This document discusses stroke, including defining it as resulting from ischemia or hemorrhage in the brain, listing common risk factors like age, hypertension and diabetes, classifying strokes as ischemic or hemorrhagic, and describing diagnostic tools like CT scans and MRI. Ischemic strokes are further divided into thrombotic and embolic types while hemorrhagic strokes are intracerebral or subarachnoid. Clinical effects and sites of pathology are outlined for different stroke types.

1. STROKE
Dr Akshay Shetty
Asst.Professor
SSRAMCH Inchal
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

2. Contents
• Objectives
• Definition of Stroke
• Risk factors of Stroke
• Pathophysiology of Stroke
• Classification of stroke
• Ischemic stroke
• Haemorrhagic stroke
• Diagnosis
• Summary
• References
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3. Objectives
By the end of the presentation the students must be able to
1. Define Stroke
2. List Risk factors of Stroke
3. Explain Pathophysiology of Stroke
4. Classify stroke
5. Discuss Ischemic stroke
6. Discuss Haemorrhagic stroke
7. State Diagnosis
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4. Definition
• Stroke or CVA results from ischemia to a part of the brain or
hemorrhage into the brain that results in death of brain cells.
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5. Cerebrovascular Accident
Risk Factors
Nonmodifiable:
Age – Occurrence doubles each decade >55 years
Gender – Equal for men & women; women die more frequently than men
Race – African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, Asian Americans --
higher incidence
Heredity – family history, prior transient ischemic attack, or prior stroke
increases risk
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6. Contd…
Controllable Risks with Medical Treatment & Lifestyle Changes:
High blood pressure Diabetes
Cigarette smoking TIA (Aspirin)
High blood cholesterol Obesity
Heart Disease Atrial fibrillation
Oral contraceptive use Physical inactivity
Sickle cell disease Asymptomatic carotid stenosis
Hypercoagulability
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7. Cerebrovascular Accident
Pathophysiology
Atherosclerosis: major cause of CVA
 Thrombus formation & emboli development
Abnormal filtration of lipids in the intimal layer of the arterial wall
Plaque develops & locations of increased turbulence of blood -
bifurcations
Increased turbulence of blood or a tortuous area
Calcified plaques rupture or fissure
Platelets & fibrin adhere to the plaque
Narrowing or blockage of an artery by thrombus or emboli
Cerebral Infarction: blocked artery with blood supply cut off beyond
the blockage
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8. Transient Ischemic Attack
Temporary focal loss of neurologic function
Caused by ischemia of one of the vascular territories of the brain
Micro emboli with temporary blockage of blood flow
Lasts less than 24 hrs. – often less than 15 mins
Most resolve within 3 hours
Warning sign of progressive cerebrovascular disease
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9. Classification
Ischemic Stroke
Thrombotic
Embolic
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Aneurysm
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11. Ischemic – Thrombotic Stroke
Lumen of the blood vessels narrow – then becomes
occluded – infarction
Associated with HTN and Diabetes Mellitus
>60% of strokes
50% are preceded by TIA
Lacunar Stroke: development of cavity in place of infarcted
brain tissue – results in considerable deficits – motor
hemiplegia, contralateral loss of sensation or motor ability
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13. Common sites of Atheroscelorosis
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14. Hemorrhagic Stroke
15% of all strokes
Result from bleeding into the brain tissue
itself
Intracerebral
Subarachnoid
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17. Hemorrhagic-Subarachnoid
Commonly caused by rupture of cerebral aneurysm
(congenital or acquired)
Saccular or berry – few to 20-30 mm in size
Majority occur in the Circle of Willis
Other causes: Arteriovenous malformation (AVM),
trauma, illicit drug abuse
Incidence: 6-16/100,000
Increases with age and more common in women
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18. Clinical manifestations
• Motor activity
• Elimination
• Intellectual function
• Spatial-perceptual alterations
• Personality
• Affect
• Sensation
• Communication
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19. Motor functions
•Mobility
•Respiratory function
•Swallowing and speech
•Gag reflex
•Self-care abilities
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20. Characteristic motor deficits (contra-lateral)
•Loss of skilled voluntary movement
•Impairment of integration of movements
•Alterations in muscle tone (flaccid → spastic)
•Alterations in reflexes (hypo → hyper)
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21. Communication
• Patient may experience aphasia when stroke damages the
dominant hemisphere of the brain
Aphasia: total loss of comprehension and use of language
Dysphasia: difficulty with comprehension and use of
language
• Dysarthria
Disturbance in the muscular control of speech
Impairments in pronunciation, articulation, and
phonation; NOT meaning or comprehension
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22. Affect
• May have difficulty controlling their emotions
• Emotional responses may be exaggerated or unpredictable
• Depression , impaired body image and loss of function can
make this worse
• May be frustrated by mobility and communication problems
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23. Intellectual function
•Memory and judgment may be impaired
•Left-brain stroke: more likely to result in memory
problems related to language
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25. Spatial-Perceptual Alterations
• Stroke on the right side of the brain is more likely to cause problems
in spatial-perceptual orientation
• However, this may occur with left-brain stroke
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26. Spatial-perceptual problems may be divided into four
categories
1. Incorrect perception of self and illness (may deny
illness or body parts)
2. Erroneous perception of self in space (e.g., neglect all
input from affected side; distance judgement)
3. Inability to recognize an object by sight, touch, or
hearing
4. Inability to carry out learned sequential movements
on command
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27. Elimination
• Most problems with elimination occur initially and are
temporary
• Prognosis for normal bladder function is excellent
when only one hemisphere of brain is affected
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28. Diagnosis
• CT Scan
• MRI
• PET Scan
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29. Summary
Define stroke
1.List Risk factors of Stroke
1.Explain Pathophysiology of Stroke
Classify stroke
Discuss Ischemic stroke
Discuss Haemorrhagic stroke
State Diagnosis
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30. References
• Davidson Principles Of Medicine & Practice Of Medicine .20th Ed.
• Harrison’s PRINCIPLES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE Seventeenth Edition
• https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/types_of_stroke.htm
• https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stroke/
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31. Thank you
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