectric properties which offer several advantages such as fatigue
free, lead free, low operating voltages, relatively high Curie temperature; and most importantly, their
ferroelectric properties are independent of film thickness. These materials are also important for Fe-RAM
applications having large remanent polarization and low coercivity accompanied by high Curie
temperature for better performance and reliable operation. Present paper describes synthesis, dielectric
properties and impedance studies to reveal the important properties of barium substituted strontium
bismuth niobate, Sr0.85Ba0.15Bi2Nb2O9 in the system Sr1-xBaxBi2Nb2O9(x=0.15).
Synthesis and Dielectric Characterization of Barium Substituted Strontium Bis...ijrap
The strontium bismuth niobate, SrBi2Nb2O9 (SBN) is a bismuth layered perovskite oxide
compound with potentially useful ferroelectric properties which offer several advantages such as fatigue
free, lead free, low operating voltages, relatively high Curie temperature; and most importantly, their
ferroelectric properties are independent of film thickness. These materials are also important for Fe-RAM
applications having large remanent polarization and low coercivity accompanied by high Curie
temperature for better performance and reliable operation. Present paper describes synthesis, dielectric
properties and impedance studies to reveal the important properties of barium substituted strontium
bismuth niobate, Sr0.85Ba0.15Bi2Nb2O9 in the system Sr1-xBaxBi2Nb2O9(x=0.15).
This document describes a new nanocomposite material called SuCoLEx that combines high thermal conductivity and very low thermal expansion. The composite is made of copper with highly aligned graphite platelets added. Spark plasma sintering is used to create an excellent interface between the copper and graphite. Testing found the composite has a thermal conductivity of 500 W/m-K, which is 140% of copper's conductivity. Remarkably, its thermal expansion was found to be just 2 ppm/K, much lower than graphite or copper on their own. This combination of properties makes SuCoLEx promising for applications requiring heat sinks and thermal management.
This document describes the arc discharge method for synthesizing nanomaterials. It discusses how an arc discharge works by thermionic emission to vaporize electrode materials and form a plasma. The document provides details on the experimental setup, conditions for producing single-walled carbon nanotubes, and applications of the arc discharge method such as synthesizing carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles, and nanowires.
Similar to Study of Boron Based Superconductivity and Effect of High Temperature Cuprate Superconductors (20)
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Study of Boron Based Superconductivity and Effect of High Temperature Cuprate Superconductors
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP)
e-ISSN: 2278-4861. Volume 4, Issue 5 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 45-54
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page
Study of Boron BasedSuperconductivity and Effect of
High Temperature Cuprate Superconductors
Ali Ahmeed Ali Al Rabee
Research Scholar in Physics Sciecne Shepherd School of Engineering and Technology - Physics Department
Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences University
Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract: This paper illustrates the main normal and Boron superconducting state temperature properties of
magnesium diboride, a substance known since early 1950's, but lately graded to be superconductive at a
remarkably high critical temperature Tc=40K for a binary synthesis. What makes MgB2 so special? Its high Tc,
simple crystal construction, large coherence lengths, high serious current densities and fields, lucidity of
surface boundaries to current promises that MgB2 will be a good material for both large scale applications and
electronic devices. Throughout the last seven month, MgB2 has been fabricated in various shape, bulk, single
crystals, thin films, ribbons and wires. The largest critical current densities >10MA/cm2 and critical fields 40T
are achieved for thin films. The anisotropy attribution inferred from upper critical field measurements is still to
be resolved, a wide range of values being reported, γ = 1.2 ÷ 9. Also there is no consensus about the existence
of a single anisotropic or double energy cavity. One central issue is whether or not MgB2 represents a new
class of superconductors, being the tip of an iceberg that waits to be discovered. Until now MgB2 holds the
record of the highest Tc among simple binary synthesis. However, the discovery of superconductivity in MgB2
revived the interest in non-oxides and initiated a search for superconductivity in related materials, several
synthesis being already announced to become superconductive: TaB2, BeB2.75, C-S composites, and the
elemental B under pressure.
I. INTRODUCTIN
High-temperature superconductors (abbreviated high-Tc or HTS) are materials that behave as
superconductors at unusually high temperatures. The highest -Tc superconductor was discovered in 1986 by
IBM researchers Karl Müller and Johannes Bednorz, who were awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics "for
their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials".
Until 2008, only certain compounds of copper and oxygen (so-called "cuprates") were believed to have
HTS properties, and the term high-temperature superconductor was used interchangeably
with cuprate superconductor for compounds such as bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide (BSCCO) and
yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO). However, several iron-based compounds (the iron pnictides) are now
known to be superconducting at high temperatures. Some cuprates have an upper critical field of 100 tesla.
However, cuprate materials are brittle ceramics which are expensive to manufacture and not easily turned into
wires or other useful shapes.
In 2004, bridging the gap unraveling the super hardness and the superconducting communities, Ekimov
et al exposed the superconducting behaviour of a diamond sample resulting from annealing graphite with B4C
at 2500-2800 K under 8-9 GPa for 5s. These authors planned also a mechanism for the transformation of
graphite into diamond at high pressure and high temperature (HPHT), and made a careful characterization of the
diamond polycrystal . Similar results be reported shortly after for polycrystalline and (100)-oriented single
crystaldiamond films full-fledged by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition (MPCVD),
showing that “zero” resistivity could be experiential up to the boiling temperature of helium (4.2 K), that
doping-induced superconductivity appeared above about 6 1020 B/cm3 and that Tc amplified with the Boron
concentration.
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Fig 1 Structure of Boron Isotope
II. LITERATURE REVIEW: PAST RESEARCH WORK ON THE CUPRATE SUPERCONDUCTORS
C. C. Tsuei et al. (Oct 15, 2000), have developed Pairing symmetry in the cuprate superconductors is
an important and controversial topic. The recent development of phase-sensitive tests, combined with the
refinement of several other symmetry-sensitive techniques, has for the most part settled this controversy in favor
of predominantly d-wave symmetry for a number of optimally hole- and electron-doped cuprates. This paper
begins by reviewing the concepts of the order parameter, symmetry breaking, and symmetry classification in the
context of the cuprates. After a brief survey of some of the key non-phase-sensitive tests of pairing symmetry,
the authors extensively review the phase-sensitive methods, which use the half-integer flux-quantum effect as an
unambiguous signature for d-wave pairing symmetry. A number of related symmetry-sensitive experiments are
described. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the implications, both fundamental and applied, of the
predominantly d-wave pairing symmetry in the cuprates.[2]
Andrea Damascelli et al. (Apr 17, 2003), have developed the last decade witnessed significant progress
in angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and its applications. Today, ARPES experiments with
2-meV energy resolution and 0.2° angular resolution are a reality even for photoemission on solids. These
technological advances and the improved sample quality have enabled ARPES to emerge as a leading tool in the
investigation of the high-Tc superconductors. This paper reviews the most recent ARPES results on the cuprate
superconductors and their insulating parent and sister compounds, with the purpose of providing an updated
summary of the extensive literature. The low-energy excitations are discussed with emphasis on some of the
most relevant issues, such as the Fermi surface and remnant Fermi surface, the superconducting gap, the
pseudogap and d-wave-like dispersion, evidence of electronic in homogeneity and nanoscale phase separation,
the emergence of coherent quasiparticles through the superconducting transition, and many-body effects in the
one-particle spectral function due to the interaction of the charge with magnetic and/or lattice degrees of
freedom. Given the dynamic nature of the field, we chose to focus mainly on reviewing the experimental data,
as on the experimental side a general consensus has been reached, whereas interpretations and related theoretical
models can vary significantly. The first part of the paper introduces photoemission spectroscopy in the context
of strongly interacting systems, along with an update on the state-of-the-art instrumentation. The second part
provides an overview of the scientific issues relevant to the investigation of the low-energy electronic structure
by ARPES. The rest of the paper is devoted to the experimental results from the cuprates, and the discussion is
organized along conceptual lines: normal-state electronic structure, interlayer interaction, superconducting gap,
coherent superconducting peak, pseudogap, electron self-energy, and collective modes. Within each topic,
ARPES data from the various copper oxides (1) are presented.[4]
(1)
D.J. Scalapino et al. (Mar 27, 2006), have developed the nature of the orbital
structure of the pairs in the superconducting phase of the high-temperature superconducting cuprates remains
one of the central questions in this field. Here we examine the possibility that the superconducting state of these
materials is characterized by dx2 − y2 pairing. We begin by looking theoretically at why this type of pairing
might be favored in a strongly correlated system with a short-range Coulomb interaction. Then we turn to the
experimental question of how one would know if dx2 −y2 pairing was present.[3]
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III. ADVANTAGES OF HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPER CONDUCTIVITY
The mercantile applications so far for high temperature superconductors (HTS) have been limited.
HTS can super conduct at temperatures upper the boiling point of the nitrogen liquid, which makes them
cheaper to cool than low temperature superconductors (LTS). However, the trouble with HTS technology is that
at present known high temperature superconductors are fragile ceramics which are luxurious to manufacture and
not easily formed into wires or other useful shapes. Therefore the applications for HTS have been where it has
some other essential advantages.
Minimal thermal loss current leads for LTS devices (low thermal conductivity),
RF and microwave filters (low resistance to RF), and
Increasingly in particularist scientific magnets, particularly where size and electricity consumption are
critical (while HTS wire is much more expensive than LTS in these applications, this can be offset by the
relative cost and convenience of cooling); the ability to ramp field is desired (the higher and wider range of
HTS's operating temperature means faster changes in field can be managed); or cryogen free operation is
desired (LTS generally requires liquid helium that is becoming more scarce and expensive).
IV. THERMAL EXPANSION
Thermal expansion, analogous to compressibility, exhibits a pronounced anisotropy, with the c-axis
responses substantially higher than a-axis, as illustrated in Fig. 2. The lattice parameter along c-axis increases
twice compared to the lattice parameter along a-axis at the same temperature [Jorgensen]. This fact
demonstrates that the out-of-plane Mg-B bonds are much weaker than in-plane Mg-Mg bonds. Band structure
calculations clearly reveal that, while strong B-B covalent bonding is retained, Mg is ionized and its two
electrons are fully donated to the B-derived conduction band [Kortus]. Then it may be assumed that the
superconductivity in MgB2 is essentially due to the metallic nature of the 2D sheets of boron and high
vibrational frequencies of the light boron atoms lead to the high Tc of this compound.[1]
Fig 2. The normalized thermal expansion along a and c-axis. Inset shows the boron-boron and magnesium-
boron bonds. The data thermal expansion data are taken from [Jorgensen].
V. EFFECT OF SUBSTITUTIONS ON CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
The substitutions are important from several points of view. First, it may increase the critical
temperature of one compound. Secondly, it may suggest the existence of a related compound with higher Tc.
And last but not least, the doped elements which do not lower the Tc considerably may act as pinning centers
and increase the critical current density. In the case of MgB2, several substitutions have been tried up to date:
carbon [Ahn], [Mehl], [Paranthaman (b)], [Takenobu], [Zhang (a)]; aluminium [Bianconi (b)], [Cimberle], [Li
(b)], [Lorenz (b)], [Slusky], [Xiang], [Ogita], [Postorino]; lithium, silicon [Cimberle], [Zhao (a)]; beryllium
[Felner], [Mehl]; zinc [Kazakov], [Moritomo]; copper [Mehl], [Kazakov]; manganese [Ogita], [Moritomo];
niobium, titanium [Ogita]; iron, cobalt, nickel [Moritomo]. In Fig. 3 is shown Tc versus the doping content,
0<x<0.2, for substitutions with Al, C, Co, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Si, and Zn. The critical temperature decreases at
various rates for different substitutions, as can be seen in Figs. 3 and 4. The largest reduction is given by Mn
[Moritomo], followed by Co [Moritomo], C [Takenobu], Al [Li (b)], Ni, Fe [Moritomo]. The elements which do
not reduce the critical temperature of MgB2 considerable are Si and Li [Cimberle]. Up to date, all the
substitutions alter the critical temperature of magnesium diboride with an exception: Zn, which increases Tc
slightly, with less than one degree [Moritomo], [Kazakov]. There are only two reports regarding Zn doping.
Both agree with the fact that at a certain doping level Tc increases, but disagree with the doping level for which
this fact occur. This may be due to the incorporation of a smaller amount of Zn than the doping content.
Anyway, Zn doping deserves further attention. In Fig. 4 is shown Tc versus doping level 0<x<0.82 for
substitutions with C [Zhang], [Takenobu] and Al [Bianconi], [Xiang], [Slusky], [Lorenz (b)], [Li (b)],
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[Cimberle]. The critical temperature variation versus x for Al reflects the existence of structural transitions at
different doping levels, the slopes dTc/dx from different reports being in agreement with each other. The
investigation of Tc and lattice parameters with Al substitution in Mg1-xAlxB2, lead to the conclusion that
MgB2 is near a structural instability that can destroy superconductivity [Slusky]. Critical temperature decreases
smoothly with increasing x from 0<x<0.1, accompanied by a slight decrease of the c-axis parameter. At x≈1
there is an abrupt transition to a non-superconducting isostructural compound which has a c-axis shortened by
about 0.1 Å. The loss of superconductivity associated with decreasing the c-axis length with no change in the
cell symmetry suggests that the structure parameters of MgB2 are particularly important in its superconductivity
at high Tc. In the case of C doping the two reports [Zhang], [Takenobu] disagree with the value of the critical
temperature at different doping levels. This may be due to the fact that carbon was not completely incorporated
into the MgB2 structure in the report of Zhang [Zhang (a)]. Also, the existence of different critical temperatures
for the starting MgB2 at zero doping levels may give different Tc(x) behaviours. As it was pointed out
previously, we believe Mg nonstoichiometry leads to different critical temperature dependencies versus the
applied pressure, therefore we may expect different Tc(x) behaviours as a function of small Mg
nonstoichiometry. However, in order to have a clear picture about the effect of substitutions on MgB2 more data
in a wider range of doping levels are necessary.[1]
Fig 3. Critical temperature dependence on doping content x for substitutions with Zn, Si, Li, Ni, Fe, Al, C, Co,
Mn (0<x<0.2)
Fig 4. Critical temperature dependence on doping content x for substitutions with Al and C.
Fig 5 The relative magnetization versus temperature for B isotopically substituted samples. Inset shows Mg
isotope effect.
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VI. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CUPRATE SUPER CONDUCTORS
Cuprate loosely refers to a material that can be viewed as containing copper anions. Examples include
tetrachlorocuprate ([CuCl4]2-), the superconductor YBa2Cu3O7, and the organocuprates ([Cu(CH3)2]-). The
term cuprates derives from the Latin word for copper, cuprum. The term is fundamentally used in three contexts
- oxide materials, anionic coordination complexes, and anionic organo copper compounds.
Fig 6 the unit cell of high temperature superconductor BSCCO-2212
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Fig 7 Structural features of the high-Tc cuprate superconductors
Fig 8 Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide
VII. POSSIBLE MECHANISM
There are 2 representative theories for HTS. Primarily, it's been urged that the HTS emerges from
hymenopterans insect magnetic force spin fluctuations during a doped system. Consistent with this theory, the
pairing waves operate of the cuprate HTS ought to have (dx2-y2) similarity. Thus, determinant whether or not
the pairing wave operate has d-wave symmetry is crucial to check the spin fluctuation mechanism. That is, if the
HTS order parameter (pairing wave function) doesn't have d-wave symmetry, and so a pairing mechanism
associated with spin fluctuations will be dominated out. (Similar arguments will be created for iron-based
superconductors however the various material properties enable a distinct pairing symmetry.) Secondly, there
was the layer coupling model, consistent with that a superimposed structure consisting of BCS-type (s-wave
symmetry) superconductors will enhance the electrical conduction by itself.
A method for electrochemical synthesis of a superconducting boron compound MgB2, which contains
the steps of:
Preparing a powder mixture of magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride and magnesium
borate at a molar ratio of 10 :( 10−x): x: 2, wherein x is between 3 and 7;
putting the powder mixture into a reaction vessel having a platinum wire at one end and a carbon rod at an
opposite end, said platinum wire being connected to the negative electrode of a direct current via a gold wire
fixed to the platinum wire and said carbon rod being connected to the positive electrode of the power supply via
a gold wire fixed to the carbon rod;
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heating the reaction vessel at a temperature of 400° C. or below under an inert gas atmosphere to dry
the powder mixture; heating the reaction vessel at a temperature of 400° C. or above under an inert gas
atmosphere to melt the powder mixture and; applying a direct current voltage through the power supply to the
two gold wires to establish current in the powder and precipitate superconducting boron compound MgB2 onto
the platinum wire.
The reaction temperature for obtaining MgB2 in the method of the invention is at least 400° C.,
preferably between 400 and 800° C., more preferably between 400 and 700° C., and most preferably between
400 and 600° C.
Commercial grades of magnesium chloride (MgCl2), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and
magnesium borate (MgB2O4) in powder form are weighed at a molar ratio of 10:(10−x):x:2 in a total quantity
of two grams and mixed uniformly. The value or x, or the quantity of potassium chloride is adjusted to lie
between 3 and 7. The thus prepared mixture is hereunder referred to as a powder sample.
Fig 9 shows the structure of a reaction vessel used to precipitate MgB2 in the invention
As Fig. 5 shows, the powder sample is put into a box-type reaction vessel 1 that is made of aluminum oxide and
which measures 100 mm by 10 mm by 10 mm, with a wall thickness of about 1 mm. A platinum wire 2 having a
diameter of 1 mm is guided on the inner surface of the bottom of the reaction vessel and fixed to an end of it in
the longitudinal direction. Similarly, a carbon rod 3 having a diameter of 5 mm is fixed to the other of the
reaction vessel. A gold wire 4 having a diameter of 0.3 mm is thermo compressed to each of the platinum wire
and the carbon rod.
The reaction vessel containing the powder sample is put into a quartz tube (not shown) having a
diameter of about 40 mm, which is filled with argon gas. The quartz tube is then inserted into an electric
furnace. A dc power supply is provided and the gold wire on the platinum wire 2 is connected to the negative
electrode 5 and the gold wire on the carbon rod 3 is connected to the positive electrode 6. As argon gas is flowed
at a rate of about 1 L/min, the powder sample is heated to 400° C. or below and left to stand for 1 hour until it
dries.
Subsequently, the powder sample is heated up to 400° C. or above until it melts. A voltage of 5 V dc is
applied to the two gold wires and when a current is found to be flowing in an amount of several tens of
milliamperes, the powder sample is left to stand for an additional one hour. Thereafter, the powder sample is
reverted to room temperature and recovered into the atmosphere, giving a black precipitate of MgB2 as it is
deposited on the platinum wire 2.
Fig 10 is a graph showing the temperature dependency of the electrical resistance of a sample that was prepared
by the invention from magnesium chloride (MgCl2), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and
magnesium borate (MgB2O4) as they were weighed at a molar ratio of 10:7:3:2 in a total quantity of two grams.
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The reaction mechanism behind the precipitation of MgB2 is as follows:
Pt electrode (−): Mg2++2B3++8e→MgB2 (e is an electron)
C electrode (+): 4O2−→2O2+8e
Adding together: MgB2O4→MgB2+2O2
Note that magnesium chloride, potassium chloride and sodium chloride have a catalytic effect for lowering the
melting point.
VIII. PROCEDUR AND CONCLUSION
1 - Short-Range Coulomb Interaction
Screening is that the damping of electrical fields caused by the presence of mobile charge carriers. it's a
crucial a part of the behavior of charge-carrying fluids, like ionized gases and conductivity electrons in
semiconductors and metals. in an exceedingly Fluid composed of electrically charges constituent particles every
combine of particles interacts through the Coulomb force.
C. C. Tsuei et al., have developed we tend to gift phase-sensitive proof that the electron-doped cuprates
Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4-y (NCCO) and Pr1.85Ce0.15CuO4-y (PCCO) have d-wave pairing symmetry. This proof
was obtained by perceptive the half-flux quantum result, employing a scanning SQUID magnifier, in c-axis-
oriented films of NCCO or PCCO epitaxial adult on tri crystal [100] SrTiO3 substrates designed to be pissed off
for a dx2-y2 order parameter. Samples with 2 different configurations, designed to be unfrustrated for a d-wave
superconductor, don't show the half-flux quantum result.
2 - Half – Flux quantum effect
The presence or absence of the half-integer flux quantum result in controlled orientation tri crystal grain
boundary rings could be a general check of the section of the superconducting order parameter. One such check
proves that this result is symmetry dependent, which the order parameter in YBa2Cu3O7-ς has lobes and nodes
per d-wave symmetry. Our measurements show that the flux within the 1/2 whole number state is quantity to
Φ0/2 at intervals ± third. This puts limits on the fanciful part of the superconducting order parameter in
YBa2Cu3O7-ς.
Where,
I channel = is the channel current
V Hall = is the Hall voltage
e = is the elementary charge
h = is the plank’s constant
N.P. Armitage et al., have developed we tend to gift associate degree angle-resolved emission doping
dependence study of the n-type cuprate superconductor Nd2-xCexCuO4±δ, from the half-filled Mott dielectric
to the Tc = 24K superconductor. In Nd2CuO4, we tend to reveal the charge-transfer band for the primary time.
As electrons square measure doped into the system, this feature’s intensity decreases with the concomitant
formation of near- EF spectral weight. At low doping, the Fermi surface is associate degree electron-pocket
(with volume ∼ x) focused at (π,0). Additional doping results in the creation of a replacement hole like Fermi
surface (volume ∼1+x) focused at (π,π). These findings shed light-weight on the Mott gap, its doping evolution,
yet because the abnormal transport properties of the n-type cuprates.
3 - Fermi Surface
In condensed matter physics, the Fermi surface is AN abstract boundary helpful for predicting the thermal,
electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of metals, semimetals, and doped semiconductors. the form of the
Fermi surface springs from the cyclist and symmetry of the crystalline lattice and from the occupation of
electronic energy bands. The existence of a Fermi surface may be a direct consequence of the Pauli law of
nature that permits a most of 1 lepton per quantum state.
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Fig 11 the Structure of Fermi Surface
Huanbo Zhang et al., have developed A appraisal of experimental knowledge reveals a universal relationship
between Tc /Tc,max and hole content among the p-type high-Tc cuprate superconductors. every individual
compound is characterised by the worth of its most Tc,Tc,max whereas the variation of Tc/Tc,max with the
outlet content is freelance of the compound thought of. The universal curve is characterised by a upland, instead
of a para daring, with sharp bends at each side. The Tc versus hole content curve contains a shut reference to
hole contents determined by ordered arrangements of holes within the two-dimensional CuO2layer.
G. Aeppli, et al., have developed Polarized and international organisation polarized nucleon scattering
was wont to live the wave vector – and frequency-dependent magnetic fluctuations within the traditional state
(from the superconducting transition temperature, Tc = thirty five kelvin, up to 350 kelvin) of single crystals of
La1.86 Sr 0.14 CuO 4.The peaks that dominate the fluctuations have amplitudes that decrease as T -2 and
widths that increase in propotion to the thermal energy, KT (where KB is Boltzmann’s constant) ,and energy
transfer intercalary in construction. The nearly singular fluctuations area unit in line with a close-by quantum
crisis.
Abhay N. Pasupathy et al., have developed distinctive the mechanism of electrical conduction within
the high – temperature cuprate superconductors is one amongst the most important outstanding downside in
physics. we have a tendency to report native measurements of the onset of superconducting pairing within the
high-transition temperature (Tc) superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ employing a lattice - trackimg
spectrometry technique with a scanning tunneling magnifier. we will confirm the temperature dependence of the
pairing energy gaps, the electronic excitations within the absence of pairing, and also the impact of the native of
coupling electrons to bosonic excitations. Our measuring reveals that the strength of pairing is decided by the
bizarre electronic excitations of the traditional state, suggesting that robust electron-electron interactions instead
of the low energy (<0.1 volts) electron-boson interactions area unit liable for electrical conduction of cuprastes.
Cyril Proust et al., have developed the transport of warmth and charge within the over doped cuprate
superconductor Tl2Ba2CuO6+δ was measured all the way down to cold. within the traditional state, obtained by
applying a field of force larger than the higher vital field, the Wiedemann-Franz law is verified to carry utterly.
within the superconducting state, an outsized residual linear term is ascertained within the thermal conduction,
in quantitative agreement with BCS theory for a d-wave superconductor. this can be compelling proof that the
electrons in over doped cuprates kind a Fermi liquid, with no indication of spin-charge separation.
4 - Wiedemann-Franz law
In physics, the Wiedemann–Franz law is the ratio of the electronic contribution of the thermal
conductivity (κ) to the electrical conductivity (σ) of a metal, and is proportional to the temperature (T).
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the paper, entitled Study of boron based
superconductivity and effect of high temperature cuprate superconductors in partial fulfillment is a record of my
own review investigations carried under the Guidance of Mr. Prof. (Dr.) D.P. Jayapandian, Dean and Head
Department of physics and Dr.Piyush Mashi Assistant Professor Dept. of Physics, Sam higginbottom institute of
agriculture, technology and science , Allahabad India.
REFERENCES
[1] Cristina Buzea and Tsutomu Yamashita, Tohoku University, Japan “Review of superconducting properties of MgB2” (Submitted on
16 Aug 2001 (v1), last revised 26 Sep 2001 (this version, v2)).
[2] C.C.Tsuei and J.R.Kirtley, “Pairing symmetry in cuprate superconductors”, IBM Thomas J.Watson Research Center. P.O. Box
218,Yorktown Heights, New York 10598. (Oct 15, 2000)
[3] Johnson, Samuel D.,Jr, The Cross Cultural Counseling Specialization at Teachers College, Columbia University. (Mar 27, 2006).
[4] Andrea Damasoelli, Zahid Hussain and Zhi-Xun Shen,Angle-resolved photoemission studies of the cuprate superconductors,
Reviews of modern physics, volume 75,April 2003. (Apr 17, 2003).
[5] Akinbode, F.O.; Scalapino, D.J., The case for dx2-y2 pairing in the cuprate superconductors, Volume 250, Number 6, January 1995
, pp. 329-365(37).